SOD Type Research Articles

Decline of Hesperia ottoe (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae) in Northern Tallgrass Prairie Preserves.

We counted butterflies on transect surveys during Hesperia ottoe flight period in 1988–2011 at tallgrass prairie preserves in four states (Illinois, Iowa, Minnesota, Wisconsin), divided into units cross-referenced to vegetation type and management history. H. ottoe occurred only in dry and sand prairie types, and was significantly more abundant in undegraded than semi-degraded prairie, and in discontinuous sod (with numerous unvegetated areas due to bare sand and/or rock outcrops) than in continuous sod. This skipper was significantly more abundant in small sites compared to medium and large sites, even when the analysis was limited to undegraded prairie analyzed separately by sod type. H. ottoe was significantly under-represented in year-burn 0 (the first growing season after fire) compared to an expected distribution proportional to survey effort. However, H. ottoe was also over-represented in fire-managed units compared to non-fire-managed units. However, by far most units and sites were in fire management and most populations declined to subdetection during this study. Peak abundance post-fire occurred in a later year-burn in discontinuous sod and was much higher than in continuous sod. We also analyze H. ottoe status and trend in midwestern prairie preserves by compiling a dataset of our and others’ butterfly surveys from 1974 to 2011. Only 1/9 sites with continuous sod had detectable H. ottoe in recent year(s). In discontinuous sod, 2/6 did, with two sites lacking data for the last few years. The number of years H. ottoe was still detectable after preservation and the number of years to consistent non-detection were both significantly higher in discontinuous than continuous sod. Both measures of population persistence averaged over twice as long in discontinuous than continuous sod, and correlated negatively with prairie size. The year when consistent non-detection began varied over several decades among sites. Despite the currently urgent need to identify how to manage preserves successfully for H. ottoe, such research now needs to be very cautious, because of the extreme fragility of the few remaining populations and the ruggedness of the preserves where H. ottoe is still known to occur.

Purification and Characterization of Superoxide Dismutase from Martianus Dermestoides Chevrola

In this paper, the superoxide dismutase fromMartianus dermestoidesis purified by the following methods: heat treatment, polyethylene concentration, Sephadex G-75 gel filtration, and DEAE-Sepharose FF ion exchange chromatography. The result shows that the purification multiple is 3.86, the activation yield is 21.89% and the specific activation of the enzyme is 447.6 U/mg. The purified SOD appears to be a sole protein on SDS-PAGE and the molecular weight is estimated to be 40.58 kDa. H2O2can obviously inhibit the enzyme activation and CHCl3-CH3CH2OH only demonstrates basically no inhibitory effect. The type of the dermestoides SOD might be Cu/Zn-SOD. After purification, some enzymatic characterizations of the SOD are studied. The optimum reaction temperature of purified SOD is 50°C. The optimum reaction pH value of purification is 6. The dermestoide SOD has a preferable stability below 50°C and at pH values between 5-8.

Abstract 4920: EcSOD overexpression inhibits the growth and invasion by affecting extracellular matrix in PC3 human prostate cancer cells.

Abstract It has been shown that EcSOD (extracellular superoxide dismutase, SOD3) can attenuate tissue damage and cancer cell invasion but so far its function in prostate cancer cells has not been completely clarified. Thus, we investigated the effect of EcSOD for cell growth and invasion in PC3 human prostate cancer cells. We stably transfected PC3 cells with pCMV-EcSOD cDNA and observed its overexpression in mRNA and protein levels through RT-PCR and Western Blot, respectively. To check out the influence for the growth rate of EcSOD, we analyzed Cell Viability and Cytotoxicity Assay as a colorimetric and fluorometric format via MTT (3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) reagent and cell-permeable polyanionic calcein acetoxymethyl (Calcein AM) and ethidium homodimer (EthD-1) dye. And we performed EcSOD Activity Assay and ELISA. Moreover, we time-dependently carried out Wound-healing Assay by monitoring the down-regulated growth rate of EcSOD overexpression PC3 cells. Furthermore, we verified low EcSOD expression compared to other types of SODs by IHC and Patients Tissue Microarray. Meanwhile, we accomplished Invasion Assay and MMP-2 and-9 Activity Assay with Zymography. Herein, it elucidated that EcSOD abrogates cell growth, proliferation, and invasion by associating with extracellular matrix in PC3 human prostate cancer cells. Taken together, these findings suggest that EcSOD can potentially have beneficial future strategy for the treatment of prostate cancer. Citation Format: Jungim Kim. EcSOD overexpression inhibits the growth and invasion by affecting extracellular matrix in PC3 human prostate cancer cells. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4920. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-4920

PTU-078 Delays in the diagnosis and management of patients with suspected sphincter of oddi dysunction

IntroductionSphincter of oddi dysfunction (SOD) is difficult to diagnose and treat. Biliary manometry is considered to be the gold standard for diagnosing SOD but is not widely available. A significant...

Mo1324 ERCP in Patients With Prior Whipple's Resection: An Increasing Problem in Long-Term Follow-up

remained significant predictors of clinical response (OR 5.4, 95% CI 1.2-24 p 0.028; OR 7.7, 95% CI 1.8-31.3 p 0.005, respectively). Conclusions: The SOD scintigraphic score is not an adequate screening test for biliary SOD because of its poor sensitivity for abnormal biliary manometry. However, an abnormal SOD score 6 is a good predictor of clinical response to endoscopic therapy for patients with SOD type III. Predictors of response to therapy include elevated basal pressure and SOD type.

Mo1487 Inicial Precut vs. an Algorithmic Approach Using a Wire-Guided Sphincterotome for Selective Biliary Cannulation

post-ERCP acute pancreatitis in each of the SOD groups. The following data were recorded: age, sex, indication for SOM, basal SOM results, bile duct diameter, endoscopic sphincterotomy, and number of patients in whom pancreatitis developed. Pancreatitis was defined as abdominal pain combined with an increase in serum amylase and/or lipase 3 times the upper limit of normal within 24 hours of the procedure. . Factors associated with acute pancreatitis in each group were examined by univariate analysis (UA). Significant variables by UA were included in a stepwise logistic regression analysis to determine independent predictors of acute pancreatitis. Statistic significance was determined at a p 0.05. Results: We identified 147 patients with SOD (86% females, mean age 42 1.1(SE) years). The indications for SOM were unexplained pancreatobiliary pain and a history of acute recurrent pancreatitis. Patients were classified as SOD 1 in 16, SOD 2 in 66 and SOD 3 in 65 cases. Biliary sphincterotomy was performed in all patients and pancreatic sphincterotomy was performed in 68/147 (46%) patients. 101 (69%) patients underwent stenting of the pancreatic duct. Post-ERCP pancreatitis occurred in 27% of the study cohort. Patients with SOD 3 had a higher frequency of postERCP pancreatitis compared to the SOD 2 and SOD 1 group (37% vs. 21% vs. 13% respectively). Multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that the type of SOD was then strongest predictor of pancreatitis with SOD 3 having the greater frequency of post-ERCP pancreatitis (OR 7.68, p 0.05) compared to those with SOD 1. There was no significant difference in post-ERCP pancreatitis between SOD 2 and SOD 1 (p 0.21). Age, sex, absence of a pancreatic stent, and a pancreatic sphincterotomy were not independently associated with post-ECRP pancreatitis. Conclusions: SOD 3 is strongly associated with the development of post-ERCP pancreatitis compared to SOD 1 and SOD 2. SOD 3 may have a different pathogenesis than SOD 1 and 2, thus placing these patients at a higher risk for this complication.

Effects of Sod Type, Irrigation, and Fertilization on Nitrate‐Nitrogen and Orthophosphate‐Phosphorus Leaching from Newly Established St. Augustinegrass Sod

Nitrogen and P leaching losses from fertilized turfgrass remain an environmental concern. In the present study, we examined the effects of sod type, fertilization, and irrigation on turf quality, NO3–N and PO4–P leaching following St. Augustinegrass [Stenotaphrum secundatum (Walt.) Kuntze] sod installation. Treatments included muck‐ vs. sand‐produced sod, no fertilization, fertilization with 4.9 g N m−2 at installation or at 30 d after installation (DAI), and routine irrigation or irrigation at stress from 30 to 60 DAI. Drainage was collected from lysimeters installed in each plot and analyzed for NO3–N and PO4–P to determine total leaching losses. Across all treatments, drainage averaged 290, 902, and 604 mm during each of the three trials. Fertilization at 30 DAI significantly reduced PO4–P leaching losses compared to fertilization at 0 DAI. Muck sod type significantly reduced the quantity of NO3–N leached. Muck sod also significantly reduced PO4–P leached and resulted in better turf quality in two of the three trials. In the context of minimizing nutrient leaching, these results support the use of muck‐grown sod established during low rainfall periods with fertilization delayed at least 30 DAI and with judicious use of irrigation.

M1392 Re-Evaluation of Pancreatic Type of SOD and Idiopathic Chronic Pancreatitis

M1392 Re-Evaluation of Pancreatic Type of SOD and Idiopathic Chronic Pancreatitis

Didox (Dihydroxybenzohydroxamic acid) ameliorates macrophage AhR activation, CYP1A1/AhR Induction, and oxidative stress profiles induced by PCB-126 (35.16)

Abstract Exposure to AhR-activating xenobiotics is associated with oxidative stress and inflammation. For example, PCB-126 is a potent and well-studied AhR-ligand and inducer of CYP1A1/2 and Phase II metabolic enzymes. Intracellular ROI increases in cells within a few hrs of exposure, long before mRNA transcription and protein induction. Thereafter, levels of ROI continually rise for several days due to a high affinity of PCB-126 for the AhR and recalcitrant metabolism. After a 24 hr exposure of RAW264.7 murine macrophages to 1 µM PCB-126 we show (using qRT PCR) that expression levels of GSH-peroxidase and SOD genes are suppressed, while expression levels of of NADPH-oxidase genes are elevated. As expected, CYP1A1 gene/protein expression is markedly induced and associated with elevated superoxide anion and H2O2 production. In search of strong, but non-toxic antioxidants that may ameliorate AhR-associated ROI and inflammation, we found that Didox (3,4-Dihydroxybenzohydroxamic acid) is very potent. Several GSH-peroxidase genes and GSH reductase, peroxiredoxins, thioredoxin reductase, all three types of SODs, and catalase are elevated by Didox. Furthermore, Didox reverses oxidative stress gene profiles initiated by PCB-126. Of particular note, Didox mimics LPS in that exposure suppresses the expression of both CYP1A1 and AhR genes. We postulate that Didox may have significant potential in ameliorating the toxicity of several classes of AhR-activating immunotoxic compounds.

Decreased pulmonary extracellular superoxide dismutase during systemic inflammation

Oxidative damage is a major cause of lung injury during systemic inflammatory response syndrome. In this study, the expression of an antioxidant enzyme, extracellular superoxide dismutase (EC-SOD), and its protective role against pulmonary oxidative damage were investigated using mouse models of systemic inflammation. Intraperitoneal injection with bacterial endotoxin lipopolysaccharides (LPS; 20 mg/kg) caused oxidative damage in lungs as assessed by increased tyrosine nitration in proteins. LPS administration also resulted in a rapid and significant loss of more than 80% of pulmonary EC-SOD in a time- and dose-dependent manner, but other types of SODs, cytoplasmic CuZn-SOD and mitochondrial Mn-SOD, were not affected. EC-SOD protein is most abundant in lungs but also present at high levels in other tissues such as heart and white fat; however, the LPS-mediated decrease in this enzyme was most apparent in the lungs. Intravenous injection of mice with tumor necrosis factor α (10 μg per mouse) also caused a 60% decrease in EC-SOD in the lungs, suggesting that the EC-SOD down-regulation is mediated by this LPS-inducible inflammatory cytokine. A protective role for EC-SOD against LPS-mediated systemic inflammation was shown by an increased survival rate (75% vs 29% in 5 days) and decreased pulmonary oxidative damage in EC-SOD transgenic mice that overexpress the human EC-SOD gene. These results demonstrate that the inflammation-mediated EC-SOD down-regulation has a major pathophysiological impact during the systemic inflammatory response syndrome.

Mn/Fe superoxide dismutase interaction fingerprints and prediction of oligomerization and metal cofactor from sequence

Fe- and Mn-containing superoxide dismutase (sod) enzymes are closely related and similar in both amino acid sequence and structure, but differ in their mode of oligomerization and in their specificity for the Fe or Mn cofactor. The goal of the present work is to identify and analyze the sequence and structure characteristics that ensure the cofactor specificities and the oligomerization modes. For that purpose, 374 sod sequences and 17 sod crystal structures were collected and aligned. These alignments were searched for residues and inter-residue interactions that are conserved within the whole sod family, or alternatively, that are specific to a given sod subfamily sharing common characteristics. This led us to define key residues and inter-residue interaction fingerprints in each subfamily. The comparison of these fingerprints allows, on a rational basis, the design of mutants likely to modulate the activity and/or specificity of the target sod, in good agreement with the available experimental results on known mutants. The key residues and interaction fingerprints are furthermore used to predict if a novel sequence corresponds to a sod enzyme, and if so, what type of sod it is. The predictions of this fingerprint method reach much higher scores and present much more discriminative power than the commonly used method that uses pairwise sequence comparisons.

ERCP Management of the Pancreatic Sphincter in SOD Type II Patients: Clinical Outcome of Staged Sphincterotomy

ERCP Management of the Pancreatic Sphincter in SOD Type II Patients: Clinical Outcome of Staged Sphincterotomy

LTN-type zeolite framework as an interpenetrating net of KFI- and SOD-type parts homeomorphic to cuprite, Cu2O

The complex LTN-type zeolite framework is described as consisting of two interpenetrating parts in order to understand the connectivities of their underlying nets. Both parts are homeomorphic to diamond-type tetrahedral frameworks, arranged in principle in the same manner as the two interpenetrating frameworks in cuprite, Cu(2)O. However, in cuprite the two frameworks are identical, while in the LTN-type framework one is made up of two kinds of truncated octahedra (toc units) and can be described as one half of the sodalite-type framework (SOD). The other consists of large cages, so-called truncated cubo-octahedra (grc units) connected by hexagonal prisms (double six-rings) and corresponds to one half of the KFI-type framework. Neither of the sub-frameworks has so far been observed in any other zeolite topology. The two sub-frameworks of SOD and KFI types in the interpenetrating LTN-type framework are models for very open interrupted frameworks, which possibly could be synthesized separately in a pure form. Their framework density would be 7.6 T atoms per 1000 A(3) if they could be prepared as aluminosilicates.

Endoscopic sphincterotomy in patients with stenosis of ampulla of Vater: Three-year follow-up of exocrine pancreatic function and clinical symptoms

To investigate retrospectively the long-term effect of endoscopic sphincterotomy (ES) including exocrine pancreatic function in patients with stenosis of ampulla of Vater. After diagnostic endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) and ES because of stenosis of the ampulla of Vater (SOD Type I), follow-up examinations were performed in 60 patients (mean follow-up time 37.7 mo). Patients were asked about clinical signs and symptoms at present and before intervention using a standard questionnaire. Before and after ES exocrine pancreatic function was assessed by determination of immunoreactive fecal elastase 1. Serum enzymes indicating cholestasis as well as serum lipase and amylase were measured. Eighty percent of patients reported an improvement in their general condition after ES. The fecal elastase 1 concentrations (FEC) in all patients increased significantly after ES. This effect was even more marked in patients with pathologically low concentrations (< 200 microg/g) of fecal elastase prior to ES. The levels of serum lipase and amylase as well as serum alcaline phosphatase (AP) and gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase (GGT) decreased significantly after ES. The results of this study demonstrate that patients with stenosis of the ampulla of Vater can be successfully treated with endoscopic sphincterotomy. The positive effect is not only indicated by sustained improvement of clinical symptoms and cholestasis but also by improvement of exocrine pancreatic function.

A computational model for analysis of SOD isoforms impact on nitric oxide biotransport in an arteriole

Interactions of free radicals including superoxide (O2−), nitric oxide (NO), and peroxynitrite (ONOO−) are important in pathophysiological conditions such as hypertension, atherosclerosis, diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Excess levels of O2− in oxidative stress cause reduction in NO bioavailability, which results in endothelial dysfunction. The bioavailability of NO is affected by SOD which scavenges O2− and restricts ONOO− formation. There are three isoforms of SOD in present in the microcirculation, CuZn-SOD, EC-SOD and Mn-SOD, each with distinct contributions to maintaining the oxidative state in the microcirculation. We developed a mathematical model of free radical transport within and around an arteriole vessel during oxidative stress, based on fundamental principles of mass balance, reaction kinetics, and vascular geometry. The model investigates the role of SOD isoforms in maintaining NO bioavailability, oxidative state and ONOO− formation. The model results indicate that SOD type, location and concentration in the arteriolar vessel significantly affect O2− levels. The model predicted that a reduction in SOD results in increased O2− and ONOO− levels and decreased NO levels in arteriolar vessel. The results will further our understanding of endothelial dysfunction in physiological and pathophysiological conditions and the importance of SOD isoforms in free radical interactions. Supported by American Heart Association SDG 0530050N, and Arkansas Biosciences Institute (ABI)

Pituitary gland malformations – genetic and environmental factors

The pituitary gland originates from the combination of the development of Rathke's pouch and of a neuroectodermal evagination of tissue from the floor of the diencephalon. Disruptions of this process can result in a congenital pathology of the pituitary gland with a complex malformation including hypoplasia of the adenohypophysis, a hypoplastic infundibulum and ectopia of the posterior pituitary gland. This characteristic trias occurs usually sporadic and is frequently accompanied by intra- and extracerebral malformations which supports the role for genetic factors in the pathogenesis. Mutations of the pituitary transcription factors HESX1, LHX4 and SOX3 have been detected in rare instances of this trias. Variable combinations of dysgenesis of midline brain structures including optic nerve hypoplasia causing amaurosis, agenesis of the septum pellucidum and malformations of the pituitary gland represent the heterogeneous spectrum of septo-optic dysplasia (SOD, De-Morsier syndrome). The etiology of most cases of SOD still remains to be elucidated, despite the demonstration of the pathogenic role of HESX1 in a small minority of cases with a mild type of SOD. The young maternal age at conception and potential teratogen exposure suggest a meaning of environmental factors. Reports of trauma-induced “malformations“ of the pituitary gland are anecdotical and needs systematic studies for confirmation. The frequently observed hypopituitarism of the adenohypophysis in combination with an ectopic neurohypophysis with normal function suggest a major inductive role of the close contact of the neuroectodermal evaginate with the Rathke's pouch.

Thermostability of Superoxide Dismutases from Monascus Purpureus Var. Albinus

ABSTRACTMonascus purpureus var. albinus was used to study thermostability of the superoxide dismutase in crude enzyme preparation. The tested culture was prepared through submerged cultivation in laboratory fermentor on medium Chapec-Dox. Samples were collected from the middle and the end of the logarithmic and from stationary phases. Thermostability of the crude extract obtained was investigated at 50 °C, 60 °C, 70 °C and 80 °C. The samples from the middle logarithmic phase preserve its total superoxide dismutase activity between 33% and 40% after treatment at 80 °C for 30 minutes. The samples from stationary phase preserve almost 100% activity at the same conditions. Critical point for inactivation of total SOD activity is 5 minutes after the temperature shock. The SOD enzymes in Monascus purpureus var. albinus are represented by three izoemzimic forms—one for Cu/Zn type of SOD and two for Mn type of SOD with relative mobility 0.1, 0.43 and 0.45 respectively. The Mn type of SOD was inactivated completely after treatment at 80 °C for 30 minutes. The thermostability of enzyme was determined by Cu/Zn type SOD.

Crystallization of JBW, CAN, SOD and ABW type zeolite from transformation of meta-kaolin

The crystallization of low silica zeolites, including JBW, CAN, SOD and Li-ABW was investigated on the hydrothermal transformation of China meta-kaolin in alkaline medium at 473 K, and characterized with XRD, SEM and 29Si MAS NMR. The significant influence of the inorganic additives on the products formed was observed. The crystallization process of JBW zeolite with high crystallinity from the transformation of zeolite A, which formed in a short period of the initial reaction stage, was observed in the reactant of meta-kaolin in NaOH solution. CAN and SOD zeolite crystallized in the reactant containing K + and Na + in the presence of additional nitrate and halide, respectively. A phase transformation of SOD into CAN took place during the synthesis. Li-ABW formed in the reactant with LiOH medium.

Control of redox transitions and oxygen species binding in Mn centers by biologically significant ligands; model studies with [Mn]-bacteriochlorophyll a.

Mn-superoxide dismutase (Mn-SOD), which protects the cell from the toxic potential of superoxide radicals (O(2)(-*)), is the only type of SOD which resides in eukaryotic mitochondria. Up-to-date, the exact catalytic mechanism of the enzyme and the relationship between substrate moieties and the ligands within the active site microenvironment are still not resolved. Here, we set out to explore the possible involvement of hydroperoxyl radicals ((*)OOH) in the catalytic dismutaion by following the interplay of Mn(III)/Mn(II) redox transitions, ligands binding, and evolution or consumption of superoxide radical, using a new model system. The model system encompassed an Mn atom chelated by a bacteriochlorophyll allomer macrocycle (BChl) in aerated aprotic media that contain residual water. The redox states of the Mn ion were monitored by the Q(y) electronic transitions at 774 and 825 nm for [Mn(II)]- and [Mn(III)]-BChl, respectively (Geskes, C.; Hartwich, G.; Scheer, H.; Mantele, W.; Heinze, J. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 7776) and confirmed by electron spin resonance spectroscopy. Evolution of (*)OOH radicals was monitored by the ESR spin-trap technique using 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline-N-oxide (DMPO). The experimental data suggest that the [Mn]-BChl forms a (HO(-))[Mn(III)]-BChl(OOH) complex upon solvation. Spectrophotometeric titrations with tetrabutylamonnium acetate (TBAA) and 1-methylimidazole (1-MeIm) together with ESI-MS measurements indicated the formation of a 1:1 complex with [Mn]-BChl for both ligands. The coordination of ligands at low concentrations to [Mn(III)]-BChl induced a release of a (*)OOH radical and a [Mn(III)]-BChl --> [Mn(II)]-BChl transition at higher concentrations. The estimated equilibrium constants for the total redox reaction ( )()are 1.9 x 10(4) +/- 1 x 10(3) M(-)(1) and 12.3 +/- 0.6 M(-)(1) for TBAA and 1-MeIm, respectively. The profound difference between the equilibrium constants agrees with the suggested key role of the ligand's basicity in the process. A direct interaction of superoxide radicals with [Mn(III)]-BChl in a KO(2) acetonitrile (AN) solution also resulted in [Mn(III)]-BChl --> [Mn(II)]-BChl transition. Cumulatively, our data show that the Mn(III) center encourages the protonation of the O(2)(-)(*) radical in an aprotic environment containing residual water molecules, while promoting its oxidation in the presence of basic ligands. Similar coordination and stabilization of the (*)OOH radical by the Mn center may be key steps in the enzymatic dismutation of superoxide radicals by Mn-SOD.

Capillary gel electrophoretic separation of superoxide dismutases in leaf extracts of Triticum aestivum L.

Capillary gel electrophoretic (CGE) separation of metal superoxide dismutase (SOD; EC 1.15.1.1) types is described. A mixture of standard SOD types was fully denatured into SDS–SOD complexes in the presence of excess sodium dodecylsulphate (SDS). The SDS–SOD complexes were separated using an uncoated fused silica capillary filled with a polymer running buffer and detected spectrophotometrically at 200 nm. Three types of SOD were separated, namely, Cu/ZnSOD (32 kDa), FeSOD (38 kDa) and MnSOD (40 kDa). Calibration curves were linear in the concentration range of 0.1–5.0 mg/mL with a detection limit in the order of 0.05 mg/mL. The reproducibility of the migration time was high with a relative standard deviation of less than 1.50%. The proposed method was demonstrated to be applicable to the separation of SOD types in leaf extracts of wheat. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.