Slope Type Research Articles

ANALISIS LERENG TERASERING DALAM UPAYA PENANGGULANGAN LONGSOR METODE FELLENIUS DENGAN PROGRAM GEOSTUDIO SLOPE

The Musi Hydroelectric Power Plant area in Kepahiang Regency is a hilly area that has steep slopes that are prone to landslides. One of the landslides that occurred at October 2017 precisely occurred on a highway between Susup Village, Bengkulu Tengah Regency and Ujan Mas District, Kepahiang Regency. This study aims to analyze the slope stability of the terraces using the Fellenius Method. The results of testing the physical properties of the soil indicate that the soil on the slopes of the area of the Musi Hydroelectric Power Plant is clay. The slopes studied in the Musi hydropower area are all prone to landslides because safety factor, FK <1,5. Based on the results of the research on the slopes of the safest type 1 slope the value of the safety factor is the type of slope of the slope trap 3,19o,FK = 1,61 greater than the safety factor value of slope type 2 slope trap 19o, FK = 1,57 and safe slope type safety factor value slope of 19o, FK = 1.519 and the value of the safety factor of the original slope type of slope 30o, FK =0,88.

Influencia de la cobertura, pendiente y profundidad, sobre el carbono y nitrógeno del suelo

El estudio conjunto del carbono orgánico del suelo (COS) y el nitrógeno total del suelo (Nt) es importante debido a que sus ciclos interaccionan, además de que son considerados parámetros de fertilidad, calidad e impacto. Sus contenidos en el suelo inciden en la productividad de los bosques y tienen relación con la mitigación del cambio climático cuando el suelo se conserva. Se realizó un muestreo de suelos en la Estación Forestal Experimental de Zoquiapan, con el objetivo de obtener y analizar el contenido de COS y Nt del suelo a las profundidades de 0 a 10, 10 a 20 y 20 a 30 cm, con tres grados de pendiente donde se desarrollan bosques de oyamel, pino y pino-aile. Los mayores almacenes de COS y Nt se ubicaron en los primeros 10 cm. El suelo con la cobertura de oyamel, pendiente mayor y profundidad menor presentó el mayor contenido de COS y Nt (132.20 y 14.19 Mg ha-1 respectivamente). El suelo con cobertura de pino, pendiente y profundidad mayor tuvo los contenidos más bajos de COS y Nt (30.86 y 3.37 Mg ha-1, respectivamente). Se concluye que los contenidos de COS y Nt mostraron diferencias por tipo de cobertura, por pendiente y por profundidad. Aunque fue con relación a la profundidad que los contenidos de COS y Nt tuvieron un comportamiento más regular, que disminuye a medida que la profundidad se incrementó, independientemente de la cobertura y pendiente.

Evaluation method of slope stability based on the Qslope system and BQ method

At present, a variety of slope stability assessment methods based on rock mass quality classification have been proposed. However, the rather mature evaluation system for different types of rock slopes is still absent. In this paper, the existing classification methods for rock slope are first discussed, then by combining the Qslope and BQ methods based on the relationship between different classification systems, a relatively simple and applicable evaluation system is proposed, which uses the BQ method to obtain the basic quality of the rock slope and then the Qslope method to revise this rating according to the geological environment of the slope. The new system can reduce field survey and subjective factors. The case study shows that the evaluation results of the rock slope using the new method coincide with the actual stability status, showing that this method can be further tested in engineering practice.

Governing factors influence on rock slope stability – Statistical analysis for plane mode of failure

The present study was carried out to understand the relative influence of governing factors on slopes having potential plane mode of failure. For the present study secondary data for seventeen slope sections having potential plane mode of failure was procured from varied geological and geographical environment. The governing factors that were considered for statistical analysis are; slope-angle (αf), upper-slope angle (αs), dip of potential failure plane (αp), dip of tension-crack (αt), slope-height (h), cohesion (C), angle of friction (φ) and height of the water in tension-crack (Zw). Initially, factor of safety (FoS) was determined for all possible anticipated adverse conditions to which slopes may be subjected. Later, sensitivity analysis was undertaken to know the relative importance of the governing factors on FoS. Further, one-way Analysis-of-Variance (ANOVA) was applied to examine the statistical significance of these governing factors on FoS under static and dynamic conditions. The results clearly showed that all the slope sections are unstable when saturated under static and dynamic conditions. Further, statistical analysis results showed that all considered governing factors are statistically significant for slope stability assessment however; their relative importance varies from one slope type to another. In terms of order of importance, factors ‘αp’, ‘Zw’, ‘αf’ and ‘h’ revealed as the most significant factors while factors ‘αt’, ‘φ’, ‘αs’ and ‘C’, though significant but are relatively lower in the order of importance. The relative order of importance deduced from sensitivity analysis may be helpful in decision making to workout optimum stabilization measure for a particular slope.

Dynamic Trends of Fine Particulate Matter Exposure Among 190 Countries

Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) is estimated to cause more than 3.7 million premature deaths worldwide. However, the level and annual rate of change for PM2.5 varies greatly among countries in the world. Using PME which is population weighted average annual concentration of PM2.5 to which the typical citizen of each country is exposed, the dynamic trend of PME is measured by the Progress Ratio (PR) from an Experience Curve (EC) involving 190 countries during the period 2000-2014. The average PR for the total group is 96.51% indicating only a moderate decreasing trend of 4.49% per each doubling of the cumulative energy consumption. While a majority of 118 countries experienced a decreasing a trend of PME with an averaged PR of 88.05%, the remaining 72 countries displayed an increasing averaged PR of 110.39%. When two different types of EC, classical and kinked were applied, a majority of 135 countries recorded an averaged PR of 99.68%, while the remaining 55 countries experienced an average PR of 88.94%. Further examination on the type of slope and trend suggests the chances of a major improvement of future PME in the following order: (1) The 60 countries with an increasing classical slope; (2) The 12 countries with an increasing kinked slope; (3) The 75 countries with a decreasing classical slope.; (4) The 43 countries with a decreasing kinked slope. Further implication from these findings will be discussed.

Determination of The Type of Soil Using 2D Geoelectric Method And Laboratory Analysis for Landslide Area Cililin West Java

Landslide occurrence at Mukapayung, Cililin West Java with material movement downward slope as far as 500m and hit residential areas of the village Nagrog cause eighteen people died and ten homes were destroyed and twenty-three heads of families evacuated. 2D Geoelectric measurements and index properties of soil analysis has been conducted to determine the type of soil slope composing. From the results of resistivity measurements obtained that the material making up the slope dominated by a mix of clay and sand, in which the soil types are prone to landslides if triggered by the presence of water.

Effect of water infiltration on the mechanical behaviour of unsaturated soil

Natural slopes and embankments are generally unsaturated in nature with negative pore water pressure adding to the shear strength and hence the stability of the slopes. During the event of rainfall, pore water pressure becomes less negative or even positive as a result the shear strength of soil decreases and failure occur. Therefore, the strength and deformation characteristics for unsaturated soil become important when analysing the stability of these types of slopes. In this study, a triaxial test apparatus was used to study the effect of water infiltration on the mechanical behaviour of unsaturated soil. The test results show that water infiltration decreased with increase in net confining stress and the stress paths were independent of the matric suction, the net confining stress and the shearing conditions for the present experimental study.

Dynamic Failure Mode and Dynamic Response of High Slope Using Shaking Table Test

A shaking table test was performed to study the dynamic response and failure modes of high slope. Test results show that PGA amplification coefficients increased with increasing elevation and the PGA amplification coefficient of the concave slope was slightly larger than that of the convex slope. The slope type affected the dynamic response of the slope. The elevation amplification effect of the concave slope under seismic load was more significant than that of the convex slope; thus, the concave slope was more unstable than the convex slope. Additionally, the PGA amplification coefficient measured on the slope surface was always larger than that inside the slope, and the data show an increasing trend with the broken line. The dynamic amplification effect of the high slope was closely related to the natural frequency of the slope. Within a certain range, the higher the frequency, the more significant the amplification effect. The dynamic failure process of concave and convex slopes was studied through tests. Findings indicate that the dynamic failure modes of the concave slope are characterized by shoulder collapse, formation of the sliding surface, and integral sliding above the slope line. Dynamic failure modes of the convex slope are mainly slips in the soil layer and collapse of the slope near the slope line.

ПРОСТОРОВО-ЧАСОВИЙ АНАЛІЗ ФОРМУВАННЯ СТРУКТУРИ СУЧАСНИХ САДОВО-ПАРКОВИХ ЛАНДШАФТІВ ПРАВОБЕРЕЖНОЇ УКРАЇНИ

The spatial and temporal analysis of the formation of the structure of garden-park landscapes of the Right-Bank Ukraine on the example of the National Dendrology Park “Sofiyivka” of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Alexandria Dendrological Park the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Sinitsky Park of Cherkassy region, Nemirovsky Park, Sokiletsky and Pechersk parks of Vinnitsa region were done in the article. The emphasis was placed on the spatial location of Right-Bank Ukraine, the peculiarities of natural conditions and the diversity of natural landscapes, which determined the attractiveness of the territory for its development by different peoples and ethnic groups. The boundary of the situation led to the interaction and overlay of Western European and Eastern European cultures, the material expression of which are garden-park landscapes. Garden-park landscapes are a special group of anthropogenic landscapes, which are composed of natural and technical blocks. The features of the technical block are determined not only by the natural conditions of the territory but also by the culture of the organization and creation of the garden-park landscapes that is characteristic of the corresponding historical period. It was noted that in the landscape structure of the old garden-park landscapes, there are a river, floodplain, sloping and watershed types of areas that are typical for the research area. Formation, functioning and development of gardens and parks are associated with the peculiarities of the socio-economic and historical development of the territory. The river-floodplain type of terrain is represented by tracts of rivers, ponds, islands, levelling surfaces, occupied by meadow vegetation. Mostly, the tracts of this type of terrain are complicated by such landscape-technical systems as bridges and dams. On average, the river-floodplain type of terrain accounts for 10 to 20% of the area of the garden park landscape. The sloping type of terrain includes a variety of simple and complex tracts with steep slopes of 50 to steep sloping walls. Busy, mostly, parked plantations and ray fields. Landscape-technical systems are represented by different types of stairs. This type of terrain accounts for the largest share of a garden-park landscape – from 60% to 90%. This fact is connected with the specifics of the organization of garden-park landscapes within the territory of Right-Bank Ukraine. Watershed type of terrain is represented by tracts of weakly wavy surfaces. It includes a park building, which is represented by various buildings. Regardless of the landscape style of planning the territory, within the limits of the water-type type of terrain, there are regular elements of the organization of the territory – they are alleys, parterals, bosqueets, etc. Up to 20% of the area of the landscape garden landscape belongs to the tract of the watershed type of terrain. It was concluded that most of the garden-parf landscapes of Right-bank Ukraine are now in poor condition. In order to preserve and improve the modern structure of garden-park landscapes, the following measures should be taken: to significantly expand their areas and improve the functioning of the infrastructure elements; to regulate the boundaries of garden-park landscapes and to pay more attention to their paragenetic and paradigmatic interconnections with the surrounding territories: to clearly outline the role and significance of existing and future garden-park landscapes in the structure of regional ecosystems.

Development of slope type fishway attached to erosion control dam considering maintaining continuousness of stream

Development of slope type fishway attached to erosion control dam considering maintaining continuousness of stream

SOURCES OF THE BASIN COMPONENT OF THE SEDIMENT YIELD ON THE SMALL RIVER IN THE FOOTHILL-LOWLAND ZONE OF THE BLACK SEA COAST OF THE CAUCASUS (USING THE EXAMPLE OF THE TSANYK RIVER)

Тhis study aims to evaluate features of the formation and sources of the basin component of the sediment yield during flash floods. Measuring campaigns were conducted in the weakly disturbed section of the Tsanyk River basin, located in the Greater Sochi area in the foothill-lowland zone of the Caucasus Black Sea coast. We used a set of field and calculation methods, including sediment dating with application of 137Cs, pin method, Yang's method, erosion modeling and others techniques for determining the rate of denudation and deposition processes. We investigated the processes of local and long-distance sediment movement. It was established that the rate of creep is 2-2.2 cm/year, the intensity of scree processes varies depending on the rock types in the range 1-3.5 cm/year. The processes of sheet erosion and linear erosion contribute to the movement of part of the eroded material from the catchment area to the river channel. Four types of slopes and slope catchments are distinguished according to the features of a sediment delivery from the catchment area to the river channel. The average annual sedimentation rate in the gully fan is amounted to 2.3 cm/year since 1986. At the same time, on the basis of studying the accumulative deposits of the gully fan, including the content of the 137Cs isotope in the different layers, it was established that the main sources of sediments are material produced by gully erosion, scree processes and slopes settling. 5-6 episodes of catastrophic sediment removal occurred in this particular slope catchment for 30-year period. The ratio between a sediment removal from the slope catchments to the river channel and the measured sediment yield in the Tsanyk River during the rain floods of low repeatability makes it possible to state that the basin component of sediment yield is at least 75% of the total. Information about the ratio of slopes and slope catchments of various types within the small river basins of the subtropical belt of the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus should be taken into account when calculating engineering structures for protecting infrastructure facilities from the impact of flash floods or mudflows.

Evaluation method of highway slope stability based on deep displacement curve characteristics

Taking the slope of Yunnan Wuyi Expressway as a case study, the typical geologic generalization models of three kinds of slopes were established by means of statistical analysis. The limit equilibrium method, finite element numerical simulation method, and deep displacement curve type analysis are combined to evaluate the slope stability under various working conditions in a comprehensive way. The relationship between the deep displacement characteristic curve and slope stability, and a slope stability criterion is established based on the characteristics of deep displacement curve. This method is a supplement to the current Chinese standards on slope stability evaluation. According to the analysis to typical slope projects in central Yunnan, this evaluation method is simple and feasible, which is suitable to evaluate the stability of various types of highway slopes in central Yunnan in China.

Aliran Permukaan, Erosi dan Kehilangan Hara Kebun Kelapa Sawit Kabupaten Sorolangun Provinsi Jambi

Loss of nutrients through surface runoff and erosion carried from agricultural land, is a major cause of agricultural land degradation. The purpose of this study was to analize nutrients loss from oil palm plantation caused by erosion. This study was carried out using erosion plots measuring 12 m x 3 m consisting a combination of two factors: type of oil palm inter-row and slope. Surface runoff and erosion values in the active inter-row was higher than those in death inter-row. The nutrients loss of N, P, and K from soil eroded in active inter-row were respectively 0.04; 0.11 and 0.10 ton ha-1 year-1. The total nutrient losses (N, P, K) in dead inter-row were 0.007; 0.024 dan 0.023 ton ha-1 year-1.

Karakteristik Tanah Longsor di Daerah Aliran Sungai Tangka

Landslides occur as a result of ground movement on steep slopes, and the high humidity (moisture), and the sparse vegetation (open land). The Local conditions is an interrelated components. The process of landslides can be explained that the water soak into the soil will add weight to the ground. If the water penetrates the soil acts as a watertight sliding plane, the ground becomes slippery and soil weathering on it will move to follow the slope. This study aims to determine the type of landslide, landslide characteristics and landslides causing factors. This research was conducted in September 2015 in Watershed Tangka. The study consisted of three stages, namely the determination of the coordinates of the location of the landslide, landslide determining the location of the sample, the determination of the type of landslide, slope measurements, measurements of the dimensions of landslide and infiltration. Research results obtained are the coordinates of the location of as many as 17 points landslide, landslide types of translation and rotation, land cover and soil texture. There is no difference in the type of soil, infiltration rate, vegetation, geologi, slope and rainfall in both types of landslide are found.

Thermal performance analysis of flat heat pipe with graded mini-grooves wick

Thermal management of micro electronic devices is one of the major issues for electronics application. Mini-grooves flat heat pipe is suitable to be used for small space electronics rapid cooling due to its high thermal conductivity, simple structure and good temperature uniformity. In this paper, an axial fluid flow and heat transfer mathematical model of mini-grooves flat heat pipe in steady state is built to study the axial distributions of key parameters such as pressure, velocity and wall temperature. As the wick structure plays an important role in the mini-grooves flat heat pipe heat transfer enhancement, the influence of mini-grooves size and wall with grooves along the axial direction on the heat transfer coefficient of mini-grooves flat heat pipe is studied. It is found that aiming at designing the optimum mini-grooves flat heat pipe, the local wick needs to be close to in saturated state, and the vapor chamber needs to be large. In this way, a novel graded-grooves wick design is put forward for flat heat pipe, which can increase the effective thermal conductivity coefficient by 12.4% with heat transfer rate 5.0 W. And the grooves wick in slope type with simple fabrication accords with practical application.

Discrete element simulation of the dynamic response of a dip slope under shaking table tests

A dip slope contains weak planes in the same dip direction along the slope face. In this study, a discrete element simulation was implemented to investigate the behavior of a dip slope under shaking table tests. The simulated dip slope model was first verified by testing under different horizontal excitations. Then, the influence of the slope angle and dynamic force on the deformation characteristics of the dip slopes was explored. The simulations provide detailed descriptions of the deformation processes and potential sliding mechanisms associated with the dip slopes. The results of this study are summarized as follows: (1) Two types of slope sliding, namely differential and complete, were recognized. The model with a dip angle lower than 20° was more stable, and differential sliding developed gradually during external excitation. In the model with a dip angle higher than 20°, the external excitation easily triggered complete sliding. (2) For threshold slope angles higher than 20°, the behavior of the dip slope model changed from deformation to sliding, and the displacement within the models increased with increasing slope angle. (3) An increase in frequency led to a decrease in the trigger time for slope sliding. In addition, the slope angle was negatively correlated with the triggering time for sliding. (4) The amplification factor of peak ground displacement (PGD) increased as the slope angle increased. The amplification factors corresponding to low excitation frequencies were considerably lower than those for high excitation frequencies. In contrast to the trends for PGD, the amplification factor of peak ground acceleration (PGA) decreased as the slope angle increased.

Spatio-Temporal Assessment of Gully Erosion in the Zone of Intensive Agriculture in the European Part of Russia

Using the method of mapping by high resolution satellite imagery mapping, a study was made of the key areas which are located in the southern part of the forest, forest-steppe and steppe zones of Tatarstan and of Orenburg, Saratov and Voronezh oblasts. Two key indicators were determined: the gully length density and gully head density within the basins; results of the investigation were used in compiling respective maps in vector format. It is established that the density of the gully length in the basins varies over the range from 0 to 0.5 km/km2 (from the absence of gullies to strong gully erosion), and the density of gully heads from 0 to 3 units/km2. The slope type of gullies is dominant in all basins (about 80%), while the coastal and bottom types have approximately the same proportion (14 and 10%, respectively). Using methods of mathematical statistics we determined a high directly proportional dependence of the indicators of the contemporary gully network on the level of ploughness of the basins and the mean annual precipitation amount, and an indirectly proportional dependence on the level of sodding. An abrupt reduction in gullying indicators was determined. It was found that among the chief reasons behind an abrupt reduction in the gullies to date is a decrease of the rate of agricultural development, with an additional factor, namely, a dramatic decrease in surface runoff down the arable slopes during spring snowmelt caused by climate warming. It is concluded that that a significant part of the gully forms in the study area is currently inactive and massively passes into the balka stage.

Thioindigo, and sulfonated thioindigo derivatives as solvent polarity dependent fluorescent on-off systems

The synthesis of a novel series of 5,5′-sulfonamide thioindigo derivatives, including a new synthetic methodology (via microwave assisted synthesis), together with a comprehensive electronic spectral and photophysical characterization is described. The study made in solution, as a function of the solvent polarity, showed -rationalized by TDDFT calculations- that in nonpolar solvents the high efficiency of the radiative deactivation channel (50% in dioxane and 70% in benzene) is due to an S1 (of π,π* origin) in the trans form, whereas in polar solvents the low fluorescence quantum yield (1% or less) is due to the adiabatic stabilization of the trans and saddle S1 forms, making the sloped type CI (Conical Intersection) with S0 energetically accessible thus becoming an efficient competitive decay channel to the radiative pathway. It is shown that thioindigo and all the 5,5′-sulfonamide thioindigo derivatives exhibit “on-off” fluorescence that can be tuned by the solvent polarity. The presence of a dark cis form with an S1 (of n,π* origin) was confirmed by the appearance of a new absorption band, upon irradiation, assigned by TDDFT to an S2 (of π,π* origin) state.

Long Wave Run-up on Plane and “Non-Reflecting” Slopes

The long wave run-up on two types of slopes is investigated numerically within the framework of nonlinear shallow water theory using the CLAWPACK software. One of the slopes represents a plane slope widely used in the laboratory and numerical experiments; the second is the so-called “non-reflecting” slope (h ~ x4/3, where h is the basin depth and x is the distance from the shoreline). In the case of very low wave amplitudes when there is no wave breaking, the run-up height is greater on the non-reflecting beach than that on the plane slope. As the wave amplitude increases, the breaking effects have the stronger impact in the case of non-reflecting beach and the run-up height becomes smaller.

Dynamic response of a dip slope with multi-slip planes revealed by shaking table tests

This study investigated the effect of internal discontinuity on the dynamic response of a dip slope and evaluated the performance of Newmark’s theory on the sliding of a dip slope with multi-slip planes. A series of shaking table tests were performed under various geometric conditions to explore the dynamic behavior of a dip slope under different external excitations. The test results, including for deformation processes and critical accelerations, under various slope angles, slope sizes, and seismic intensities were examined and further compared with Newmark’s theory. The results of this study are summarized as follows: (1) two types of slope sliding (differential and complete) were determined. (2) Increasing the slope angle and the height of sliding mass tended to shorten the duration of slope deformation. (3) Critical acceleration of the slope increased gradually with increasing peak ground accelerations of input excitations; when the slope height and dip angle increased, the critical acceleration decreased. (4) The triggering time became earlier as the frequency of input excitation increased; the magnitude of sliding mass greatly depended on the amplitude of the input excitation. (5) By comparing critical acceleration between the experimental and theoretical results, Newmark’s theory was determined to overestimate critical acceleration during seismic-induced dip slope failure. This may cause unsafe evaluations, and sliding along existing discontinuities develops more easily in reality.