Types Of Relationships Research Articles

Understanding needs of Chinese American family caregivers through a life story qualitative project

ABSTRACT The aim of this study is to explore the needs of Chinese American family caregivers of older adults through a life story qualitative study. Through life story narratives, a phenomenological approach revealed that the needs of Chinese American family caregivers, including effect of stress, varied by the following: type of relationship with care receivers, perceived cultural values, relationship quality between caregiver and care receivers, cognitive distortions and conflict strategies in caregiving. Discussion on methods of assisting Chinese American family caregivers through the therapeutic interventions of the life story narrative itself, self-care training, and other key supports revealed in the study will be addressed.

ONLINE STORE AS A COMPONENT OF E-COMMERCE AND DIGITAL BUSINESS TRANSFORMATION

This article examines the issue of managing an organization in the context of digital business transformation. The process of searching and optimizing methods and tools of digital transformation is relevant, this is especially evident in the field of e-commerce. In the article, the authors provide an overview of the e-commerce market, its leaders are highlighted. Based on the analysis of the structure and features of the development of global and national e-commerce markets, three categories are identified: 'large and mature', 'catching up' and 'waiting markets'. The dynamics of the global e-retail trade volume and the dynamics of sales volume of the Russian e-commerce market are considered. The concept of 'e-commerce' is clarified, the positive and negative sides of the development of e-commerce are highlighted. Depending on the types of subjects initiating interaction, the types of information and economic interaction or types of e-commerce are fixed. The article notes that information and communication technologies (ICTs) contribute to the organization and optimization of a number of business processes that are the basis of e-commerce: electronic data exchange, e-commerce and marketing, the formation of information and analytical systems of the organization. The authors emphasize that from the point of view of marketing, one of the most interesting components of e-commerce, its trading platform is online stores. The definition of the concept of 'online store' is given. By analyzing the entire variety of online stores represented in the modern business space, the authors classify them according to the methodology of doing business and the type of platform, by the type of organization of sales and trading activities, by product range and type of relationships with suppliers. The proposed classification allows you to: identify the entire range of online stores; streamline these tools; facilitate the search and justification of the choice of optimal methods of digital business transformation.

Relationship Between Short and Long Wave Radiation with Cloud Cover in Baghdad City

Short waves are waves that have a short wavelength and are characterised by high frequencies. Therefore, they propagate over short distances from the source and are used for wireless communications and radio broadcasting. As for long waves, they have a long wavelength characterised by low frequencies and usually extend far from the source easily. When the clouds prevent sunlight from reaching Earth, it reflects a large part of it and absorbs part of the radiation that passes through it, so that less radiation reaches the Earth’s surface as a result of the clouds. The daily data of the high, medium, and low cloud cover, as well as the daily and annual data of solar radiation (long and short-wave radiation) were extracted from satellite data collected by the European Center for Medium-Range Weather Forecasting (ECMWF) over the Baghdad station at 00:00 am and 12:00 pm for the period (2015-2019). The study aims to find the effect of cloud cover on long and short waves and to find the type of relationship between them. The results showed that. The High and medium clouds are more visible in winter and less in summer. The clouds of all kinds decrease at 00:00 am and can be observed at noon. The relationship between solar radiation and cloud cover is inverse. In 2015 different types of clouds appeared, including low-lying cumulus and cumulus-medium. The radiation of long waves increases in the spring and summer when the amount of solar radiation entering the atmosphere is greater, and therefore the atmosphere derives its heat from these long waves emanating from the surface of the earth, at a time when the air could not absorb the short waves that make up the sun’s rays when it penetrated it. Through the Pearson coefficient test, several results were obtained, including that the relationship between high, medium, and low cloud cover, as well as total solar radiation, showed an inverse association; the more clouds there are, the less solar radiation reaches the earth’s surface.

Evaluation of the presence of nasal septum deviations in individuals with different skeletal malocclusions

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the presence of deviated septum in individuals with different skeletal malocclusions. MATERIALS AND METHOD: The study was performed on cone beam computed tomography images of a total of 159 individuals, 53 in each Class I, Class II, and Class III skeletal malocclusion. Nasal septum deviation was analysed in three groups as mild (type 1; <9°), moderate (type 2; 9-15°), and severe (type3; >15°). In addition, the presence of concha bullosa in different skeletal malocclusions was evaluated. The data were analyzed statistically using the Chi-square test and One-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). The relationship betweenskeletal malocclusions and types of deviation was determined using Cramèr’s V analysis. RESULTS: There are statistically significant differences between type 2 and type 3 in individuals with Class I skeletal malocclusion and between type 1 and type 3 in individuals with Class II skeletal malocclusion (p=0.046; p<0.01 respectively). In individuals with Class III skeletal malocclusion, no difference was observed between deviation types. In addition, a weak correlation was found between skeletal malocclusion and deviation types (Cramèr’s V = 0.213). No significant difference was observed between the groups in terms of concha bullosa and deviation side (p=0.215). CONCLUSION: Although a significant difference was observed in terms of deviation type in individuals with Class I and II skeletal malocclusion, a weak correlation was observed between the increase in deviation severity and skeletal malocclusions.

Experiences of siblings of children with profound intellectual and multiple disabilities: a qualitative systematic review protocol.

The objective of this systematic review is to explore the experiences of siblings of children with profound intellectual and multiple disabilities. With improved life expectancy of children with profound intellectual and multiple disabilities, the research focus is on care at home and in the community. Although parents are the primary caregivers, siblings often assume the role of young caregivers, bearing the weight of caregiving responsibilities. Thus, a synthesis of qualitative findings is required regarding their experiences to facilitate the development of effective support strategies. Siblings of children with profound intellectual and multiple disabilities will be included, defined as children with an IQ of ≤40 or mental development below a 2-year-old's level, coupled with an inability to walk independently. Disabled children aged <20 years will be included. There will be no restrictions on the siblings' age or type of relationship. Qualitative studies on experiences, caregiving burdens, challenges, difficulties, and frustration in daily life will be considered, covering home, community, school, and hospital settings for children with disabilities. We will follow the JBI methodology for systematic reviews of qualitative evidence. The search strategy will be conducted in 3 phases: initial limited search, comprehensive database search, and reference list search of the included articles. The MEDLINE, CINAHL Plus, PsycINFO, Scopus, Ichushi-Web, and CiNii databases will be searched, with no restrictions on language or publication date. Study selection, critical appraisal, data extraction, and data synthesis will be conducted by 2 independent reviewers. We will evaluate the final synthesized findings using the ConQual approach. PROSPERO CRD42024499042.

The Protective Role of Supportive Relationships in Mitigating Bullying Victimization and Psychological Distress in Adolescents

Supportive relationships have been hypothesized to protect against psychological distress in general and to reduce the impacts of adversity on distress. Bullying victimization by peers is a salient adverse experience for many adolescents. Being bullied increases the risk of psychological distress which in turn increases the risk of further bullying victimization. There is minimal previous research on whether and how supportive relationships protect adolescents from bullying victimization, psychological distress and the recursive relationships between victimization and distress. This study investigated the direct and moderating effects of supportive relationships with parents, peers, and teachers on later psychological distress and bullying victimization of adolescents. This longitudinal study involved 1425 Australian adolescents aged 12–18 years (mostly male, 74.3%), using questionnaires on bullying victimization, psychological distress, and supportive relationships at two-time points, 6 months apart. All types of supportive relationships reduced the risk of later psychological distress predicted from earlier psychological distress, suggesting a direct compensatory effect. Support from classmates and parents also protected adolescents against ongoing bullying victimization and mitigated the impact of bullying victimization on later psychological distress, consistent with a stress-buffering hypothesis. The pattern of results confirms the important role that supportive relationships play in protecting adolescents from psychological distress and bullying victimization. Persistent bullying victimization and later psychological distress are less likely to occur for victimized adolescents supported by parents and classmates. Strategies and programs that improve parental support may enhance the effectiveness of programs to prevent bullying and improve outcomes for victims.

Hierarchy in the Politics of Migration: Revisiting Race, Ethnicity, and Power in the Migration State

Migrants and refugees face hostile publics and organized political interests, and contend with new and evolving forms of surveillance, deportability, and political violence. Researchers show that these political dynamics are fundamentally shaped by the politics of race and ethnicity. Yet, even as this work is increasingly abundant, it has not always been taken up by mainstream accounts of migration. In this article, we revisit scholarship on the politics of international migration, bringing together a collection of — sometimes disparate — research to explore how scholars can forge new lines of inquiry regarding the relationship between migration, race, ethnicity, and power. To do so, we evaluate three types of relationships at the core of migration politics: the relationship between migration and the state, the migration-related demands of domestic publics on the state, and how migrants interact and contend with the state. Across these relationships, we examine how ethnoracial hierarchies draw on, legitimize, and reinforce uneven distributions of political power, disparate deployments of state action and violence, and projects of nation- and state-building. Combining the intellectual prowess of distinct fields and approaches, we draw on productive convergences and tensions between existing and emerging frameworks and analytic starting points across disciplines to map future research trajectories in the multidisciplinary study of immigration, citizenship, asylum, and racial and ethnic politics. We conclude with a note on the politics of knowledge production–whereby some accounts of migration have been privileged over others–and point to important epistemological and methodological interventions for advancing research on the politics of migration.

MRRFGNN: Multi-relation reconstruction and fusion graph neural network for stock crash prediction

Stock crash risk often propagates through various interconnected relationships between firms, amplifying its impact across financial markets. Few studies predicted the crash risk of one firm in terms of its relevant firms. A common strategy is to adopt graph neural networks (GNNs) with some predefined firm relations. However, many relations remain undetected or evolve over time. Restricting to several predefined relations inevitably makes noise and thus misleads stock crash predictions. In addition, these relationships are not independent during the process of propagating information and interacting with each other. This study proposes the multi-relation reconstruction and fusion graph neural network (MRRFGNN) to predict stock crash risk by capturing complex relations among listed companies. First, the model employs self-supervised learning and contrastive learning to reconstruct and infer implicit relationships between companies. Second, the model incorporates a relation self-attention mechanism to integrate various types of relationships, enabling a more nuanced understanding of the multiple spillover effects. Empirical evidence from a series of experiments demonstrates the superiority of the proposed method, which achieves the best performance with improvements of at least 2.14% in area under the curve (AUC) and 2.64% in Matthews correlation coefficient (MCC), highlighting its potential for practical application in financial markets.

Mapping soil organic carbon density via geographically weighted regression with smooth terms: A case study in Shanxi Province

Soil, as the largest organic carbon reservoir in terrestrial ecosystems, plays a crucial role in the global carbon cycle. Accurately predicting the spatial distribution of soil organic carbon density (SOCD) is highly important for estimating organic carbon stocks and guiding agricultural production. Due to the complex relationship between the spatial distribution of SOCD and environmental factors, its relationship with a specific region is not exclusively linear or nonlinear; both types of relationships may coexist simultaneously. In this study, a new model, geographically weighted regression with smooth terms (SGWR), was proposed. This model can simultaneously consider both global spatial nonlinear relationships and local spatial nonstationary relationships. It was utilized to predict SOCD in Shanxi Province and was compared to multiple linear regression (MLR), generalized additive models (GAM) and geographically weighted regression (GWR) in terms of spatial prediction performance. The results showed that SGWR was highly competitive in predicting the spatial distribution of SOCD in Shanxi Province. Of factors influencing SOCD in Shanxi Province, elevation and slope were considered local linear variables, while the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), gross primary productivity (GPP), annual precipitation (AP), and soil moisture (SM) were considered global nonlinear variables. Among these factors, the NDVI and GPP had the most significant impacts on the distribution of SOCD, while elevation and SM had the least significant impacts on it. The results imply that integrating global linear, local linear, and global nonlinear relationships concurrently, as implemented in SGWR, improves predictive accuracy compared to approaches that solely address either local or global linear relationships based on environmental variable changes in SGWR. The results of this study indicate that the SGWR model is potentially a competitive method for digital soil mapping.

Parenting strategies and child behavior at preschool age in families using assisted reproductive technologies

Introduction. Certain parenting strategies have a significant impact on the appearance of behavioral problems in children. Due to the continuous increase in the number of children conceived with the help of assisted reproductive technologies (ART), and the availability of limited, disparate and contradictory data on the development of such children and influencing family factors, the purpose of this study is to identify the characteristics and relationship of maternal and paternal parenting strategies and child behavior in preschool age in families with ART. Materials and methods. The sample consisted of 90 families who used ART and 155 families with natural conception. To identify the features of the child's parenting strategies, the "Interaction with the child" questionnaire was used, and the "Behavior of your child" questionnaire was used to assess the child's behavior. Nonparametric Mann–Whitney U test. Results. The general trends (regardless of the type of conception) are the dominance of manifestations of sensitivity to the child, emotionality, responsiveness, positive constructive regulation of discipline on the part of both parents, but with a predominance of severity in mothers compared with fathers (p≤0.05). There is no specificity associated with the type of conception (p&gt;0.05) in the characteristics of a child's behavior at the age of 5 years. On the one hand, the stronger emotionality towards the child on the part of both parents is specific for families who have used ART (3684.5 &lt; U &lt; 5154.0; p≤0.05), but on the other hand, there are trends towards less consistency and the risk of contradictions in the upbringing of a child compared with families with natural conception of a child, the lack of direct links between paternal strategies and child behavior indicators (p&gt;0.05), stronger interrelations of different manifestations of dysfunctional behavior in a child. The types of ART families with different types of severity and relationship of parental parenting strategies and behavioral characteristics of children (p≤0.05) are identified. Conclusion. The results of the study show the need to develop and conduct personalized training programs for parents and build individual trajectories of psychological support for families who have used ART at the age stages of child development.

Unveiling the Resources of Digital Pioneers: an Agency Perspective on Digital Social Innovation in Rural Germany

Abstract Rural digitalisation is often approached from a structural research perspective, focusing on broadband infrastructure and socio-economic contextual conditions. Such perspectives tend to neglect the agency of individual and collective actors in these areas. Our comparative case study addresses this gap by focusing on Digital Pioneers in two structurally different rural regions in Germany. Our analysis of 40 semi-structured qualitative interviews with selected pioneers is based on the research question of how these key actors access resources to realise digital social innovation. A categorization of our data shows three general patterns: Access to motivational resources on an individual level, access to network-based resources through various types of social relationships, as well as access to region-based resources by analytically linking agency and socio-spatial contextual conditions. We conclude that Digital Pioneers can become intermediary key players in regional governance constellations. At the same time, additional policy support or reversion is needed to facilitate access to network- and region-based resources in particular.

Identification and characterization of particle clusters in fluidized beds via image processing technique: Method development and assessment

Clusters have a significant impact on gas–solid hydrodynamics, thus have garnered sustained research efforts for several decades. Recently, the image processing technology has been popularly used in characterizing clusters due to its non-invasive nature and high spatiotemporal resolution. This study introduced an innovative method for cluster identification by utilizing non-local means filtering and the maximum between-cluster variance. An exhaustive evaluation of image processing-based identification techniques was conducted using the flow data from CFD-DEM simulations. The approach can accurately reproduce the cluster dynamics throughout the entire bed without the need of manual adjustments, whereas traditional global threshold methods often fall short in reliably predicting clusters with low concentration or larger size. At lower gas velocities, there is a clear correlation between cluster characteristic parameters, while this type of relationship diminishes at higher gas velocities. Furthermore, clusters at different horizontal positions exhibit distinct morphologies and movement patterns.

Entrepreneurs’ network bricolage: Reconfiguring social ties for resource creation

The entrepreneurship literature demonstrates the positive impact of network bricolage on resource-seeking. We extend this work by examining why and how entrepreneurs reconfigure ties within the social architecture of their networks. Building on the network bricolage literature and an in-depth analysis of 55 dyadic relationships embedded in four networks, we provide evidence of network bricolage behavior indicating that entrepreneur bricoleurs are, in fact, resource-creators as well as resource-seekers. Our data cover a series of preliminary and in-depth interviews, member checks, site visits, direct observations, and archival sources. We find support for our theoretical arguments that more resources and re-deployment opportunities for developing new products, new markets, and operation efficiencies emerge during bricolage processes when bricoleurs use their networks in ways that differ from their originally intended utility. While the strength of network ties is important in its own right, our findings further suggest that heterogeneity of relationship type is a key factor in pursuing network bricolage. A mix of relationship roles provides opportunities to repurpose network resources to achieve new valued outcomes.

Love Affair at Workplace: How Motif and Type Linked to Employee Work Behaviour in Male Employee Experience

Men tends to act more positively than female when it comes to romance in the workplace (Pierce et al., 1996; Powell, 1986). This research presents an exploratory assessment of workplace affairs using a qualitative approach to identify how motives and types of workplace affairs, linked on how it affect employee work behavior from a male employee experience. Social exchange theory and power dynamics approached are used to explain this phenomenon. Respondents were collected using purposive and snowball sampling methods due to the sensitive nature of the respondent criteria. The semi-structured, one-on-one in-depth interview was done to nine male employees who had and/or are engaging in workplace affair. Finding reveals motives and types of workplace affair linked to each other especially ego/fling motive with hierarchical type of relationship. Workplace affair does affect work behavior in vary ways. Additionally, male employee experienced negative effect despite them being superior or subordinate. A negative effect mentioned such as favoritism, power abused even workplace bullying. This study emphasizes more of workplace affair as the dark side of workplace romance thus enriched the findings of previous study regarding workplace affair in Indonesia especially from male employee experience.

Designing near-peer mentoring for work integrated learning outcomes: a systematic review

BackgroundWork-integrated learning (WIL) is a core aspect of allied health education. WIL placements typically focus on developing clinical skills, with broader conceptions of work readiness a secondary consideration. Near-peer mentoring (NPM), where senior students mentor junior students, is one WIL placement model that holds promise for developing students’ work readiness, along with additional benefits for educators and service users. While there is emerging evidence of the benefits of NPM in allied health, a more comprehensive understanding of the design and outcomes of NPM WIL placements for allied health students, their educators and service users is needed.MethodsA systematic search of seven electronic databases (CINAHL, ERIC, ProQuest Education, Medline, PsychInfo, EMBASE and Scopus) from 2003 to 2022 was conducted with 4195 records reviewed. Included studies reported on near-peer mentoring between at least one of the identified 11 allied health professionals providing services to real people (i.e. not simulation). Data extracted included pedagogical approaches, type of service model and relationship of peers to each other and educator, objectives for implementing the NPM, and effects for students. Quality appraisal was undertaken using the Standards for Reporting of Qualitative Research (SRQR).ResultsFourteen studies met the inclusion criteria. The majority were North American in origin, from the disciplines of pharmacy, physiotherapy, psychology and occupational therapy, and used a range of research designs. Four types of placement design were observed from incidental co-location of students and observing outcomes through to deliberate preparation of students and/or educators for their roles in a NPM placement. Outcomes for junior students included lowered anxiety leading to increased confidence and motivation to learn and thus enhanced clinical skills. Senior student outcomes included development of educator skills, increased confidence, and enhanced professional reasoning. Service users and educators also benefited from NPM; however, evidence was sparse in these areas.ConclusionThe evidence supports near-peer mentoring as a valuable WIL model to support work readiness, and several general pedagogical designs are evident. Future research should design NPM WIL with a greater integration of educational theory and evaluate outcomes beyond satisfaction and self-reported experiences.

Putting workers’ safety front and center: Employee-organization exchange and employee safety performance

Introduction: The global occupational accident situation remains severe. As enhancing employee safety performance constitutes a crucial part of accident prevention and safety management, the study aims to examine, from an employment relationship perspective, the cognitive, motivational, and behavioral mechanisms through which employee-organization exchange (EOX), as a social exchange type of employment relationship, can affect employee safety performance. Method: Data were collected from 672 subordinates and their immediate 100 supervisors in three large manufacturing firms in Guangdong province, China. Results: The results shows that: (1) EOX has a positive effect on employees’ safety risk perception, psychological ownership of safety promotion, and safety communication; (2) safety risk perception, psychological ownership of safety promotion and safety communication (as cognitive, motivational and behavioral mechanisms) mediate the relationship between EOX and safety performance (both safety compliance and safety participation); and (3) management commitment to safety moderates the direct effect of EOX on safety risk perception, psychological ownership of safety promotion, and safety communication, and its indirect effect on two forms of safety performance via the three mediating mechanisms. The moderating effect and moderated indirect effect are stronger when management commits more to safety. The study contributes to the employee safety literature. Practical Applications: Employers should establish a long-term oriented social exchange relationship with their employees for effective safety management.

Adaptive responses to contextualised and differentiated school improvement. Identifying institutional profiles of secondary schools

ABSTRACT This paper reports a qualitative multiple case study of secondary schools that experienced sustained processes of quality improvement. We aimed to analyse the heterogeneity in school improvement processes and identify the factors and conditions contributing to this variation. We identified six dimensions to characterize different approaches to high school improvement: curriculum comprehensiveness, student selection/inclusion, student participation and youth cultures, leadership distribution, community openness, and market situation. Based on our cross-case analysis, we proposed an empirically grounded typology composed by four high school profiles: i) traditional academically oriented public high schools; ii) comprehensive high schools from small communities; iii) restrictive metropolitan popular high schools; and iv) vocational high schools. We show the implications of this typology for understanding how high schools actively relate to both their contexts and educational policy, and ‘translated’ these external pressures into idiosyncratic responses. We found that key educational decisions such as curricular approaches and the various emphases placed on learning by high schools, the type of organisational leadership or degree of openness to youth participation, were linked to more structural decisions made by schools regarding their position in the local educational market, their degree of selectivity, and the type of relationships established with their environment.

Goodbye Yellow Brick Road: Nostalgia and mobility perceptions of informal dementia carers

Worldwide, there is an increased prevalence of dementia and consequently informal dementia carers. Given the everyday responsibilities of informal dementia caring, the mobility of the informal carer is inextricably connected to the mobility of the one they care for. The mobility changes associated with informal dementia caring may foster feelings of nostalgia for past mobility, which may play a role in perceptions of present mobility. Therefore, the aim of this article is to better understand how nostalgia shapes mobility perceptions of informal dementia carers. Using remote graphic elicitation and telephone interviews, this article offers three key findings. Firstly, both reflective and restorative nostalgia are felt by the participants concerning their perceived past mobility, with the type of relationship with the care recipient playing a role how their nostalgia is experienced. Secondly, carers reflected very positively on their past mobility compared to their present mobility, which they considered mundane and care-centric. Thirdly, participants felt uncertain about their future mobility due to their reflections on past mobility and the unpredictability of dementia and care. Thus, the underlying feelings and sensations associated with nostalgia are key to understanding how carers experience their everyday lives and how this contributes to their sense of wellbeing.

Ensuring employee privacy at the workplace: current state and problems

In the article, based on the analysis of national legislation, international documents, national and international judicial practice, the views of scientists, the issue of ensuring the employee’s right to privacy at the workplace is considered. It is noted that today domestic labor legislation does not yet enshrine this right (the employee’s right to privacy at the workplace), which, in turn, contributes to abuse by the employer, and leads not only to an unsatisfactory level of protection of the constitutional right to respect for private life, and in the future may lead to the international recognition of Ukraine as a state that does not provide an adequate level of such protection, particularly in the field of labor. It is emphasized that in the conditions of martial law, the right to privacy may be limited by law in the interests of national security, territorial integrity or public order in order to prevent riots or crimes, to protect public health, to protect the reputation or rights of other people, to prevent the disclosure of information, received confidentially, or to maintain the authority and impartiality of justice. As a result, it was concluded that the right to privacy at the workplace, which should be guaranteed to all employees regardless of the type of employment relationship, industry affiliation or form of ownership of the enterprise, should be established at the legislative level, taking into account international experience and judicial practice. Since the regulation of all aspects of the employee’s right to privacy in the workplace in the Ukrainian legislation will prevent abuse by the employer of employee control measures. In particular, supporting the proposals of other researchers, it is proposed to supplement the Code of Labor Laws of Ukraine with a rule that when concluding, changing and terminating an employment contract, persons entering work and employees are guaranteed the right to privacy regarding their personal and family life. At the same time, the limits, grounds and conditions of the employer’s interference with the employee’s right to privacy must meet three criteria: the legal grounds for the interference, the legitimate purpose of the interference, and the proportionality of such interference to the stated goal.

Unraveling the impact of patent transfers on regional innovation: Empirical insights through the lens of entity relationships

Over the past two decades, the market for patent transfers (PT) has experienced substantial growth in China, driven by the expansion of main relationship types, including inter-firm, industry-university-research (IUR), and individual-to-firm PTs. This growth raises critical questions regarding the influence of these diverse PT types on regional innovation. Utilizing data mining on 1,914,750 PT events, this study constructs panel data models for China's 31 provinces from 2011 to 2020, investigating the presence, dimensions, effect decomposition, and threshold determinations of PTs on regional innovation. Findings reveal heterogeneous impacts of PT types on innovation, with individual-to-firm PT being most effective and IUR PTs the least. Among the dimensions of impact, PT strength demonstrates the most circumscribed promotional effect, predominantly within patent inflows, and particularly hinders IUR PTs due to market frictions. The importance of PT breadth mainly appears in patent outflows, suggesting geographic expansion of PT enhances innovation remuneration, critical for sustaining innovation momentum in hub provinces. PT depth uniformly affects innovation across all PT categories irrespective of patent inflows or outflows, underscoring the significance of diversified technology transfers. A universal observation across PT types is that surpassing regional thresholds of digitalization significantly amplifies the promotion of PT on regional innovation.