Type Of Switch Research Articles

A novel robust discrete-time integral sliding mode tracking control design for time-varying delay MIMO systems with unknown uncertainties

This paper proposes a novel robust tracking control scheme for discrete time linear uncertain Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) systems subject to time-varying delay on the states. The considered system is affected by unknown but norm bounded uncertainties on parameters as well as matched disturbances on the states. The designed controller is based upon a proposed novel integral sliding surface and a new switching type of reaching law. Sufficient conditions based on Linear Matrix Inequalities (LMIs) and a suitable Lyapunov–Krasovskii Functional (LKF) are derived in order to guarantee the asymptotic stability of such system. The proposed controller ensures a good tracking performance despite the presence of the time varying delay and the matched/unmatched disturbances. Moreover and thanks to the proposed integral surface, the time reaching phase is eliminated and the chattering phenomenon is significantly reduced. The proposed controller is applied on an Autonomous Underwater Vehicle (AUV) to follow a prescribed desired trajectory. The simulation results illustrate the effectiveness of such controller.

Analysis of Code Switching in Basboi Song“Happy Birthday”

This study uses a qualitative descriptive method.This study aims to analyze the types and reasons for using code switching in the Basboi song entitled Happy Birthday. The data source for this study was taken from the lyrics of the happy birthday song by Basboi. In analyzing the types of code switching, researchers use the theory of Romaine, namely inter-sentential switching, intra-sentential switching and tagswitching. After doing the analysis, there are 2 types of code switching found in this study, namely inter-sentential switching of 2 data, and intra-sentential switching of 9 data. In this research, there was only one reason for using code switching which was found, namely repetition of 1 data.

Alih Kode dan Campur Kode dalam Keluarga Multibahasawan Perkawinan Indonesia- Perancis dalam Film “Liam Dan Laila”

The purpose of this research is to (1) Describe the types of code switching in the film Liam and Laila, (2) Describe the factors that cause code switching in the film Liam and Laila (3) Describe the types of code mixing in the film Liam and Laila, (4) Describe the factors that cause it to occur. code mixing in the film Liam and Laila. This research is included in the type of qualitative research with descriptive methods. The data for this research are dialogues in which there is code switching and code mixing. The data source for this research is the film script Liam and Laila (transcribed video) which contains dialogues from the characters. The data collection technique for this research is non-participant observation. Observations begin with (1) watching the film Liam and Laila, (2) record and transcribe the film recordings of Liam and Laila, (3) observe and analyze every dialogue that appears, (4) use the katat technique to collect every data obtained from the observations, (5) collect and record all the dialogue in which there are elements of code switching and code mixing to be explained further. The results of this research are. First, the type of code switching that occurs in the film Liam and Laila is divided into two, namely (1) external code switching which includes code switching from Indonesian to English and vice versa (2) internal code switching which includes code switching from Indonesian to English. Minangkabau and vice versa. Second, the types of code mixing are (1) outbound code mixing which includes code mixing in Indonesian and English (2) inward code mixing which includes code mixing in Indonesian and Minangkabau. The third factor that causes code switching includes (1) Speaker (2) Speech partner (3) Generating a sense of humor (4) Just being prestigious. The four factors that cause code mixing include (1) speaker factors (2) linguistic factors.

Two Putative Pheromone Receptors, but Not Their Cognate Pheromones, Regulate Female Fertility in the Atypical Mating Fungus Colletotrichum fructicola.

Colletotrichum fungi are a group of damaging phytopathogens with atypical mating type loci (harboring only MAT1-2-1 but not MAT1-1-1) and complex sexual behaviors. Sex pheromones and their cognate G-protein-coupled receptors are conserved regulators of fungal mating. These genes, however, lose function frequently among Colletotrichum species, indicating a possibility that pheromone signaling is dispensable for Colletotrichum sexual reproduction. We have identified two putative pheromone-receptor pairs (PPG1:PRE2, PPG2:PRE1) in C. fructicola, a species that exhibits plus-to-minus mating type switching and plus-minus-mediated mating line development. Here, we report the generation and characterization of gene-deletion mutants for all four genes in both plus and minus strain backgrounds. Single-gene deletion of pre1 or pre2 had no effect on sexual development, whereas their double deletion caused self-sterility in both the plus and minus strains. Moreover, double deletion of pre1 and pre2 caused female sterility in plus-minus outcrossing. Double deletion of pre1 and pre2, however, did not inhibit perithecial differentiation or plus-minus-mediated enhancement of perithecial differentiation. Contrary to the results with pre1 and pre2, double deletion of ppg1 and ppg2 had no effect on sexual compatibility, development, or fecundity. We concluded that pre1 and pre2 coordinately regulate C. fructicola mating by recognizing novel signal molecule(s) distinct from canonical Ascomycota pheromones. The contrasting importance between pheromone receptors and their cognate pheromones highlights the complicated nature of sex regulation in Colletotrichum fungi.

Alih Kode dan Campur Kode dalam Film Ali & Ratu Ratu Queens

This research aims to describe the types of use of code switching and code mixing, the factors that cause code switching and codel mixing, andl the function of codel switching andl code mixingl in thel film Ali & Ratu Ratu Queens. This research uses descriptive qualitative methods. The object of this research is the dialogue that leads to code switching and code mixing in the film Ali & Ratu Ratu Queens, which consists of 49 data. Data collection was carried out using the listening method, using advanced techniques in the form of (1) note-taking techniques and (2) data transcription techniques. The results of the research show that (1) the type of code switching used in the film Ali & Ratu Ratu Queens consists of two forms, namely internal code switching and external code switching, (2) the causal factors that occur are, the place and time the speech is carried out, the mode of conversation, and topic of conversation, (3) the functions that occur, namely, explaining, asking, confirming, and reminding. The use of code mixing consists of two types, namely internal code mixing and external code mixing, the factors that cause code mixing in the film Ali & Ratul Ratu Queens are speaker factors, and linguistic factors, and finally the function of code mixing in the film Ali & Ratu Ratu Queens, namely accuracy of meaning or feeling, argumentative, persuasive, short and easy to pronounce, and polite and polite.

Transcriptional regulation of macrophage inflammation in the heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: a translational study

Abstract Background/Introduction Inflammatory response is a key player in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) but the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood (1). Recent studies have shown a critical involvement of cardiac macrophage recruitment and activation in myocardial remodelling (2,3). Purpose here we sought to determine the role of macrophage inflammation in experimental and human HFpEF. Methods We employed a translational approach combining human and murine LV myocardial tissue, FACS analysis of cardiac immune cells, in vitro experiments in primary macrophages and cardiac cells as well as ex vivo functional analyses in LV tissues. Human LV myocardial samples were used to evaluate the pro-inflammatory activity of macrophages in the HFpEF myocardium. Induction of HFpEF in mice was done through a validated mouse model combining metabolic (high-fat diet) and hemodynamic stress (L-NAME). Cardiac function was investigated by high resolution ultrasound imaging (Vevo3100) and the LV myocardial samples were used to study the macrophage polarization and their inflammatory activity. Based on interrogation of available RNA-seq datasets –showing the transcriptional repressor NCOR1 as a relevant signature in macrophages during cardiac inflammation, we generated myeloid cell-specific NCOR1 knockout (Ncor1-KO) transgenic mice to investigate the in vivo effects of NCOR1 deletion on the HFpEF phenotype. In vitro experiments included RAW 264.7 cells polarization through a metabolic stress model via palmitic acid (PA) and the assessment of macrophage phenotype switching in the presence or the absence of NCOR1. To study the crosstalk of macrophages with the surrounding cardiac cells, cardiomyocytes (H9c2) and endothelial cells (HAECS) were exposed to conditioned media from cultured RAW. Afterwards, cellular function and the pro-inflammatory cytokine levels were investigated. Results The expression of macrophage markers in human LV specimens showed an increase in pro-inflammatory macrophages (M1) and a decrease in regulatory macrophages (M2) as compared to age-matched control mice. HFpEF mice showed increased expression of vascular adhesion molecules (ICAM1, ICAM2, E-selectin) and a significant recruitment of M1 macrophages to the myocardium. Of interest, cardiac function and myocardial inflammation (TNF-a, IL6, IL-1b) were significantly reduced in Ncor1-KO mice. In vitro assays showed that stimulation of macrophages with PA induced M1 type switch and increased NCOR1, TNF-a, IL-6, and IL-1b levels, whereas NCOR1 depletion prevented detrimental changes of macrophage secretome (Fig.2). Conclusion NCOR1 is a crucial co-regulator of immune response and macrophage inflammation in the heart. Our findings pave the way for mechanism-based therapies to prevent HFpEF development.

Dual-Action Costs and Benefits in a Uni-Modal Single-Onset Paradigm.

While performing two actions at the same time has mostly been associated with reduced performance, several recent studies have observed the opposite effect, that is, dual-action benefits. Previous evidence suggests that dual-action benefits result from single-action inhibitory costs - more specifically, it appears that under certain circumstances, single-action representations are derived from dual-action representations by removing (i.e., inhibiting) one of the component actions. In the present paper, we investigated if this is tied to the presence of multi-modal response demands (i.e., responses making use of two different effector systems). We implemented a very simple experimental paradigm where participants responded to a single stimulus with zero, one, or two uni-modal responses. As predicted, we did not observe dual-action benefits, but rather significant dual-action costs. Furthermore, a trial-by-trial sequence analysis revealed that alternations between both single-action responses were associated with significantly better performance than all other types of action switches. This can be accounted for by assuming that actions are represented as "feature bundles" and that switching a single, binary distinctive feature of an action to its opposite is relatively easy.

General multi-switching synchronization using sliding mode control

Chaotic synchronization is a self-organizing phenomenon that occurs when two or more chaotic systems become synchronized. So far for multi-switching synchronization (MSS), only a homogeneous kind of switches have been discussed. This paper presents a generalized approach to MSS in which all possible heterogeneous combinations are presented. This generalization of MSS allows for greater flexibility and robustness in the MSS process. The switches are designed based on the order of the drive/response subsystems. The author also uses sliding mode control to achieve synchronization among various heterogeneous combinations during MSS. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach, the author uses the Lorenz hyper chaotic system (LHCS) and the Chen hyper chaotic system (CHCS). The four different heterogeneous types of switches are designed and demonstrated for the chosen hyper chaotic systems. Mathematica is used for all numerical simulations. The results show that the proposed approach can achieve synchronization between two hyper chaotic systems with high accuracy. The author also shows that the proposed approach is robust to change in the parameters of the systems. This paper provides a new approach to chaotic synchronization that has potential applications in a variety of fields. The results presented in this paper are an important step towards the development of more robust and flexible synchronization schemes.

Can switches in disturbance type improve habitat for grassland birds in semi‐arid grasslands of South‐Eastern Australia?

AbstractGrasslands are one of the most endangered and degraded ecosystems globally. Switches in disturbance type can restore grassland function and improve conservation outcomes for fauna, but land‐use legacies can limit the capacity of biota to respond positively to shifts in disturbance type, making it difficult to predict ecological outcomes. In semi‐arid grasslands of South‐Eastern Australia, habitat for grassland birds is managed using livestock grazing, a practice that has continued for >150 years. It is unknown if outcomes for birds can be improved by a switch in disturbance type as alternatives to livestock grazing have not been explored. We compare the effects of status‐quo livestock grazing with alternative biomass management tools (no management, ‘crash’ grazing, planned fire) on birds, vegetation structure, and food resources using a BACI design across 3 years (2017–2019). We found crash grazing and fire produced more open, shorter grassy swards, with less exotic grass cover, compared to status‐quo grazing or disturbance exclusion. Preferred habitat structure for the critically endangered plains‐wanderer (Pedionomus torquatus) was maximized by status‐quo grazing. Grassland birds responded in opposing ways to a disturbance switch. Brown songlarks (Megalurus cruralis) and Horsfield's bushlarks (Mirafra javanica) responded positively to disturbance exclusion, while stubble quail (Coturnix pectoralis) responded negatively to crash grazing. Australasian pipits (Anthus novaeseelandiae) were more frequent in response to status‐quo grazing. Our findings suggest that multiple disturbance types should be used if the aim is to promote the spectrum of vegetation structures and food sources required to support a diverse grassland bird community in semi‐arid grasslands of Australia.

Adaptive control for a class of high‐order nonlinear parameterized systems with multiple unknown control directions by switching linear controllers

SummaryIn this paper, the adaptive control is investigated by switching linear controllers for a class of nonlinear parameterized systems with multiple unknown control directions. Parametric uncertainties entering the state equations nonlinearly can be fast time‐varying or jumping at unknown time instants, the bounds of the parametric uncertainties are not required to know a priori and the multiple control directions are unknown. Our proposed adaptive controller is a switching type controller. First, sufficient conditions for designing an adaptive stabilizer are derived. Then, a switching‐type adaptive controller is designed, in which a linear controller with two undetermined design parameters to be tuned is recursively designed by adding a power integrator, and a switching mechanism is proposed to tune these parameters online for compensating the multiple unknown control directions and the unknown bounds of the parametric uncertainties. The undetermined design parameters are based on the upper bound estimation of the unknown parameters existing not only in the nonlinear functions but also in the control directions functions. The proposed adaptive controller globally asymptotically stabilizes the system in the sense that, for any initial conditions, the state converges to the origin while all the signals of the closed‐loop system are bounded. Finally, an example is given to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.

Automated modelling of discrete-event processes. Discovering Petri nets including silent transitions by classifying event traces

ABSTRACT This paper addresses the problem of automated modelling of discrete-event processes from event traces that capture the process behaviour. A novel method for building Petri nets (PN) that include silent transitions is presented. The method discovers workflow nets (WFN), a class of PN, from logs of event traces λ. The proposed approach is based on a classification of traces such that λ is partitioned into four classes: normal traces (λN), which do not involve the firing of silent transitions; skip traces (λS), redo traces (λR), and switch traces (λSW), which involve the firing of skip, redo, and switch type silent transitions, respectively. Afterwards, traces in λN are used to build a base WFN N, which may include silent transitions of type initialise and finalise. Then, N is refined by adding the silent transitions corresponding to the classes oftraces λS, λR, and λSW. The algorithms of the method have polynomial-time complexity; implementation and tests using artificial event logs are presented.

The Use of Code-Switching by The Speakers on Hima Lingua’s Webinar: Exploring Pedagogical and Affective Functions

Using more than one language in a sentence or discourse is called code-switching. Undeniably, it also occurs in the teaching and learning process in education. The latest era in education today is online learning, a system that can facilitate students learning more widely. Along with the growth of the online system, many kinds of platform offer learning tools, one of them is YouTube video-based platform. There are many educational-based videos on this platform. The researcher chose one of the video webinars uploaded by the student association channels. The purposes of this study were (1) To find out the types of code-switching in the webinar of Hima Lingua's YouTube video; (2) To explore the functions of code-switching in pedagogical and affective aspects in the webinar of Hima Lingua's YouTube video. The design of the study was content analysis. The research object was the video recording of the webinar uploaded to Hima Lingua's YouTube channel. In collecting the data, the author watched the video, transcribed it using Google docs, and then coded it using a software atlas—ti 9. The researcher used Ezzy's analysis model to analyze the data, which consists of transcription, condensation, identifying and grouping, and displaying the data. This study showed four types of code-switching, intra-sentential switching, inter-sentential switching, tag switching, and intra-word switching. Then, in pedagogical functions, the speaker mainly used code-switching for knowledge constructions. For affective functions, the speaker mostly used code-switching to maintain control. This study emphasizes the importance of using code language in the learning process as one of the ways to assist in more understanding, especially for classes that use two languages.

Implementing Versatile Programmable Logic Functions Using Two Magnetization Switching Types in a Single Device

AbstractThe efficient manipulation of magnetization using spin‐orbit torques (SOTs) generated by heavy metals and topological insulators has attracted significant attention. However, the symmetry of these conventional materials makes it challenging to achieve deterministic switching of perpendicular magnetization by currents, which prevents the practical application of SOT‐based spintronic devices such as magnetic memories and logics. Here, a composition gradient in a TaxTi1‐x alloy is introduced and the field‐free magnetization switching in TaxTi1‐x/CoFeB heterostructures with controllable SOT efficiencies is realized. Additionally, by engineering the gradient with a tilting angle relative to the current injection arm of the device, highly asymmetric switching loops are achieved, which are attributed to tilted spin polarization. Based on these two switching types, namely field‐free switching and field‐assisted asymmetric switching, five programmable Boolean logic functions are successfully demonstrated using a single device. This work paves the way for high‐density computing‐in‐memory applications with industry compatible artificially‐designed asymmetric SOT materials.

Code Switching Used by Cinta Laura in Daniel Mananta’s YouTube Channel

Code switching is a part of sociolinguistics phenomenon that shows alterations of languages in a conversation or between utterances. Individuals that perform code switching can be deemed bilinguals. This study conducted research based on an event in online video platform, YouTube, that involves Cinta Laura as one of the speakers. The aims of this study were to identify the types of code switching and to explain the reasons of code switching by Cinta Laura in Daniel Mananta’s YouTube channel. The study examined Cinta Laura's code switching on Daniel Mananta's YouTube channel. Three types of code switching were identified: intra-sentential (10 data) and inter-sentential (10 data) switching were most common and tag switching (4 data). Six reasons for code switching were found, with talking about a specific topic being the most frequent (9 data), followed by being emphatic (5 data), interjections (4 data), repetition for clarification (3 data), quoting someone else (2 data), and clarifying speech content (1 data). Expressing group identity through code switching was not observed in Cinta Laura's utterances.

Enhancing distribution system resilience against extreme disasters considering sequential action of multi-type switches

With the increasing frequency and intensity of extreme disasters, enhancing distribution system (DS) resilience has been an urgent need for smart grid. Among various resilience enhancement measures, network reconfiguration is the most commonly used one. Multiple switches are involved in distribution network reconfiguration, e.g., circuit breakers (CBs), fuses (FUs), remote-controlled switches (RCSs), and manual switches (MSs). According to the characteristics of various switches, it is vital to establish an analytical switch action model for generating feasible and effective DS resilience enhancement strategies. In this paper, an analytical model is developed to characterize the automatic tripping process of switches under multiple faults caused by extreme disasters. A novel DS resilience enhancement method is further proposed, which considers the sequential actions of multiple types of switches to enhance the prevention and rapid restoration capability of DSs against extreme disasters. Before the strike of a disaster, the topology of DS is reconfigured based on RCSs, MSs, and CBs to improve the survivability of loads. The automatic tripping process of CBs and FUs is simulated when faults occur. After the disaster, the DS is reconfigured based on RCSs and CBs after events to isolate faults and restore critical loads. The proposed method is formulated as a mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) problem, which can be efficiently solved using commercial solvers. Case studies conducted on the modified IEEE 123-bus test systems demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method for DS resilience enhancement.

Reversed asymmetrical switch costs in voluntary language switching: Evidence from typed responses

Aims and objectives/purpose/research questions: Prior research has put forward that asymmetrical switch costs in language switching do not occur when bilinguals are in a voluntary language-switching context. While several studies have provided evidence along these lines, two very recent studies have put this into question. This study further investigates the possibility that voluntary language switching abolishes asymmetrical switch costs. Design/methodology/approach: We presented German-English bilinguals ( n = 79) with pictures that had to be named in either German or English, whichever they chose, by typing. Data and analysis: Reaction times (both the latency of the first keystroke and interkeystroke intervals) were analyzed using linear mixed-effects regression modeling with the factors Trial type (switch vs. repetition trial) and Language (German vs. English), whereas the error rates were analyzed using logistic mixed-effects regression modeling. Findings/conclusions: The onset latencies and inter-keystroke intervals both showed larger second-language (English) than first-language (German) switch costs (i.e., reversed asymmetrical switch costs). As switch costs were modulated by language dominance in a voluntary language-switching context, this study provides evidence that voluntary language switching is not a boundary condition for asymmetrical switch costs. Originality: In contrast to most previous language-switching studies, we used typed rather than vocal responses in a voluntary language-switching paradigm. In addition, our findings further support and generalize very recent findings of (reversed) asymmetrical switch costs in voluntary language switching. Significance/implications: Since asymmetrical switch costs, an important measure of bilingual inhibitory control, are not consistently observed throughout the language-switching literature, it is essential to understand its boundary conditions.

Saturation function-based continuous control on fixed-time synchronization of competitive neural networks

Currently, through proposing discontinuous control strategies with the signum function and discussing separately short-term memory (STM) and long-term memory (LTM) of competitive artificial neural networks (ANNs), the fixed-time (FXT) synchronization of competitive ANNs has been explored. Note that the method of separate analysis usually leads to complicated theoretical derivation and synchronization conditions, and the signum function inevitably causes the chattering to reduce the performance of the control schemes. To try to solve these challenging problems, the FXT synchronization issue is concerned in this paper for competitive ANNs by establishing a theorem of FXT stability with switching type and developing continuous control schemes based on a kind of saturation functions. Firstly, different from the traditional method of studying separately STM and LTM of competitive ANNs, the models of STM and LTM are compressed into a high-dimensional system so as to reduce the complexity of theoretical analysis. Additionally, as an important theoretical preliminary, a FXT stability theorem with switching differential conditions is established and some high-precision estimates for the convergence time are explicitly presented by means of several special functions. To achieve FXT synchronization of the addressed competitive ANNs, a type of continuous pure power-law control scheme is developed via introducing the saturation function instead of the signum function, and some synchronization criteria are further derived by the established FXT stability theorem. These theoretical results are further illustrated lastly via a numerical example and are applied to image encryption.

The effect of initial electrons generation approaches on nanosecond pulsed breakdown characteristics.

In this paper, the effects of initial electrons generation approaches on nanosecond pulsed breakdown characteristics are analyzed. Based on the numerical simulations with a 3D PIC-MCC model, the impacts of field-enhancement factor and initial electron concentration on nanosecond pulsed breakdown characteristics are investigated. Three types of switches are designed and subjected to testing under pulse voltages with rise times of 40, 70, and 120ns, respectively. The results can be summarized as follows. First, the field-enhancement factor and initial electron concentration have significant influences on the development of the discharge channel. Second, the cathode-grooved self-triggered switch exhibits lower breakdown time delay jitter than the hemispherical self-breakdown switch at low pressure, while the differences in jitter between the two switches become negligible at high pressure. Third, the cathode-grooved self-triggered switch shows a lower breakdown time delay jitter compared to the pre-ionization self-triggered switch for pulse voltages with rise times of 40 and 70ns. Conversely, this trend reverses for pulse voltage with a rise time of 120ns. Finally, the breakdown time delay jitter for both the cathode-grooved self-triggered switch and the pre-ionization self-triggered switch has been reduced, and both switches are suitable for different operating requirements and conditions.

Features of Functioning of the Erzya-Russian Bilingualism in the Aspect of Code switching

This article is devoted to the study of Erzya-Russian bilingualism in the aspect of code switching on the territory of the Republic of Mordovia. The aim of the study is to present the types of intra-phrase code switching based on the material of narrative recordings of Erzya-Russian bilingual children. Special attention is paid to the study of the peculiarities of the functioning of native and non-native languages in a bilingual society, the mechanisms of code switching in children, taking into account the (non-) correspondence of structures in two languages and different strategies of native speakers’ response when using two languages in one unit of discourse. The source base of this study was the materials of the spontaneous narrative collected by the author of the article in 2017-2019. The informants are bilingual children aged 4 to 7 years inclusive. The research methods were the descriptive method of factual material, narrative sampling, included and not included observation.

Robust discrete-time super twisting formation protocol for a 6-DOF Quadcopter swarm

This paper contains a discrete-time higher-order sliding mode control for achieving the formation of a 6-Degrees of Freedom (DOF) Quadcopter swarm using the concept of a discrete Multi-agent system (DMAS). A graph theory is used to represent the communication between the Quadcopters and a leader-follower approach of DMAS is used to design the discrete super-twisting (DST) protocol for the formation of a 6-DOF Quadcopter swarm. The DST protocol not only ensures robustness but also reduces the convergence time and the chattering during the formation process of Quadcopters in a swarm. The stability condition of the formation is also derived using the Lyapunov function. The protocol is validated for the formation of 5 Quadcopters in the given pattern. The simulation results show that the formation is achieved in a finite time. Further to show the efficacy of the DST formation protocol, the results are compared with the first-order discrete-time sliding mode controllers designed by switching type reaching law and non-switching type of reaching law. As the first-order discrete-time sliding mode controllers have a significant amount of quasi-sliding mode band (QSMB) in the sliding surface during the operations, the DST protocol of higher-order discrete-time sliding mode control is preferred. From the comparative analysis, it is inferred that the DST protocol performs better for the formation of a 6-DOF Quadcopter swarm.