Stove Type Research Articles

Characterization of carbonaceous substances emitted from residential solid fuel combustion using real-world data from the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region

Residential solid fuel emissions are among the most important sources of carbonaceous substances that exert harmful effects on air quality, human health and climate change. Considering the constantly updated emission reduction policies for residential solid fuel combustion in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (BTH) region, the emission data for the source should updated in a timely manner. Testing was performed on residential solid fuel emissions in the BTH region, China. The emission factors and profiles of carbonaceous substances (including organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC), EPA priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (EPAHs), methyl PAHs (MPAHs), and n-alkanes) emitted from residential solid fuels were obtained. The results showed the ranges of emission factors of PM2.5, OC, EC, EPAHs, MPAHs and n-alkanes from residential solid fuel emissions were 1.92–17.6, 0.312–6.85, 0.066–2.33, 0.004–0.58, 0.003–0.87 and 0.009–0.39 g/kg fuel, respectively. The carbon fraction profiles showed that OC1, OC2, and EC1 were the major products of residential solid fuel combustion, and the non-polar organic matter profiles showed that Fluo and MFluo were dominant. The effects of combustion modes, types of stove and types of the fuel on emission characteristics of carbonaceous substances were discussed in detail. The emission factors of carbonaceous substances from the smoldering phase and traditional stove were higher than those from the flaming phase and improved stove, respectively, which was mainly controlled by the modified combustion efficiency (MCE). It was found that the emission factors of pollutants with decreasing MCE values sharply increased, especially when the MCE values were below 90%. Finally, some diagnostic ratios were discussed, and it was determined that residential coal combustion is considered to occur at MPAHs/PAHs higher than 1.5 and MFluo/Fluo higher than 5.

TUNGKU BAKAR BRIKET UNTUK SKALA INDUSTRI MENENGAH KEBAWAH DENGAN PENAMBAHAN PENAMPUNGAN HASIL PEMBAKARAN

Stove design is basically made to achieve high combustion efficiency. The briquette stove performance test is also determined by several factors including time, temperature and combustion air quality. The type of briquette stove depends on the user sector, the type of stove that is currently on the market has an efficiency of between 31-33%. The briquette stove is not yet fully in demand by the public, this is because the briquette stove still has deficiencies, especially in the flame extinguishing operating system. Then a briquette stove was designed for households equipped with a fuel use control system so that what was left could be used for the next need.

The impact of oxygen content in the primary air supply on fuel burning rate and pollutant emissions in a forced-draft biomass stove

Forced-draft biomass stoves have been proposed as a substitute for traditional solid fuel stoves in rural areas. The change in the O2 content of the supply air via flue gas recirculation (FGR) significantly affects the combustion and pollutant emission performances of this household stove type, which has not been thoroughly investigated. In this study, O2 content control system was designed to accurately adjust the O2 content of the primary air supply for a typical household forced-draft biomass stove. Then, six conditions with an O2 content of 16%, 17%, 18%, 19%, 20%, and 21% were tested. The dynamic burning rate and emission rates of carbon monoxide (CO), nitrous oxides (NOx), and particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter ≤ 2.5 μm (PM2.5) were measured for each O2 content. The results showed that the average burning rate of the six O2 contents ranged from 9.6 to 16.9 g/min. There was a positive linear relationship between the average burning rate and the O2 content in the primary air supply. The CO and PM2.5 emission amounts exhibited the concave and convex quadratic relationships with O2 content, respectively, while trends in NOx emission amount had a negative linear relationship with the O2 content. The real-time burning rate and pollutant emission rates exhibited different trends that influenced the amount of emissions. When FGR was utilized with a constant primary airflow rate, an O2 content of 19.7% may be optimal for household biomass stoves. This study provides basic information on air supply design of household biomass stoves, which is essential for future clean stove design and improvement.

Household use of biomass fuel, especially traditional stove is associated with childhood wheeze and eczema: a cross sectional study of rural communities in Kandy, Sri Lanka

Background Most households in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) rely on biomass fuel for daily cooking. Studies investigating the association between early life exposure to household air pollution and health outcomes in children in LMICs are limited. Objective To investigate the effects of biomass fuel for cooking and different types of stoves on wheeze and allergies in children of rural Sri Lankan communities. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted on 452 children aged 5 years and younger in Kandy, Sri Lanka. Mothers completed a questionnaire on the use of biomass fuel and respiratory and allergic outcomes in children. The associations between biomass fuel and outcomes were analyzed using logistic regression models, adjusting for potential confounders. Results Use of biomass fuel for cooking was associated with increased risk of childhood wheeze (aOR 2.29; 95% CI 1.04–5.08) and eczema (aOR 4.57; 95% CI 1.24–16.89) compared with households that used clean fuel (liquid petroleum gas (LPG), electricity and/or biogas). Among households that used biomass fuel, use of traditional biomass stoves was associated with a higher risk of childhood wheeze (aOR 2.95; 95% CI 1.19–7.33), allergic rhinitis (aOR 3.01; 95% CI 1.42–6.39), and eczema (aOR 7.39; 95% CI 1.70–32.06) compared with households that used clean stoves. Conclusion Children living in households that use biomass fuel, especially traditional biomass cookstoves, have a higher risk of wheeze and allergic diseases. Access to affordable clean energy sources that reduce air pollution may help improve the health of children in rural LMICs. Supplemental data for this article is available online at at www.tandfonline.com/ijas .

User behavior, influence factors, and impacts on real-world pollutant emissions from the household heating stoves in rural China

Household heating stoves are commonly used for heating in rural China during winter and are responsible for a large portion of the particulate matter in the atmosphere. Pollutant emissions from household stoves are influenced by user behaviors in actual use, in addition to purely technological reasons (i.e., type and age of appliance) and installation conditions (i.e., the natural draft of chimney system). The variability in user behavior is one of the reasons for uncertainty in household emission inventories. In this study, household stove user behaviors, including ignition frequency, heating with or without cooking, smoldering duration, and fuel-adding times, were investigated through face-to-face surveys in Shanxi province, north China. The survey of user behaviors showed that the majority of the RHS users (81.3%) and approximately half of the WHS users (49.4%) used their stoves for both cooking and heating, whereas the remaining users used their stoves just for heating. Approximately 80% of surveyed households (97.4% for water heating stove and 68.7% for radiant heating stove) kept the stoves smoldering at night, whereas the remaining users ignited their stoves every day. The highest frequency of smoldering duration and highest frequency of fuel-adding operation were 8–9 h and 4–7 times, respectively. Principal component analysis showed that stove type, permanent population, and annual income are the potential influencing factors of user behavior. The smoldering duration was positively related to indoor air pollutant concentrations and fuel-adding times had a significant impact on outdoor PM2.5 emission factors. The results from this research will be beneficial for understanding the cause of fluctuation in emissions and designing heating appliances for real-life operations.

Assessment of household air pollution exposure of tribal women

There is a growing evidence that the burning of unprocessed biomass fuels is associated with adverse health impacts. This study estimated the gaseous pollutants (CO, CO2, O3, SO2, and NO2) and particulate matters (PM2.5 and PM10) during the burning of biomass and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) fuels and their impacts on the health of tribal women. The results revealed that the tribal women mainly used six types of unprocessed biomass fuels (dry leaves, cow dung cake, dry woods, twigs, rice straw, and agricultural residues) along with five types of traditional earthen stoves. The concentration of gaseous and PM was recorded as in the order of CO2 > SO2 > CO > O3 and total suspended particulate matter (TSPM) > PM10 > PM2.5, respectively. The pollutant concentration inside the kitchen room for biomass users was significantly (p < 0.001) higher than LPG users. The biomass using tribal women might be suffering from higher cardiovascular risk than LPG users. The lung function study results also indicated that the mean values of forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1), forced vital capacity (FVC), and FEV1/FVC were lower among biomass users than LPG users. The correlation study shows that tribal women who were exposed to biomass smoke were in a more vulnerable position than those who used LPG. Moreover, the toxicological risk among tribal biomass users was observed high (3.52) compared to LPG users (0.39). On the other hand, the Monte Carlo probabilistic simulation model for uncertainty analysis revealed that the mean value of Hazard Quotient (HQ) for PM2.5 in kitchen room was observed as 4.31E-00 and 9.40E-01 for biomass and LPG users, respectively. Modelling study also revealed that exposure of duration and cooking time are extremely important for toxicological risk assessment. However, further long-term comprehensive studies are extremely important.

COMPARISON OF EFFICIENCY AND CARBON EMISSIONS OF FILAMENT ELECTRIC STOVES AND INDUCTION ELECTRIC STOVES

Issues related to energy sustainability and carbon emission reduction are continuously being concerned by the Government of the Republic of Indonesia. Various efforts and programs have been launched to achieve targets of the related issues. As known that energy use for cooking by the household is continuously increasing in relation to population growth that will of course increase in energy need which relates to the sustainability of presence energy and carbon emission. Accordingly, the LPG stove conversion program to an electric stove was introduced in order to achieve the target to solve such issues. This paper compared of efficiency and carbon emissions of both electric filament stoves and induction stoves. The result indicated that the induction stove has better efficiency compared with the electric stove. The study also was proved that the carbon emissions for both types of stoves were relatively low in comparison with LPG stoves. However, the enormous operational power of the induction stove is still a challenge that must be resolved to achieve the target of energy sustainability in Indonesia.

Fidelity and Adherence to a Liquefied Petroleum Gas Stove and Fuel Intervention during Gestation: The Multi-Country Household Air Pollution Intervention Network (HAPIN) Randomized Controlled Trial.

Background: Clean cookstove interventions can theoretically reduce exposure to household air pollution and benefit health, but this requires near-exclusive use of these types of stoves with the simultaneous disuse of traditional stoves. Previous cookstove trials have reported low adoption of new stoves and/or extensive continued traditional stove use. Methods: The Household Air Pollution Intervention Network (HAPIN) trial randomized 3195 pregnant women in Guatemala, India, Peru, and Rwanda to either a liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) stove and fuel intervention (n = 1590) or to a control (n = 1605). The intervention consisted of an LPG stove and two initial cylinders of LPG, free fuel refills delivered to the home, and regular behavioral messaging. We assessed intervention fidelity (delivery of the intervention as intended) and adherence (intervention use) through to the end of gestation, as relevant to the first primary health outcome of the trial: infant birth weight. Fidelity and adherence were evaluated using stove and fuel delivery records, questionnaires, visual observations, and temperature-logging stove use monitors (SUMs). Results: 1585 women received the intervention at a median (interquartile range) of 8.0 (5.0–15.0) days post-randomization and had a gestational age of 17.9 (15.4–20.6) weeks. Over 96% reported cooking exclusively with LPG at two follow-up visits during pregnancy. Less than 4% reported ever running out of LPG. Complete abandonment of traditional stove cooking was observed in over 67% of the intervention households. Of the intervention households, 31.4% removed their traditional stoves upon receipt of the intervention; among those who retained traditional stoves, the majority did not use them: traditional stove use was detected via SUMs on a median (interquartile range) of 0.0% (0.0%, 1.6%) of follow-up days (median follow-up = 134 days). Conclusions: The fidelity of the HAPIN intervention, as measured by stove installation, timely ongoing fuel deliveries, and behavioral reinforcement as needed, was high. Exclusive use of the intervention during pregnancy was also high.

Cookstove Emissions and Performance Evaluation Using a New ISO Protocol and Comparison of Results with Previous Test Protocols.

In 2018, the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 19867-1 "Harmonized laboratory test protocols" were released for establishing improved quality and comparability for data on cookstove air pollutant emissions, efficiency, safety, and durability. This is the first study that compares emissions [carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, total hydrocarbons, methane, nitrogen oxides, fine particulate matter (PM2.5), organic carbon, elemental carbon, and ultrafine particles] and efficiency data between the ISO protocol and the Water Boiling Test (WBT). The study examines six stove/fuel combinations [liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), pellet, wood fan, wood rocket, three stone fire, and charcoal] tested in the same US EPA laboratory. Evaluation of the ISO protocol shows improvements over previous test protocols and that results are relatively consistent with former WBT data in terms of tier ratings for emissions and efficiency, as defined by the ISO 19867-3 "Voluntary Performance Targets." Most stove types remain similarly ranked using ISO and WBT protocols, except charcoal and LPG are in higher PM2.5 tiers with the ISO protocol. Additionally, emissions data including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are utilized to compare between the ISO and Firepower Sweep Test (FST) protocols. Compared to the FST, the ISO protocol results in generally higher PM2.5 tier ratings.

Effect of burner-to-plate distance on heat transfer rate in a domestic stove using LPG

LPG is increasingly used in households as it is a clean and environmentally friendly energy source. In this work, we experimentally tested the type of LPG burner used in Thailand. This work investigates the effect of varying the burner-to-plate distance on heat transfer from the flame produced by LPG combustion. The burner model KB-5 was tested to evaluate the heat transfer rate (Q) via a measuring plate heated directly from the burner. Flowing water was used to cool the measuring plate. Moreover, the inlet and outlet temperatures were measured. The burner-to-plate distance (H/d) was studied, with varying the flow rate of LPG. The results showed that the highest heat transfer rate was found at higher burner-to-plate distances when the LPG flow rate increased. In addition, the highest heat transfer rate occurred when the flame impinged on the heated surface. In this work, the total flame length should impinge at a surface approximately 70% of its length to get optimal results. The results of this work can be applied to optimize other types of domestic stoves. Furthermore, this promising result helps households and small businesses save costs on LPG stove fuel.

Cook stove technology adoption: Evidence from Kenya

Policies aimed at enhancing adoption of energy efficient, less polluting fuels, stoves and cooking practices need to be aligned to the realities of household multiple uses of fuels and stoves. In this paper we assess energy ladder model by using large nationwide survey data of 3665 Kenyan households collected in 2009. We show that the energy ladder is still sufficient to explain multiple fuel use and stove, and that the use of ‘fuel or stove staking’ metaphor was unnecessarily. Instead, we propose a metaphor ‘fuel and stove balancing’ to explain how uptake of single to multiple fuels or stoves happens gradually, through upwards and downwards movement on the ladder. Factors that influence stove balancing go beyond socio-economic and demographic characteristics to include stove type technology, markets, and financial factors. These factors are systematical analyzed using the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT-2) framework that is based on seven constructs of technology adoption. They include performance expectancy, effort expectancy, social influence, facilitating conditions, hedonic motivation, price value and habit.

Technical design, costs, and greenhouse gas emissions of solar Injera baking stoves

This paper presents the technical design, market penetration, costs, and greenhouse gas emissions of three types of stoves for baking Injera, which is a traditional flat bread and staple food in Ethiopia and Eritrea. The investigated stoves are an improved biomass (Mirt), an electric, and a solar stove. As solar stove, a steam based concentrating high temperature device suitable for indoor cooking, was selected for economic evaluations. Since it is not available on the market yet, material prices and labor costs are considered.After a review of traditional and high temperature solar stoves, a thorough cost analysis is presented. Various economic parameters are quantified, like the discounted payback period for the replacement of a traditional stove by a solar stove.The analysis yields that the levelized cost of useful heat for baking (LCoEuseful) with the Mirt stove is almost 2.5 times as high, and for baking with an electric stove (with domestic electricity prices) it is about 1.1 times as high as baking with the selected solar stove. This is because of fuel costs and very different efficiencies of the stoves.The saving potential of the annual CO2 emissions for substituting all the Mirt and open fire Injera stoves in Ethiopia for solar devices yields about 32.74 million tons. The equivalent CO2 emission reduction from these replacements corresponds to about 22% of the 2010 total CO2e emissions in Ethiopia.

Perancangan Sistem Kontrol Kelistrikan Otomatis Kompor Listrik Halogen Berbasis Mikrokontroler

Abstract- The stove is one of the main tools used in households. Used to heat an object in the form of food. In its development, the stove used for cooking has experienced many advances, one of which is an electric stove. Currently electric stoves on the market, especially the electric stove, halogen heater, single ceramic stove, are available in the form of a rotary switch on / off. The purpose of writing this scientific research is to design an automatic control system on this single ceramic stove type halogen electric stove. Where previously stove control using only a rotary switch was changed to automatic control via a keypad in the form of a timer and temperature input with a digital display via LCD. The electrical components used are the Arduino Mega 2560 microcontroller as the control center, MAX6675 as a temperature sensor, ACS712 sensor to read current values, ZMPT101B sensor to read voltage values, relay as electric switch, buzzer as alarm, keypad as input and LCD as display output on electric stove. The results of this design were obtained in accordance with what was the goal of this scientific research where previously the electric stove was manually controlled to be converted into automatic control by inputting the required temperature value and working based on the temperature setpoint input and displaying the amount of energy released on the electric stove. &#x0D; Keywords— Arduino Mega 2560 Microcontroller, MAX6675, LCD, Keypad, Halogen Electric Stove.

Agriculture Biomass and Indoor Air Pollution as Risk Factors for Women Health

This research looks at the effects of biomass and air pollution on women's health. Respondents were surveyed using a multi-stage questionnaire. Data was collected purposively. a self-designed survey (72 items) was used to collect data Results show that a strong correlation was established between age and nonrespiratory diseases. The findings reveal that a positive relationship was found between age, respiratory disease, and non-respiratory diseases. It indicates that age predicts health-related among women. The study's findings show that the use of Agriculture Biomass (UAB), Indoor Air Pollution (IAP), Frequency of Usage (FU), Kitchen Type (KT), Kitchen Ventilation System (KVS), and Time Spent in Kitchen (TSK) have a significant impact on women's respiratory diseases (WRD), whereas the type of stove (ST) and exposure to smoke (ES) have no significant impact on women's health. Collectively, these variables predict up to 20% of respiratory diseases (Upper and lower respiratory infection, Cough, Lung cancer, Asthma, Throat irritation, Cough without phlegm) among women but predict 36.9% of non-respiratory diseases (Diminished vision, Eye irritation, Watering of eyes, Running of the nose, Cough/without phlegm, Hypertension, Stroke, Skin irritation/skin burn and Miscarriages, Stillbirth and Low birth weight) in women.

Mass absorption cross-section of black carbon from residential biofuel stoves and diesel trucks based on real-world measurements

Black carbon (BC) as an important part of atmospheric aerosols imposes adverse effects on atmospheric visibility, health, and climate change. Mass absorption cross-section (MACBC) is an essential parameter in BC quantitative and model research, which is of growing concern in recent decades. In this study, we conducted real-world measurements on BC emissions from two major sources of residential biofuel stoves and diesel trucks. BC emissions and MACBC values are quantified based on the photoacoustic and thermo-optical methods. The impacts of typical factors from biofuel stoves (biofuel and stove types) and diesel trucks (vehicle types, emission standards, and driving conditions) on BC/EC, MACBC values, and the relationships between BC and EC, BC/PM2.5 and MACBC are analyzed comprehensively. We find the BC and EC emissions from these two sources present good correlations, and those emissions are almost equal from diesel trucks, while the EC emissions from biofuel burning are slightly higher than BC. The typical factors for analysis may affect the optical properties of BC, and then will affect the mass ratio of BC/EC, indirectly. We have calculated the equivalent MACBC values and compared those with previous studies. Then, we further divided the equivalent MACBC values under several typical factors, which are 5.84 and 2.71 m2/g for improved and simple biofuel stoves, and 5.91 and 4.64 m2/g for light-duty and heavy-duty diesel trucks, respectively. Furthermore, the MACBC and BC/PM2.5 under the main operational metrics generally present good correlations. Our results will help to enhance the understanding of MACBC and provide effective data support for BC quantification and atmospheric model research.

Study of Emissions from Domestic Solid-Fuel Stove Combustion in Ireland.

Solid-fuel stoves are at the heart of many homes not only in developing nations, but also in developed regions where there is significant deployment of such heating appliances. They are often operated inefficiently and in association with high emission fuels like wood. This leads to disproportionate air pollution contributions. Despite the proliferation of these appliances, an understanding of particulate matter (PM) emissions from these sources remains relatively low. Emissions from five solid fuels are quantified using a “conventional” and an Ecodesign stove. PM measurements are obtained using both “hot filter” sampling of the raw flue gas, and sampling of cooled, diluted flue gas using an Aerosol Chemical Speciation Monitor and AE33 aethalometer. PM emissions factors (EF) derived from diluted flue gas incorporate light condensable organic compounds; hence they are generally higher than those obtained with “hot filter” sampling, which do not. Overall, the PM EFs ranged from 0.2 to 108.2 g GJ–1 for solid fuels. The PM EF determined for a solid fuel depends strongly on the measurement method employed and on user behavior, and less strongly on secondary air supply and stove type. Kerosene-based firelighters were found to make a disproportionately high contribution to PM emissions. Organic aerosol dominated PM composition for all fuels, constituting 50–65% of PM from bituminous and low-smoke ovoids, and 85–95% from torrefied olive stone (TOS) briquettes, sod peat, and wood logs. Torrefied biomass and low-smoke ovoids were found to yield the lowest PM emissions. Substituting these fuels for smoky coal, peat, and wood could reduce PM2.5 emissions by approximately 63%.

Effect of improved cookstove intervention on childhood acute lower respiratory infection in Northwest Ethiopia: a cluster-randomized controlled trial

BackgroundHousehold air pollution exposure is linked with over 3.5 million premature deaths every year, ranking highest among environmental risk factors globally. Children are uniquely vulnerable and sensitive to the damaging health effects of household air pollution which includes childhood acute lower respiratory infection (ALRI). The use of improved cookstoves has been widely encouraged to reduce these health burdens. It is, however, unclear as to whether it is possible to prevent household air pollution-related disease burdens with biomass-fuelled improved cookstove intervention and the evidence regarding its child health effect still attracts wide debate. Therefore, we investigated the child health effect of improved baking stove intervention compared with the continuation of the open burning traditional baking stove.MethodsA cluster-randomized controlled trial was conducted to assess the health effect of improved baking stove intervention. A total of 100 clusters were randomly allocated to both arms at a 1:1 ratio, and a total of four follow-up visits were carried out within 1 year immediately after the delivery of the intervention to all households allocated into the intervention arm. Data were analyzed in SPSS-22, and the intervention effect was estimated using a Generalized Estimating Equations modeling approach among the intention-to-treat population.ResultsA total of 5508 children were enrolled in the study across 100 randomly selected clusters in both arms, among which data were obtained from a total of 5333 participants for at least one follow-up visit which establishes the intention-to-treat population dataset. The intervention was not found to have a statistically significant effect on the longitudinal childhood ALRI with an estimated odds ratio of 0.95 (95% CI: 0.89–1.02). Nevertheless, the longitudinal change in childhood ALRI was significantly associated with age, baseline childhood ALRI, location of cooking quarter, secondary stove type and frequency of baking event measured at baseline.ConclusionsWe found no evidence that an intervention comprising biomass-fuelled improved baking stove reduced the risk of childhood ALRI compared with the continuation of an open burning traditional baking stove. Therefore, effective cooking solutions are needed to avert the adverse health effect of household air pollution, particularly, childhood ALRI.Trial registrationThe trial was registered on August 2, 2018 at clinical trials.gov registry database (registration identifier number: NCT03612362).

Analysis of Air Pollutant Emission Differences and Emission Reductions of Coal-fired Stoves of Different Residents

In order to explore the differences in air pollutant emissions of different types of stoves, this study selected five common new types of residential coal-fired stoves (square coal stoves, baffle heat exchange stoves, kang heating and cooking integrated stoves, Gasification forward burning and gasification reverse burning stoves) Simulated combustion and atmospheric pollutant emission level monitoring in the laboratory to quantitatively evaluate the environmental effects of different stoves, identify the influencing factors and causes of differences in pollution emission levels, and propose furnaces Suggestions for improvement of pollution reduction such as R & D and design. The results show that: ① The emission of air pollutants differs greatly among different stoves, and the intensity of pollution emitted by the stoves with kang heating and cooking is the largest. The emission intensity of the three types of atmospheric pollutants (SO2, NOx and particulate matter) is 2.9 kg t-1 It is 1.6 times the average value; stoves using square coal technology have the lowest air pollutant emission intensity, which is 65% of the average value. ②The emission of gaseous pollutants in different furnaces at different combustion stages also showed obvious differences and characteristics. During the fire stage, the NOx emission concentration of the square coal stove is 0.49mg ⋅ m-3, which is 45% ∼ 72% lower than that of other types of stoves; the SO2 emission concentration of the gasification anti-burning stove is 1.38mg ⋅ m- 3. Compared with other types of stoves, the maximum reduction is 28%. ③The factors that affect the emission of atmospheric pollutants of the stove include the application technology and the type of combustion. The stoves with square coal and gasification anti-burning technology have better environmental benefits, but the economic costs of the two types of stoves are 20,000 yuan and 18,000 Yuan, significantly higher than other types of stoves. ④Considering the differences in pollution emissions from different stoves, it is recommended to adopt differentiated economic policies and strict emission and product standards, promote the use of energy-saving and environmentally friendly stoves, and reduce the emission of atmospheric pollutants from coal-fired stoves.

A glimpse into real-world kitchens: Improving our understanding of cookstove usage through in-field photo-observations and improved cooking event detection (CookED) analytics

The combustion of solid fuels in residential cookstoves is a global health and climate issue, and expanded use of improved cookstoves could have significant benefits locally and globally. Evaluating impacts of improved cookstove programs requires more accurately measuring stove use patterns. This work builds on and improves existing stove use monitoring methods. First, we introduce and describe a novel, in-field photo-observation sampling method designed to capture near-continuous, real-world, ground-truth stove usage information. These measurements are used to validate predictions made by electronic stove use monitors (SUMs). Second, we present Cooking Event Detector (CookED), a SUM algorithm that translates stove-temperature measurements into classifications of cooking or not-cooking. The predictive performance of the new algorithm is evaluated using results from the photo-observations and compared to existing algorithms. CookED demonstrates considerable improvement over some methods for all five types of improved and traditional stoves monitored in the study. Overall minute-level predictive accuracy of CookED ranges from 95.6% to 98.4%, depending on the stove type, while Matthews correlation coefficients range from 72.8% to 88.3%. Comparisons between predicted and observed average cooking event durations show high correlation (Pearson's r = 0.85). These methods can be applied in a wide variety of applications, including research studies linking behavior, technology, exposure, and human and environmental health, as well as operational programs that aim to scale up improved cookstove adoption and quantify benefits.

Evaluation of the Cooking Cultures and Practices in Rural Uganda

Many communities across the globe still practice poor cooking cultures as part of their well-being to prepare food and other heating activities. Such bad cooking practices are not environmentally friendly, are wasteful and have adverse health effects. This work presents the results of the survey that was conducted to establish the existing cooking practices commonly used in Uganda, identify the commonly used fuel during cooking, identify perceptions on improved cooking stoves (ICS), perceived preferences during cooking as well as identify whether users are aware of the health challenges due to poor cooking and describe community opinions of ICS for rural communities in Uganda. The interviews were conducted on household levels across all the regions covering Uganda’s major rural regions. It was observed that the largest population of rural Ugandans still use the 3 stone stove fire for cooking with a percentage of 53.5%, Charcoal stove, 27.3%, Improved cooking stove, 16.9%, Electric cookers,1.2%, LPG 0.7% and biogas 0.5% for the preparation of their various types of cooked foods while forest firewood is the commonly used biomass fuel for cooking with a percentage of 66.8% compared to Charcoal, Briquettes, Saw dust and others with a percentage of 27.1%, 0.7%, 0.7%, 1.1% respectively. This reveals the great majority of users whose life is at risk as 3 stone stoves are characterized by low efficiency and high smoke production which increases the health risks of the users as well as increase the risk of deforestation rates. Household cooks showed great willingness to pay for a novel stove type in all the 4 regions but from the survey data, it was indicated that the preferences varied from one region to another with a great majority preferring minimal smoke production with increased heat retention capacity. It was revealed that 91.4% of the interviewed households were aware of the health challenges due to poor cooking methods which they resolved by using open space during cooking. There was variation in the quantity of food cooked in a day, time spent on cooking and how often the cooking is done from one region to another due to the difference in economic activities as well as the different climate factors. While using cooking stoves, users preferred large cooking pot space with minimal smoke production and rapid heating. Such information can act as a basis for the design of an improved cooking stove for the rural Ugandan community as engineered products must be designed to suit the needs of the end-user.