Shoot Types Research Articles

Exposure to a School Shooting and Subsequent Well-Being

This paper examines the impact of school shootings on the educational performance and long-term health consequences of students who survive them, highlighting the impact of indiscriminate, high-fatality incidents. Initially, we focus on test scores in the years following a shooting. We also examine whether exposure to a shooting affects chronic absenteeism, which may play a role in explaining any such effect, and school expenditures, which may counteract it. We analyze national, school-district level data and additional school-level data from Connecticut in this part of the analysis. In terms of effects on health status, we focus on its most extreme measure, mortality in the years following a shooting. In this part of the analysis, we analyze county-level data on mortality by cause. In all analyses, we treat the timing of these events as random, enabling us to identify causal effects. Our results indicate that indiscriminate, high-fatality school shootings, such as those that occurred at Sandy Hook and Columbine, have considerable adverse effects on students exposed to them. We cannot rule out substantive effects of other types of shootings with fewer or no fatalities.

Features of the development of xylorhizomes in a dwarf subshrub Scutellaria mongolica K. Sobol.

The development of individuals of the endemic Scutellaria mongolica in the shrubbed meadow steppe and steppe meadow in the Kemerovo region was studied. It was established that the species forms an implicit polycentric dwarf subshrub life form with xylorhizomes. In adulthood, individuals form a clump, which includes three variants of xylorhizomes, differing in the time of occurrence, the origin and type of formation shoots. In the young generative state, epigeogenic xylorhisomes of two variants develop, and in the mature generative state, hypo-epigeogenic xylorhisomes develop. In different habitats, multivariance of the development of adult individuals is observed. On a plain habitats in a steppe meadow, xylorhizomes branch in the third year, they are short, very thickened, and their life expectancy reaches 16 years. On the steep slopes in the shrubbed meadow steppe, xylorhizomes branch in the first year of their occurrence, they are long, slightly thickened, and their life expectancy is from 4 to 8 years. It was shown that the difference in the formation of xylorhisomes is one of the mechanisms for the sustainable existence of the species in different ecologo-phytocenotic conditions.

Memory Augmented Deep Generative models for Forecasting the Next Shot Location in Tennis

This paper presents a novel framework for predicting shot location and type in tennis. Inspired by recent neuroscience discoveries, we incorporate neural memory modules to model the episodic and semantic memory components of a tennis player. We propose a Semi-Supervised Generative Adversarial Network architecture that couples these memory models with the automatic feature learning power of deep neural networks, and demonstrate methodologies for learning player level behavioral patterns with the proposed framework. We evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed model on tennis tracking data from the 2012 Australian Tennis Open and exhibit applications of the proposed method in discovering how players adapt their style depending on the match context.

A Versatile Liquid Culture Method to Control the <i>in Vitro</i> Development of Shoot and Root Apical Meristems of Bamboo Plants

We focus on controlling morphological and histochemical responses of the shoot apical meristem (SAM) and root apical meristem (RAM) of bamboo node by using a simple and versatile liquid culture system. First, nodes of 11 different bamboo species that belong to seven major bamboo genera (Bambusa, Dendrocalamus, Phyllostachys, Tetragonocalamus, Chimonobambusa, Pleioblastus, and Sasa) were cultured using 2 mL per well of a liquid medium in a 6-well microplate to form a small-scale liquid culture environment (SLCE). The dormant lateral buds of all bamboo nodes resumed expanding and elongating within 7 days in the SLCE. The dormant and active lateral buds were sectioned longitudinally and stained with Sytox green (SG) to monitor mitotic activity and counterstained with safranin (SF) to detect the inward region of the SAM region. Further, mitotic activity was calculated using a digital imaging analysis, which showed an increase of up to 1.2- to 3.8-fold in terms of the SG/SF ratio after 7 days in the culture. Moreover, we used in vitro node cultures of two typical bamboo species, the sympodial clump-forming type (Bambusa multiplex Raeush, Bm) and the monopodial single culm-forming type (Phyllostachys meyeri McClure, Pm), and noted the following: 1) since gradual white-to-green tinge shoots were observed, we investigated the relation between color variation in the outer regions of culm and node tissues and their suitability as explants. By checking the autofluorescence property of whole shoots under LED 365 nm illumination with an RGB (red, green, and blue) digital imaging analysis using ImageJ software, we specified the color variation of explants as the relative intensity of the blue value. 2) Since the obtained shoots of a 1-month-old culture box showed growth variation, we distinguished shoot types based on plant height, i.e., short (less than 5 cm), medium (ca. 5 - 10 cm), and tall (more than 10 cm). Tall shoots that have ca. 5 nodes on average were suitable for explant. 3) Three types of node portions—the first node (the base node near a rhizome tissue), middle nodes (upper nodes near the 1st node), and the top meristem—were independently cultured in the SLCE, and it was found that the first node showed the best growth performance. 4) By culturing the first node in the SLCE system, we performed a quick survey during the 3 weeks in the culture and found that a combination of 10 μM benzyl adenine and 3 μM thidiazuron was effective for in vitro SAM development, while the addition of 2, 4-D was effective for promoting in vitro RAM development. 5) The detailed autofluorescence properties of the outer regions of culm and node tissues were also identified using an inverted fluorescent microscope under B- and U-excitation lights with RGB and HSB (hue, saturation, and brightness) digital imaging analysis.

Erosion analysis of machine gun barrel and lifespan prediction under typical shooting conditions

The operational lifespan of a conventional weapon, such as artillery or machine gun, highly depends on the performance of its barrel. The bore of a machine gun is exposed to erosion as the number of rounds fired increases, which results in continuous increases in barrel diameter and thus an undesired degradation in ballistic performance. In this study, a critical isothermal erosion model for a machine gun barrel is established, and a numerical simulation method is used to study the bore erosion under typical shooting conditions. The current study confirms the presence of thermal-chemical erosion as a predominant failure mechanism at the starting point of the barrel rifling. It is also noted that this thermal-chemical erosion zone expands with the increase in the number of shots fired. Increases in firing frequency, and ambient temperature, and a decrease in the interval between cartridges are found to aggravate the erosion of the barrel bore. By fitting the calculated results, a formula for predicting the maximum erosion at the starting point of the barrel rifling is constructed. The predicted results demonstrate acceptable deviations from the experimental ones, which verify the accuracy and feasibility of the newly developed method in predicting machine gun barrel lifespan.

The Effect of Shot Peening on Steam Oxidation of 304H Stainless Steel

Shot peening is currently utilized in coal-fired power plant components to mitigate scale exfoliation issues from steamside oxidation of austenitic stainless steel superheater and reheater tubing. To focus on commercially available material, this study exposed quarter-ring specimens cut from two different commercially shot peened type 304H tubes and exposed to 1 bar steam for up to 15,000 h at 550°, 600°, 625°, and 650 °C. Specimens were removed at increments to characterize the oxide thickness and microstructure. The shot peened inner surface generally retained a thin, protective Cr-rich scale with occasional Fe-rich oxide nodules at 550–625 °C. The increased oxidation resistance from shot peening began to degrade at 650 °C after as little as 5,000 h. Cut and polished faces of these specimens formed thick, Fe-rich oxides similar to polished 304H coupons. Surprisingly, the mechanically machined outer surface of the tube specimens performed similarly to the shot peened inner diameter, suggesting it had sufficient cold work to achieve a similar benefit. Electron backscatter diffraction and Vickers-hardness measurements were used to characterize post-exposure changes in underlying microstructure and mechanical properties, respectively, imparted by shot peening.

Measuring sport performances under pressure by classification trees with application to basketball shooting

Measuring players' performance in team sports is fundamental since managers need to evaluate players with respect to the ability to score during crucial moments of the game. Using Classification and Regression Trees (CART) and play-by-play basketball data, we estimate the probabilities to score the shot with respect to a selection of game covariates related to game pressure. We use scoring probabilities to develop a player-specific shooting performance index that takes into account for the difficulty associated to score different types of shots. By applying this procedure to a large sample of 2016–2017 Basketball Champions League (BCL) and 2017–2018 National Basketball Association (NBA) games, we compare the factors affecting shooting performance in Europe and in the United States and we evaluate a selection of players in terms of the proposed shooting performance index with the final aim of providing useful guidelines for the team strategy.

Differences in growth and gas exchange between southern and northern provenances of silver birch (Betula pendula Roth) in northern Europe

Due to its ubiquity across northern latitudes, silver birch (Betula pendula Roth) is an attractive model species for studying geographical trait variation and acclimation capacity. Six birch provenances from 60 to 67°N across Finland were grown in a common garden and studied for provenance and genotype variation. We looked for differences in height growth, photosynthetic gas exchange and chlorophyll content index (CCI) and compared the gas exchange of early and late leaves on short and long shoots, respectively. The provenances stratified into southern and northern groups. Northern provenances attained less height growth increment and had higher stomatal conductance (gs) and lower intrinsic water-use efficiency (WUE, Anet/gs) than southern provenances, whereas net photosynthesis (Anet) or CCI did not show clear grouping. Short shoot leaves had lower gs and higher WUE than long shoot leaves in all provenances, but there was no difference in Anet between shoot types. The separation of the provenances into two groups according to their physiological responses might reflect the evolutionary history of B. pendula. Latitudinal differences in gas exchange and water use traits can have plausible consequences for global carbon and water fluxes in a warming climate.

Evolution of a Player: Transitions in NBA Player Classifications

Using principal components analysis (PCA) and hierarchal clustering, I classify all professional basketball players in the NBA since the 2000-01 season and observe their classification transitions under a Markov transition matrix framework. Player attributes—including shot type and location distributions, usage, assists, rebounds, steals, and other offensive and defensive statistics—are used to identify five principal components of basketball playing styles: “Inside vs Outside,” “Offensive Aggressiveness,” “Efficiency vs Midrange,” “Midrange Facilitator” and “Floor Stretching.” Hierarchal clustering on the principal components identifies twelve unique player classifications. The model successfully characterizes how players evolve and develop over time. Certain early-career classifications are more likely to transition to higher-skilled classifications. Star players tend to begin their careers in higher-skilled classifications and are more stable within their classifications than average or marginal players. Player classifications are found to be less stable for rookies than for the player population as a whole.

Visual framing of European Years in Romanian public communication campaign blogs

Since 1983, European Years (EY) have been implemented by the European Parliament and the European Council to raise the awareness of the local, regional, and national authorities on a common European issue. This article develops a visual framing analysis of the photographic representation of the European Year of Volunteering (2011) and the European Year for Active Ageing and Solidarity between Generations (2012) at a national level. The data will focus on the photographic images uploaded on the campaign blogs of two Romanian non-governmental organizations. This study has a threefold aim: first, to compare and contrast the use of photographic images in the blogs of two Romanian public communication campaigns; second, to develop a model of visual framing analysis focused on types of represented participants, social actions, and shots; third, to argue that the objectives and outcomes of the public communication campaigns on EY issues depend on the type of “I-ness” versus “we-ness” society a country is.

TECHNICAL AND TACTICAL ANALYSIS OF GOAL SCORING PATTERNS IN THE 2018 FIFA WORLD CUP IN RUSSIA

The aims of this research are to record and analyze the goals scored during the 64 matches in the 21st World Cup in Russia in 2018, to highlight those factors that are directly related to the teams’ effectiveness in scoring, to record the goals approved after the use of the new technologies, video assistant referee and goal line technology, as well as their effect on the outcome of the game. Chi-square and univariate general linear methods were used for the data analysis. Statistical difference is observed in the number of goals scored between the two halves (X²=8.699, p<0.005). A comparable percentage of scoring in most of the periods with exceptions of the periods in over time, the period 16th to 30th min, the addition time of the first and second half and the period 76th to 90th min of the game is determined (p<0.01). The teams that scored first won 71.4% matches, lost 9.5% and had a tie 19% of the matches (X²=42.000, p<0.001). Most of the goals were scored following a corner kick (24), penalty (22) and free kick scored non-directly (16), which were significantly different from free kick scored directly (6) and throw in (2) (X²=26.857, p<0.001). 19 goals were scored from cross, 19 from a long-range shot (8 of them with the “inner foot”), 18 from a forward pass and 12 from cutback. Statistical differences between the first four groups and all of the others are determined (X²=27.818, p<0.01). Significant differences were found between the goals that “began” from the offensive third, the middle and the defensive third (X²=73.645, p<0.001). 58.9% of the goals are scored following positional play, which is significantly different compared to counter attack (29.5%) and direct play (11.6%) (X²=32.611, p<0.001). Over 59 goals were scored from “the inner part of the foot” or “place”, and 31 from header, which were significantly different from the other types of shot (X²=89.254, p<0.001).

Effect of a Late Spring Application of Hydrogen Cyanamide on High-Chill Peaches

Due to a record low chilling accumulation in the winter of 2016–2017, many high-chill peach cultivars displayed almost no budbreak by mid-April of 2017 in central Georgia, USA, where budbreak usually occurs around mid-March. In this study, nine of these peach cultivars were used to study the effect of a late spring Dormex spray application (April 13, 2017) on subsequent budbreak, year-end cumulative vegetative growth, and following-season yield. Dormex was found to have strong stimulating effects on lateral budbreak, but little effect on terminal and floral budbreak. It also had apparent phytotoxic effects on lateral, terminal and floral buds, and growth. The effects varied among genotypes, tree ages, and shoot types. The peak of the effects occurred two weeks post-application. Most floral buds abscised before they swelled. Between Dormex-sprayed trees and unsprayed controls, there was no significant difference in the number and average length of the new lateral shoots by the end of 2017, nor in the number and weight of the fruit harvested in 2018. In conclusion, our data showed a late spring Dormex spray application stimulated earlier lateral budbreak and caused some level of phytotoxicity to all types of buds and new growth, but had little impact on flower budbreak, fruit set, year-end vegetative growth, or following-season yield. These findings provide useful information for growers, considering the need for spraying dormancy-breaking compounds when faced with insufficient chilling.

How Haptic Feedback in a Mixed Reality Pool Game Affects Real-Life Pool Performance

Mechanisms for training pool skills have evolved from manually setting up balls in different positions on the table and hitting them one-by-one to now using technology to precisely set up these plays and practice the game virtually. The aim of this study was to investigate how adding haptic feedback into a pool video game affects transfer of training into real-life pool skills. A 2 x 4 mixed factorial design was used to see how haptic feedback (its absence or presence) and four types of shots affect pool performance. Half of the participants experienced the pool video game without haptic feedback while the other half experienced it with haptic feedback. Performance before and after the video game practice was recorded as successful or unsuccessful, with a series of the same 40 pre- and post-video-game shots. Results from 38 participants are presented, and their implications are discussed.

Утворення додаткових коренів у стеблових живців ялини Канадської (форма конічна) залежно від оброблення росторегулятивною речовиною

Наведено результати дослідження утворення та розвитку кореневої системи у стеблових живців ялини канадської (форма конічна) з однорічною деревиною та живців із відрізком дворічної деревини (п'яткою). Встановлено, що кількість коренів, які утворюються у стеблових живців ялини канадської (форма конічна) та їхня загальна довжина залежать від типу живця й оброблення розчинами росторегулятивної речовини. Більша кількість коренів утворюється у живців з відрізком дворічної деревини. Довжина коренів у живців цього типу також більша. Виявлено, що найефективнішим для стимулювання утворення додаткових коренів у живців ялини канадської з однорічною деревиною є розчин ІМК з концентрацією 50 мг/л, під впливом дії якої кількість коренів у них становить 17,8 шт. і достовірно переважає контрольний варіант на 2,7 шт. У живців з дворічною деревиною кількість адвентивних коренів становить 25,3 шт., перевага над контролем – 4,2 шт. Досліджено, що в усіх варіантах із застосуванням для оброблення живців розчинів ІМК одержано достовірне зростання довжини основних коренів порівняно з контрольним варіантом. Живці ялини канадської (форма конічна) з дворічною деревиною (п'яткою) формують найбільшу за довжиною кореневу систему, яка має 114,2 см, живці з однорічною деревиною – 96,0 см під впливом оброблення ІМК із концентрацією 50 мг/л.

Assessing the leaching behavior of different gunshot materials in natural spring waters

BackgroundOwing to the high environmental risk of lead-based gunshot, especially as the main source of acute lead poisoning in waterfowl, restrictions on its use in European wetlands are being put into place. In order to assess potential risks of alternative gunshot pellets to aquatic systems, we validated a recently published study that compared the leaching behavior of different game shot materials in an artificial solution and their toxicological effects to Daphnia magna. We therefore investigated the altered leaching of shot materials in natural spring waters.ResultsThe different water conditions (geology/redox conditions) had a strong influence on the leaching behavior of the examined shot types. Spring water originating from siliceous bedrock showed the highest concentrations of nearly all leached metals under aerobic conditions. The results were similar to the former study, which used an artificial standardized medium for daphnids.ConclusionsAccording to the conducted leaching tests, Cu- and Zn-based as well as Zn-coated gunshot should be avoided by reason of the high risks they pose to the aquatic environment. Furthermore, the use of Pb-based and Ni-alloyed or -coated game shot also should be hampered owing to their impact on birds or other wildlife. Since some of these shot materials are still on the European market, an effective toxicity screening of alternative gunshot materials is necessary. By conducting standardized leaching tests, in addition to chemical compositional standards and toxicity tests regarding birds, the environmental risks of each game shot would entirely be assessed. The method presented in this study provides a further step for initial ecotoxicological risk assessment of gunshot for aquatic systems, since it additionally assesses minor components, like thin coatings, which also can have a high impact to these ecosystems.

Autonomous UAV Cinematography

The emerging field of autonomous UAV cinematography is examined through a tutorial for non-experts, which also presents the required underlying technologies and connections with different UAV application domains. Current industry practices are formalized by presenting a UAV shot-type taxonomy composed of framing shot types, single-UAV camera motion types, and multiple-UAV camera motion types. Visually pleasing combinations of framing shot types and camera motion types are identified, while the presented camera motion types are modeled geometrically and graded into distinct energy consumption classes and required technology complexity levels for autonomous capture. Two specific strategies are prescribed, namely focal length compensation and multidrone compensation , for partially overcoming a number of issues arising in UAV live outdoor event coverage, deemed as the most complex UAV cinematography scenario. Finally, the shot types compatible with each compensation strategy are explicitly identified. Overall, this tutorial both familiarizes readers coming from different backgrounds with the topic in a structured manner and lays necessary groundwork for future advancements.

The Study of Relationship among Several Kinematics Variables for Two Types of shooting (Jumping_ Jumping with Rotation) of Basketball.

The Study of Relationship among Several Kinematics Variables for Two Types of shooting (Jumping_ Jumping with Rotation) of Basketball.

PELATIHAN PUKULAN BAYANGAN LEBIH BAIK DARI PADA PUKULAN BIASA DALAM MENINGKATKAN VO2MAX DAN DAYA TAHAN OTOT LENGAN PADA ATLET TINJU AMATIR KABUPATEN LOMBOK TENGAH (NTB)

Boxing is the basic gesture for all martial arts, because all of them definitely use the shadow shot and common shot. These two types of shots are related each other because anaerobic capacity must go along with aerobic capacity.To attain the proper knowledge about the method of shadow shot and common shot in increasing VO2max for the endurance of arm muscles for boxer athletes in Central Lombok Regency. Research was experimental with pre-test and post-test control group design, this research wasconducted in Pertina Lombok Tengah Regency. The research subjects involved 15 people divided into two groups, 7 and 8 samples respectively. The control group given only shadow shot while treatment group given common shot. This training held 3 times a week in six weeks for both groups. The analyses data with independent t-test. Researcher found The endurance of arm muscles (p<0,05) that training in twu group his’not significant to VO2max (p>0,05).Keywords: Shadow blows, regular blows, Boxing, VO2max and Endurance of arm Muscl

Analysis of game actions in professional male padel

The goals of this study were (a) to define a technical and tactical analysis standardized tool for padel, (b) carry a descriptive analysis of play actions and tactical aspects in masculine professional padel. An observational design was employed, constructing an observational instrument designed ad hoc. A total of eight padel matches (8.541 actions) pertaining to World padel Tour 2014 professional circuit were analyzed. Data was registered regarding the player executing each shot, his situation in the playing court, the type of shot, the trajectory, depth and route of the ball and the consequence of the analyzed shot for a total of 8,581 shot actions. Amongst the types of shots executed the following stand out: forehand and backhand volleys (16.6% and 13% respectively), backhands (12.4%), first serve (11.2%) and forehand (10.7%). Crossed trajectories (57.5%) prevail over parallel trajectories (42.5%). The zone in the playing field from which the most shots were executed was the back court (49.1%), followed by the net zone (26.4%) and the transition zone (19.3%). Percentages were registered for intercepted shots (87.6%), unforced errors (5.5%), winning points (4.7%) and forced errors (2.1%). The shots with which the greatest number of winning points were registered were the smash (45.9%), forehand drop shot (7.9%), the forehand and backhand volleys (5.7% and 3.4% respectively) and the tray shot (3.5%). In conclusion, the most frequent shots in a professional padel match are drives and backhands from the back court, volleys, tray shots and smashes. In every game point there often is a long exchange of shots, specially crossed shots, which mainly finish with unforced errors by the opponent or volley, smash or tray shot winning points.

Fruit and Leaf Response to Different Source-Sink Ratios in Apple, at the Scale of the Fruit-Bearing Branch.

Apple fruit growth is the result of several factors: inherent demand (relative sink strength) of the fruit (defined by the demands for cell division and expansion growth, etc.), carbon assimilation by the source leaves (source strength), and the resulting allocation to the organ in question. It is thus a complex process involving source–sink interactions. In the present study, we designed an experimental system in which parts of fruit-bearing branches of two apple cultivars (“Fuji” and “Ariane”) were isolated from the rest of the tree by girdling and then subjected to specific pruning and fruit removal treatments to create a wide range of global (branch-level) source–sink ratios. We monitored not only fruit kinetics but also photosynthesis as a response to light in leaves of the three different shoot types (i.e., the rosette, the bourse, and the vegetative shoots) to 1) study the impact of source–sink distance on carbon partitioning between fruits within the same branch and 2) to investigate the impact of source/sink ratio on fruit growth and leaf photosynthetic activity. Our results indicate 1) no significant differences among lateral fruits belonging to different ranks, and this independent of source availability; 2) that a modification of the source/sink ratio seems to be compensated by an alteration of the photosynthetic rate of leaves, with stronger and weaker values obtained for lower and higher ratios, respectively. Moreover, our results seem to suggest that two growing sinks together will upregulate photosynthesis rate more strongly than one growing sink does on its own, and this with the same leaf area per fruit. These results are discussed, and some hypotheses are put forward to explain them.