Types Of Self-disclosure Research Articles

Influencer-generated content on social media: how does influencers’ self-disclosure affect followers’ purchase intentions?

PurposeThis study investigates the effects of two types of self-disclosure by influencers (i.e. personal self-disclosure and professional self-disclosure) on followers’ parasocial relationships with them and online engagement with their content, which eventually affect followers’ purchase intentions.Design/methodology/approachThis study collected data based on a cross-sectional survey of 823 social media users. Structural equation modeling analysis was used to test the overall structural model and the mediating roles of parasocial relationships and engagement.FindingsThis study reveals that influencers’ personal self-disclosure has a positive impact on followers’ parasocial relationships with them and online engagement with their content. Interestingly, the results indicate an inverted U-shaped relationship between influencers’ professional self-disclosure and followers’ parasocial relationships, as well as online engagement with the influencers’ content. Furthermore, followers’ parasocial relationships and engagement partially mediate the impact of influencers’ personal and professional self-disclosure on followers’ purchase intentions.Research limitations/implicationsThis study contributes to the literature by revealing the underlying mechanisms of the differential effects of influencers’ personal and professional self-disclosure on followers’ purchase intentions.Practical implicationsThe findings will assist marketers in leveraging influencer-generated content to enhance influencer marketing effectiveness.Originality/valueThis research provides a better understanding of the potential linear and nonlinear effects of influencers’ self-disclosure on followers’ parasocial relationships and engagement in social media marketing.

The Impact of What Others Do, Approve Of, and Expect You to Do: An In-Depth Analysis of Social Norms and Self-Disclosure on Social Media

There are many factors that account for disclosure of private information on social network sites, but a potentially powerful determinant that remains understudied is social norms, which refer to perceptions of what other people do, approve of, and expect us to do on social media. To address this gap, we conducted an in-depth analysis of descriptive, injunctive, and subjective norms for verbal and visual disclosure on Facebook and Instagram, using a preregistered survey study with 863 participants. We further analyzed whether critical media literacy and media-related self-reflection could buffer against uncritical adoption of these norms. The findings revealed that all three types of norms positively and independently predicted self-disclosure, regardless of the platform or type of self-disclosure (visual vs. verbal), while controlling for other common predictors of self-disclosure, including perceived benefits and risks of self-disclosure. Self-reflection and critical media literacy neither directly predicted disclosure, nor accounted for differences in norm-behavior relationships.

Promoting a culture of sharing the error: A qualitative study in resident physicians' process of coping and learning through self-disclosure after medical error.

Most physicians, including residents, experience significant emotional distress after making medical 11 errors. As high reliability organizations (HROs), hospitals must not only support physicians' emotional recovery but also promote their learning from errors. Self-disclosure is a process of communication in which individuals reveal information about themselves to others. While many previous studies have focused on investigating the effectiveness of self-disclosure, little is known about the process itself. Therefore, this study aims to explore residents' processes of coping with their emotional distress and learning through self-disclosure after making errors. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 22 residents in their second year from two Japanese hospitals where informal error conferences guided by senior residents are implemented regularly. In the interview, four core questions were posed regarding the nature of the error/incident, their emotions and behavior after the error, ways of self-disclosure, and the results of error-sharing in the conference. Interview data were thematically analyzed, drawing upon disclosure decision model as the theoretical framework. Five phases emerged from the analysis: (1) emotional distress and reactions before self-disclosure; (2) self-disclosure to individuals to achieve social rewards; (3) emotional sublimation after self-disclosure to individuals; (4) sharing errors in groups for learning opportunities; and (5) transforming the perspectives on overcoming and learning from errors. This is the study to demonstrate that various types of self-disclosure were embedded in the processes of residents' recovery and learning from medical errors. The study suggests that a better understanding of the processes of residents' coping with their distress and learning from their errors through self-disclosure is fundamental to the creation of a "culture of sharing errors" in hospitals as HROs.

Psychophysiological Therapy from a Distance: The Art of Sharing

Psychophysiological Therapy from a Distance: The Art of Sharing

Dynamics of professional parental status disclosure in child protection work

ABSTRACT The topic of professional self-disclosure has been subject to uneven levels of attention in the social work literature. Although many writers and researchers have addressed the topic in the context of clinical social work, there has been limited dedicated attention to its use and role in routine practice in child protection and child welfare settings. This article is concerned with a specific type of self-disclosure: what social workers say to the parents they work with about whether they themselves are parents or not. Drawing on interview material from a research study concerned with how children’s services professionals experience the suffering of parents, it explores the psycho-social dynamics of social workers investing in different positions about making or refusing to make disclosures about their parental status. This allows for differentiated insight into the contexts that surround parental status disclosure and highlights how decision making around whether and what to disclose can be led more by anxieties and concerns about the maintenance of a particular professional identity than deliberation about potential benefits to parents and the working relationship.

The Influence of Self-Disclosure in Online Support Seeking on Quality of Received Advice

Advice of varying quality can be provided to support seekers online. This study examined whether the type of self-disclosure (demographic vs. self-concept) included in a support-seeking post elicits varying levels of advice quality in support provision. Participants ( N = 624) read and responded to an online support-seeking post. Their advice messages were assessed for quality as indexed by the use of reasoning and the sequencing of advice relative to other elements of supportive interactions (emotional support and problem inquiry and analysis). Overall, results suggested that most advice messages were behavior-oriented and did not contain reasoning or additional supportive acts. The type of self-disclosure did not affect advice quality. Theoretical implications and directions for future research are discussed.

Intimacy and visual communication in social media


 
 
 Sharing (intimate) photos has become an integral part of close relationships in the ageof social media. Most young people use social media as a way to establish and main-tain strong social ties rather than as a way of connecting to public life. This pattern ofuse includes the sharing of photos and videos with intimate and sexual content, suchas nudes, intimate situations, and other types of self-disclosure. Given that the primary public and academic interest has been related to situations where the process has gone wrong and people have been hurt, these photos and videos are often associated with risk, worries, and moral disdain. However, these cases are part of a broader range of social practices, which are for the most part unproblematic and mundane. The sharing of inti- mate photos should be acknowledged as part of a more general act of (mutual) self-dis- closure to establish trust as well as an non-patalogical exploration of sexuality and social identities. In both cases, the sharing of intimate photos becomes part of more general processes of intimacy and close relationships that we should be careful not to reject or problematize as a whole. Accordingly, in this themed issue we would like to move beyond the stories of problem youth and move instead towards a more empirically grounded and systematic analysis of the complex ways in which the sharing of intimate photos becomes part of everyday life practices, including friendship, courtship, trust, and intimacy.
 
 

Communication patterns in women with provoked vestibulodynia and their partners

ABSTRACTProvoked vestibulodynia (PVD) is a recurrent vulvovaginal pain condition that has potentially negative consequences for women and their partners’ sexual functioning and overall quality of life. Research has found that greater observed empathic responses during conversations about the impact of vulvodynia are associated with greater relational and sexual satisfaction. However, observed self-disclosure was unrelated to relational or sexual satisfaction, perhaps due to the psychometric properties of the coding system used. The current study investigated observed empathic responses and self-disclosures in couples using a validated coding system, the Rapid Marital Interaction Coding System (RMICS). Eight women diagnosed with PVD and their male partners completed measures of relational and sexual satisfaction and spent seven minutes discussing an issue that the woman rated as moderately distressing. Coded interactions were analysed using pooled-regression actor-partner interdependence modelling (APIM). Results indicated that higher observed own and partner empathic responses were associated with greater relationship satisfaction, and greater observed own empathic responses were associated with greater sexual satisfaction. Greater observed own self-disclosures were negatively associated with sexual satisfaction. The findings suggest that empathy may help to buffer the effects of PVD on relationship satisfaction, whereas some types of self-disclosure may exacerbate the sexual impact of PVD.

Communicative Types of Self-Disclosure in Public Speaking Setting

The present paper focuses on the study of the communicative nature of self-disclosure as a technique of verbal influence on people. The phenomenon of self-disclosure is interpreted as the process of divulging private information to others. The aim of the study is to determine the specific features of self-disclosure in a public speaking context. The paper discusses the communicative conventions and parameters of the public speaking scenario as the factors that determine a certain manner of self-disclosing. The key assumption of the study is that public self-disclosure should be viewed as a tactic of self-presentation that promotes the speaker’s image building. In order to indicate the verbal forms that speakers use while disclosing private information in public the discourse and lexical-grammatical analyses of eight celebrity interview texts are conducted. The results of the research demonstrate that the speakers use recurrently certain verbal patterns which are identified as statements of self-description (it includes statements of self-confirmation, self-assurance, personal preferences and personal aspirations), self-narrative and attitude statements. The study also shows which types of the statements are used more frequently than the others, particularly, the statements of self-confirmation, personal aspirations and self-narratives are apparently preferred by the speakers as tactics of public self-disclosure. The paper highlights the fact that the self-disclosure tactics are employed by public speakers selectively and that their choice is motivated by the speakers’ strategic goal of impression management.
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Students' Attitudes Towards and Engagement in Self-Disclosure: Implications for Supervision

Social work students were surveyed to ascertain their attitudes toward and engagement in two types of self-disclosure (SD), transparency and self-involving. In general, trainees reported being prepared by their classroom education to engage in SD with clients. Students' use of self-disclosure was consistent with what has been found to be helpful to clients, even though they often were unsure of their actions. Of particular concern was the finding that students generally were not comfortable discussing SD with their field supervisor. Yet, the results suggest that the field supervisor plays an important role in encouraging students' appropriate use of self-disclosure. Suggestions for how the supervisor can assist trainees in making informed decisions regarding self-disclosure in their work with clients are provided.

Effects of ethnic match, gender match, acculturation, cultural identity, and face concern on self-disclosure in counseling for Asian Americans.

Client self-disclosure is a fundamental and critical process that must occur if counseling is to be successful. This study determined whether ethnic match and gender match affected various aspects of self-disclosure (disclosure of personal values/feelings, private habits, close relationships, and sexual issues) among Asian Americans in a counseling analogue situation. The study also examined whether individual differences in acculturation, cultural identity, and face concern were related to these four types of self-disclosure. Participants first completed the individual difference measures and then listened to an audio recording of a counselor describing himself/herself and what counseling entailed. Participants were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 experimental conditions in which they were either matched or not matched on gender and either matched or not matched on their specific Asian ethnicity (e.g., Chinese female listening to a Chinese male counselor constituted the gender mismatch and ethnic match condition). Gender match between participants and counselors facilitated self-disclosure about one’s sex life. There were no ethnic match effects on the various types of self-disclosure. Face concern was a negative predictor of the self-disclosure of private habits, sex life, close relationships, and personal values/ feelings. Implications for counseling clients from shame-based cultures are discussed.

Self-disclosure in eating disorders

Secrecy and concealment are typical behaviours in individuals with eating problems. This study explored the relationship between eating-related problems and self-disclosure. It examined whether women with greater eating related problems were less willing to disclose. Different types of self-disclosure were calculated, considering disclosure related to body appearance and to restrained eating. The role of risk factors which concur to the development and maintenance of eating symptomatology was also explored. The Eating Symptoms Inventory was used to investigate the existence of an eventual eating symptomatology, self-disclosure was calculated through the Self-Disclosure Index, while a new scale was validated to assess a self-disclosure related to body image and eating attitudes. Other scales measured the influence of different risk factors, as body dissatisfaction, social pressure to be thin, and restrained eating. A significant inverse relationship was found between general self-disclosure and psychological aspects related to the practice of wrong weight control behaviours and risk factors as dieting, body dissatisfaction, and social pressure to be thin. The significant role of risk factors was confirmed in the development and maintenance of eating disturbances. Interesting results were found using the different self-disclosure indexes as mediators and moderators. Relevant differences were found between Dutch and Italians concerning to their eating attitudes and to the role of different risk factors. Some limits are the impossibility to generalize these findings and the use of a non clinical sample. Some new longitudinal studies should be done in this direction to deepen the relationship between self-disclosure and eating disorders.

Self-Disclosure With All-Male Groups

Given the relational deficits men bring to a group, therapist self-disclosure is particularly pertinent with all-male groups. The use of this intervention reflects the author’s long experience with such groups. The author writes from an interpersonal, collaborative model of group therapy, and discusses types of self-disclosure and the guiding principles in their use. Drawing primarily from his own practice, the author presents and discusses clinical vignettes that illustrate both helpful and nonhelpful uses of self-disclosure.

Exchange-Specific Self-Disclosure, Social Self-Disclosure, and Personal Selling

The self-disclosures of customers and salespeople can be either exchange-specific (i.e., essential to a pending exchange) or social (i.e., incidental to a pending exchange). A model that relates both types of self-disclosure to consumers’ trust in a salesperson, consumers’ satisfaction with a salesperson, consumers’ attraction to a salesperson, and consumers’ commitment to future business, is posited and tested with data collected during a controlled meeting between married couples and insurance agents (ndyads =116). Because both types of self-disclosure are significant predictors of customers’ commitment to future business, salespeople should monitor the form and quantity of their self-disclosures and the disclosures they elicit from customers. Specifically, to maximize customers’ commitment to future business, salespeople should try to maximize customers’ social disclosures and minimize customers’ exchange-specific disclosures; obversely, salespeople should minimize their social disclosures and maximize their exchange-specific disclosures.

Self-disclosure in clinical social work

This article seeks to establish six guidelines for the use of selfdisclosure in clinical social work. It examines the relationship between self-disclosure and countertransference, the timing of self-disclosure over the course of the therapeutic relationship, types of self-disclosure, the connection between assessment of the client and self-disclosure, and how self-disclosure is related to reality-testing. Objections to self-disclosure are also examined and clinical examples are used throughout.