Type Of Sculpture Research Articles

The oldest known tetrapod (Temnospondyli) from Germany (Early Carboniferous, Viséan)

A unique skull roof fragment of a relatively large-sized tetrapod of Visean age from Chemnitz-Glosa, Saxony, is described. The specimen consists of three bones, an elongated supratemporal with a radially arranged dermal sculpture and the sulcus of the otical part of the infraorbital line, the medial portion of the squamosal which is sutured with the anterolateral supratemporal, and a small, strip-like tabular bone. A deep “otic notch” is indicated. This new tetrapod was predominantly aquatic, as indicated by the deep and relatively broad lateral line sulcus. The type of dermal sculpture and the configuration of the bones indicate that the specimen is probably an adult temnospondyl, with the course of the lateral lines resembling those of dvinosaurians. Together with Balanerpeton from Scotland, this is the geologically oldest temnospondyl and the oldest known tetrapod record in Germany up to now.

Beyond the Borders: The Significance of Frontiers between Central Balkans’ Roman Provinces in the Context of Roman Art

Roman conquest in the 1st century, upon which tribal communities were organized into administrative units. The fact that the boundaries of pre-Romantribal territories didn’t correspond in total with the areas of the newly formed Roman provinces, led to frequent influences from neighbouring provinces and the blending of Roman art with local traits in the artistic sphere. Although in the 1st century different types of sculpture (cult, monumental and honorary) were present, throughout the whole period of the Roman reign cult sculptures and statues were the most numerous. Tracing the development of the art in the territory of Central Balkans’ Roman provinces, it is clear that the northern parts were more under the Roman influence as the consequence of indigenous population more readily adapting to the process of Romanisation, while the southern parts of the Central Balkans area were more influenced by the Greek culture with which they were in contact from as early as the middle of the 7th century B.C. Sculptures, statues and reliefs were modelled upon Roman art canons, copying classical Greek and Hellenistic art, in bigger centres like Ratiaria, Singidunum, Viminacium, Naissus, Scupi etc. and localities along the Danube limes. At the same time, in the interior of the Central Balkans’ provinces, works of art were manufactured upon Roman canons but with local traits. These were mainly recognized in the simplicity, frontality and linearity of the art works. This is particularly visible in the western and south-western parts of the aforementioned territory, as in some of the localities in eastern parts of the area. During the 2nd and the 3rd centuries, beside skilful artisans from Greece, Asia Minor and the Mediterranean, who came and worked in bigger centres, local workshops also produced different kinds of artworks, copying Roman types in a more or less successful way. During the 3rd century particularly, different cultural and artistic influences met and blended, often transcending the administrative borders of the provinces, thus the forthcoming iconographic syncretism was present in the 4th century as well. From the end of the 3rd and during the 4th century, rich aristocrats,local elite and emperors ordered high quality works for decorating their estates and villas, following aesthetic criteria established in other eastern and western provinces. In the art works from that period, beside certain schematism and linearity in the modelling, a blending of similar iconographic details is emphasizedas the presence of local artistic traits. Therefore, the continuance of manufacturing of the sculpture by copying classical Greek works of art and of the locally produced works of art with traits of indigenous material cultures is present until the end of the Roman reign.

Implication of light and scanning electron microscopy of foliar cuticular and palynological features in the correct identification of medicinal plants

Abstract Foliar epidermal anatomy and palynology of six medicinal plant species Catharanthus roseus., Carum carvi L., Trachyspermum ammi L., Anethum graveolens L., Foeniculum vulgare Mill. and Nigella sativa L. are commonly used for different medicinal uses Six medicinal species were used as an example and their foliar cuticular and pollen features were evaluated by light and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Features allied to pollen grains (pollen type, colpi,and sculpture type) and foliar cuticular features (epidermis, stomata, and trichome) were found to be important examined characters. Pollen grain morphology of these medicinal plants revealed that the pollen is the prolate and per-prolate type. Their foliar epidermal anatomy revealed the presence of an anomocytic type of stomata in C. roseus, C. carvi and N. sativa, dicytic type in F. vulgare and anisocytic type in A. graveolens. Keywords: Medicinal plants; Palynology; SEM; Taxonomic identification http://dx.doi.org/10.19045/bspab.2018.700177

Morphological diversity of Quercus fossil pollen in the northern South China Sea during the last glacial maximum and its paleoclimatic implication.

We aimed to obtain high resolution vegetation data and climate information about the LGM in the inland of the northern SCS based on key pollen types. Dominant Quercus fossil pollen grains in the core from the continental shelf of the northern SCS have been identified at the infrageneric level by using scanning electron microscopy. Based on tectum ornamentation, we recognized five sculpture types of Quercus pollen, namely, rodlike, rodlike masked, rodlike vertical, verrucate and micro-verrucate. Such a high diversity of Quercus fossil pollen types indicated that broadleaved forests were widely distributed in the inland along the northern SCS and included species of the subgenera Cyclobalanopsis and Quercus, of which subgenus Cyclobalanopsis populations were highly dominant. Low abundance of deciduous Quercus pollen probably derived from temperate-subtropical forests, while abundant evergreen pollen types of subgenura Quercus and Cyclobalanopsis, as well as other pollen of broadleaved taxa in the pollen assemblages, strongly suggest that the inland has been covered by dense subtropical forests. Consequently, the warm and humid subtropical climate prevailed during the LGM in the inland along the northern SCS. Our results shed new light on regional climatic conditions during the LGM in eastern Asia based on high diversity of Quercus fossil pollen in marine deposits from northern SCS.

Lamellose Axial Shell Sculpture Reduces Gastropod Vulnerability to Sea Star Predation.

Marine gastropods exhibit a stunning diversity of shell sculpture, but the functional significance of many sculpture types remains unknown. Unfortunately, experimental tests of the functional significance of differences between species are complicated by other morphological differences, such as shell microstructure, aperture shape, and shell thickness, that may confound interpretation. The most robust experimental tests are therefore performed using different shell forms within a species. We took advantage of the extensive intraspecific shell variation in the common intertidal gastropod Nucella lamellosa to test the adaptive significance of axial lamellae, a type of shell sculpture found in numerous marine gastropod subfamilies. We offered three forms of N. lamellosa (lamellose, artificially smooth, and naturally smooth) to the predatory sea star Pisaster ochraceus under controlled laboratory conditions. Pisaster ochraceus consumed significantly fewer lamellose snails than either artificially or naturally smooth snails. We suggest that shell lamellae deter sea star predation by impairing their ability to capture or manipulate snail prey or by increasing prey effective size. These results suggest a credible hypothesis for the adaptive significance of lamellar sculpture in marine gastropods and provide a valuable missing piece to the story about adaptive phenotypic plasticity in N. lamellosa shell form.

Aesthetical Beauty of Mathematics and the Pythagorean Theorem

We presented a brief discussion on the aesthetic beauty in its historical basis, referring to the philosopher and mathematician Pythagoras of Samos (c. 569 - c. 475 BC). The Pythagoreans have observed a clear connection between beauty and mathematics. One of the first mathematical knowledges of human history, the Pythagorean Theorem, considered the first main geometric information, has at least six qualities that can be attributed to mathematics in general: universality, objectivity, truthfulness, aesthetics, resistance and applicability. These attributes can also be credited to some degree to Arts. Just as great artists can achieve the goal of making their names universal from their illustrious masterpieces, the same occurs with those who studies and proposes mathematics. And what mathematics and art have in common? The answer is surprisingly positive: whatever type of art, whether painting, music, sculpture, dance, theater, film or poetry, art and math are based on abstraction, the use of imagination and primordial objects, as the shape or sound against numbers. In fact, mathematicians usually designate certain evidence by the adjective elegant, a very particular aesthetic term of this distinct area, and also extensively used for the characterization of artistic works.

Detailed biostratigraphic scales as based on the palaeobiogenetical approach (an example of the Upper Bajocian – Lower Bathonian ostracod scale of the Russian Platform)

Two new species of ostracods of the family Progonocytheridae Sylvester-Bradley Camptocythere (C.) lateres Tesakova et Shurupova, sp. nov. and C. (C.) angustius Tesakova et Shurupova, sp. nov. from the Michalskii and Besnosovi ammonite zones (Upper Bajocian – Lower Bathonian, Middle Jurassic) of the Sokur section (Saratov) are described. The changes in ontogenesis in the phylogeny of Camptocythere (C.) lateres Tesakova et Shurupova in the stratigraphical interval corresponding to the Palaeocytheridea kalandadzei ostracod Zone, and especially to the beds with C. (C.) lateres, have been studied. The levels of the change in the predominant type of sculpture (corresponding to evolutionary boundaries) are recognized in the sculpture development among the adult representatives of the species in its phylogeny. This palaeobiogenetic (heterochrony) approach allows subdivision of the beds with C. (C.) lateres into three stratigrapical intervals characterized by changes in the type of sculpture.

A “Priest King” at Shahr-i Sokhta?

The paper discusses the published fragment of a statuette made of a buff-grey limestone, recently found on the surface of Shahr-i Sokhta (Sistan, Iran) and currently on exhibit in a showcase of the archaeological Museum of Zahedan (Sistan-Baluchistan, Iran). Most probably, it belongs to a sculptural type well known in some sites of Middle and South Asia dating to the late 3rd-early 2nd millennium BCE - a male character sitting on the right heel, with the left hand on the raised left knee, and a robe leaving bare the left shoulder. Preliminary comments on the cultural, historical and chronological implications of this important find are included.

Two new species of Tardigrada (Eutardigrada: Ramazzottiidae, Macrobiotidae) from the supralittoral zone of the Atlantic Iberian Peninsula rocky shores.

Two new species of Eutardigrada were found in supralittoral lichens, growing on rocky shores at two localities of the Western Atlantic coast of the Iberian Peninsula. Ramazzottius littoreus sp. nov., found in San Cibrao (North of Spain), has the dorsal cuticle sculptured with small tubercles and claws with accessory points similar to R. oberhaeuseri. It can be distinguished from all the other known Ramazzottius species with the same type of cuticular sculpture by the dotted egg shell and the peculiar reticulation visible at the bulbous base of egg processes. Macrobiotus halophilus sp. nov., found in Cascais (Centre of Portugal), belongs to the Macrobiotus hufelandi group. The slightly wrinkled egg shell and egg processes in the shape of inverted chalice with dentate distal disc, identifies it as a member of the Macrobiotus persimilis subgroup. The new dioecious species differs from the six other species of the M. persimilis subgroup by a unique combination of some characters (small and very sparse circular cuticular pores, granulation on legs I-III and dentate lunules on legs IV), by measurements of some structures (claws and buccal apparatus), and by the number, dimension and shape of egg processes.

Nanosculptures on round surfaces of natural diamonds

The results of a study using scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy comprising the micromorphology of the ditrigonal and trigonal layers on surfaces near the edges of octahedral diamond crystals from the Udachnaya-Eastern kimberlite pipe in Yakutia are presented. The studied surface sculptures are elongated parallel to the direction 〈111〉 and have similar morphological features, characterized by a wavy profile across the lamination, the absence of flat areas at the micro- and nanolevel. It is proposed that both sculpture types were formed as a result of dissolution under natural conditions. This suggestion is corroborated by the revelation of negative trigons on the octahedral facets of the studied diamonds.

Caryatids lost and regained: Rebranding the classical body in contemporary Greece

Abstract This article examines patterns of reception through which a particular type of classical sculpture – the Caryatid – has been accepted into the cultural life of contemporary Greece. Loved by neoclassical architecture, though also prominent in Modern Greek design, as well as contemporary literature, the Caryatid serves alongside a limited stock of other classical monuments as a logo for the country and the Greeks at large, especially when referring to their relations with their fellow Europeans. In contemporary Greek culture, Caryatids are deployed as symbols of Greekness as well as a means to achieve the nation’s cultural emancipation against the supremacy of western, globalized modernity. Often derided as mere symptoms of colonial mimicry, through their inherent qualities of parody and subversiveness, such uses may sometimes prove unexpectedly successful in undermining modernity and its templates.

The Influence of the Eastern Roman Civilization on the Imperial Portraits in Egypt and the Neighboring Countries from the First to the Fourth Century AD

Roman Sculpture , with artists from across a huge empire and changing public tastes over centuries, is above all else, remarkable for its sheer variety and eclectic mix. The art form blended the idealized perfection of earlier Classical Greek sculpture with a greater aspiration for realism and absorbed artistic preferences and styles from the East to create images in stone and bronze which rank among the finest works from antiquity. Aside from their own unique contribution, Roman sculptors have also, with their popular copies of earlier Greek masterpieces, preserved for posterity invaluable works which would have otherwise been completely lost to world art. The aim of this paper is to discuss a distinguished type of Roman sculpture which is the portrait and the differences between the schools, periods, functions and characteristics in the eastern Roman Empire. Although the political circumstances around the empire was almost the same yet Egypt had always succeeded to keep its own style and special artistic features. Egyptian artists were always affected by their predecessors and tried to keep their culture and characteristics throughput the ages. The paper will try to move smoothly through these periods focusing on Roman Egypt and the art of portraits till the early period of Christianity.

Pollen grains and seed-morphology as related to Biochemical Patterns in five species of genus Ocimum L (Lamiaceae Juss.) of Saudi Arabia

<p>This study aims to investigate the pollen and seed characters by light microscopy (LM) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) as related to biochemical data of seed protein and esterase isoenzymes by SDS-PAGE technique in the five Saudi Arabian <em>Ocimum</em> L. species. The detailed description for pollen and seed in addition electrophoretic patterns were conducted by means of numerical analyses based on thirty-nine parameters. The pollen grains were zonocolpate, hexacolpate, prolate to subprolate. Three types of exine ornamentation were recognized, perforate, reticulate and granulate. Also, The periclinal, the anticlinal and the boundaries between cells are described by the aid of SEM which exhibited four main distinct types of nutlets sculpture undulate, quirky, circular and straight. Molecular patterns of protein profiles and esterase (EC.3.1.1.1) showed that esterase could be considered as positive markers than protein, minimum and maximum gene / gene expression of esterase isoenzymes are demonstrated. The relationships between the studied taxa were demonstrated as a phenogram. </p>

Pollen morphology of Asian Vigna species (genus Vigna; subgenus Ceratotropis)from India and its taxonomic implications

The pollen morphology of 22 Asian Vigna [subgenus Ceratotropis (Piper) Verdc.] species, including wild and cultivated taxa from India, was investigated with light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The quantitative data were analyzed by descriptive statistics and multivariate statistics. The pollen grains are prolate spheroidal in shape with equatorial diameter of 36.06-116.33 μm and polar diameter of 36.31-120.96 μm in equatorial view. The small pollen dimensions were observed in Vigna hainiana, V. trilobata, and V. indica and the largest in V. vexillata. The pollen grains have reticulate-homobrochate and reticulate-heterobrochate types of pollen sculpture. The lumina are psilate or granulate with penta-hexagonal, penta-polygonal, and irregular shape. The muri are sinuous, straight, or narrow-straight. Pair group method using arithmetic averages analysis was used to divide the main pollen taxa into four groups based on pollen morphology. Statistically distinctive taxa were identified using principal component analysis. In the present investigation, the taxa studied demonstrated sufficient pollen polymorphism in their sizes, equatorial views, lumina shapes, and muri widths.

Review of Metanotal Sculpture of Aphidiine Wasps (Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Aphidiinae)

Abstract Morphological data on metanotal sculpture of aphidiine wasps (Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Aphidiinae), are reviewed based on the specimens collected in Ukraine. Specimens of 20 species of 13 genera were studied using light and scanning electron microscopy. Differences in menatonal morphology appear diagnostic for some genera or generic groups, such as tribes and subtribes. Seven general types of metanotal sculpture were distinguished. The proposed diagnostic characters are: the relative proportions of the metanotum and its parts (metascutellum, metascutellar arms), the shape and setation of the metascutellum, the number and form of the carinae arising from the base of metascutellum toward the mesoscutellum. To facilitate describing the structure of the metanotum in Aphidiinae, following measurements were established: the length and width of the metanotum and the metascutellum, the length of the metascutellar arms. The discovered characters could be used as additional diagnostic tools for aphidiine identification, and perhaps also in studies on their evolution and phylogeny.

한국, 일본 수묵화 양식 분석을 통한 한복과 기모노의 미의식 연구

Korea and Japan have a cultural homogeneity because they were affected by China. However, each country has developed its own original culture due to their own national characteristic and endemism, In traditional clothing, though Korea and Japan share the same origin, they have developed their own form, Hanbok and Kimono, which have completely different looks. The differences in the traditional clothing is the result of the differences in each country's aesthetic sense, which is reflects in the artwork of those days. Ink-and-wash painting was the typical painting form in East Asia, so Korean and Japanese ink-and-wash painting from that period can be used to observe the differences in the aesthetic sense. This study aims to search for commonly shared aesthetic sense in the design process of Hanbok and Kimono by analyzing the styles of a representative Korean painting, "Sehando(Wintry Days)" and a representative Japanese painting, "Pine Trees Screen". H. Wolfflin's methodology influenced not only painting, but also architecture and sculpture. Therefore, this theory can be applied to clothing, which can be considered a type of sculpture. Modernization of traditional clothing has to start by analyzing the aesthetic sense of artisans that have affected the design of traditional clothing. To spread Hanbok globally and differentiate it from Japanese clothing, we have to acknowledge the differences between Korean and Japanese aesthetic sense, and based on this, we have to develop the design of Hanbok.

Nathaniel Hitch and the Making of Church Sculpture

Housed at the Henry Moore Institute in Leeds is the archive of the little-known sculptor Nathaniel Hitch (1845–1938). This comprises hundreds of studio photographs, which collectively and individually provide significant insight into a hitherto neglected branch of Victorian sculpture: church sculpture. Changing attitudes to religion from the 1840s onwards created conditions that enabled sculptors such as Hitch to establish successful local and international practices specializing in ecclesiastical work, from ornamental pew ends to free-standing polychrome figurative sculpture. Examining the ecclesiastical dimension of nineteenth-century British sculpture complicates and extends our current understanding of sculpture in the period, by presenting alternative models of education, style, subject matter, sculptural precedents, studio practice, and practices of making to the current centrality of ideal classical sculpture and of the New Sculpture in the scholarship. It allows for the integration of different types of sculptors and sculpture within the study of Victorian sculpture, and prompts investigation into the influence of specifically Christian and British values and concerns on what was still essentially a classical medium.

Evaluation of seed and leaf epidermis characters in the taxonomy of some annual species of the genus Papaver (Papaveraceae)

To get a better understanding of their taxonomic importance, we examined morphological, leaf epidermal and seed micromorphological characters of 19 taxa of annual Papaver L. belonging to the sections Papaver, Carinatae Fedde and Rhoeadium Spach. Among the studied taxa, the pattern of the coat of the seed testa cells and seed epidermal cell showed large variation. The granulate type of testa sculpturing was most common, but other types were represented by one or two species. In contrast, most of the taxa have broadly similar leaf epidermal characteristics. We conclude that variation in seed characters are significant for the taxonomy at the specific and generic levels, whereas leaf epidermis morphology, with few exceptions, is mostly only useful for separation of taxa within species. Based on the results, P. lacerum Popov is regarded as a synonym of P. commutatum Fisch. & C. A. Mey, while P. piptostigma Bienert ex Fedde, P. halophilum (Fedde) Cullen and P. tubuliferum Fedde are regarded as synonyms of P. macrostomum Boiss. et Huet ex Boiss. var. macrostomum. Further, Papaver gaubae Cullen & Rech. f. and P. bipinnatum C. A. Mey. are included into the synonymy list of P. glaucum Boiss. et Hausskn. and P. arenarium M.‐Bieb., respectively. In contrast, Papaver chelidoniifolium Fisch. & C. A. Mey. var. pinnatum Tavakkoli & Assadi from Gilan province is described as a new variety, and P. rhoeas L. var. strigosum Boenn. and var. glabrum Fedde and P. commutatum subsp. euxinum Kadereit are introduced as new records to Iran. The evolutionary and phylogenetic implications of the observed variation in seed characteristics are also discussed.

Pollen morphology of Crotonoideae (Euphorbiaceae) from Seasonally Dry Tropical Forests, Northeastern Brazil

Crotonoideae is a subfamily of Euphorbiaceae, a plant family that is characterized by the presence of laticifers and pollen grains with Croton pattern exine. We analysed 48 species of Crotonoideae from Seasonally Dry Tropical Forests within Caatinga vegetation aiming to contribute to the pollen morphology of this subfamily, focusing on endemics to these forests. Pollen samples were obtained from specimens of the herbarium. Pollen grains were acetolyzed, measured, photographed and described using light and scanning electron microscopy methods. Three pollen types and seven subtypes were recognized based on aperture type, polarity, shape, size and details of the exine sculpture. The exine ornamentation and the type and number of apertures are the most important characteristics for recognizing genera in Crotonoideae. Inaperturate pollen grains with surface pila plicate were observed in representatives of Croton and Jatropha; 4–8 pantoporate pollen grains and a 3-colpate one with psilate pila were observed in Cnidoscolus, and 10–22 pantoporate pollen grains with rugulate pila were observed in Manihot. Due to the high diversity of Crotonoideae pollen morphology, we highlighted its eurypalynous properties, in addition to its taxonomic relevance, for the identification of groups.

Micromorphological intraspecific differentiation of nectar guides and landing platform for pollinators in the Iberian parasitic plant Cistanche phelypæa (Orobanchaceae)

Holoparasites have evolved a number of adaptations for pollination in parallel with their parasitic strategies. Complex floral pigmentation patterns, comprising spots or stripes that act as visual nectar or landing guides for pollinators, are common and diversified, but their structure and function are poorly understood and almost nothing is known about the role that micromorphological features might play in generating or complementing those visual stimuli. By means of scanning electron and confocal digital microscopy, petal micromorphology was analysed in the two subspecies of the holoparasitic Cistanche phelypæa (subsp. phelypæa and subsp. lutea, Orobanchaceae). Plant material was collected in the semi-deserts of southeastern Spain in 2009 (subsp. lutea), and in coastal salt marshes in southern Portugal in 2012 (subsp. phelypæa). Cistanche phelypæa subspecies were already known to differ in several morphological features of flowers and leaves, as well as in their habitats and hosts. Our data have shown that they also differ in several micromorphological features of the petal epidermis. Three different sculpture types of the petal epidermis were recognized. Our results show that petal micromorphology can be used in the separation of taxa, with potential utility in the determination of dried specimens in this genus, inherently poorly preserved in herbaria. The putative influence of the visual and tactile effects originating from this micromorphological variability on the interactions between plants and pollinators and in the reproductive biology of the former is discussed in detail.