Types Of Raw Materials Research Articles

MARKETING STRATEGY ANALYSIS ON FOOD PRODUCTS

The economy places a great deal of importance on marketing, which is also essential to business actors' success. In this case, a well-thought-out marketing strategy is required in order for the anticipated results to be achieved. The goal of the research is to understand food items' marketing strategies. The study employs a qualitative description methodology, gathering data via observation, documentation, and interviews. The findings demonstrated that the marketing mix study discovered that the product remains straightforward, the pricing is reasonably low, the place of sale is less fancy, and the promotion is still not aggressive. The product's strengths stem from its regionally typical raw materials, while its weaknesses are related to its simple toppings and ekmasan. The product's quality raw materials and lack of preservatives present an opportunity, while its growing number of similar products and increasingly diverse variants pose a threat. The product can be used to win the competition because of its strengths and possibilities, but in order to compete with similar products, it must promptly address its flaws and threats.

Bio-damaged wood processing in microcrystalline cellulose production

Bio-damaged wood was studied as a potential raw material for the production of hydrolytic degradation cellulose products. Conditions for obtaining fine-dispersed microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) based on hydrolytic treatment of cellulose from bio-damaged wood were determined. A comparative analysis of the quantitative values of the degree of polymerization of default commercial cellulose and cellulose from damaged wood was performed. The objective of the work was to study the possibilities of obtaining MCC from bio-damaged wood possessing quantitative characteristics close to those obtained from the commercial wood, reducing the concentration of inorganic acid during the hydrolytic degradation. The experimental analysis showed that with an increase in the pulp refining degree from 15 °SR to 75 °SR, the time for the hydrolysis process decreased from 150 to 90 min, the temperature of chemical treatment decreased from 100 °C to 80 °C, and acid concentration by 0.5 N. The polymerisation degree of microcrystalline cellulose, regardless of the type of raw material, also decreased with an increase in the refining degree.

Methodology for the development of identification criteria of stone fruit brandy

The need to develop identification criteria for fruit brandy is connected with the prevention of the sale of counterfeit products on the Russian alcohol market. Due to the variety of factors affecting the final product, the solution to this problem requires the use of a methodology based on an integrated approach. The work is devoted to its first stage — the assessment of the influence of the biochemical composition of fruit stone raw materials, as well as various technological factors on the formation of essential (identification) characteristics of products. Fresh fruits of apricots, cherry plums, cherries, dogwood and plums, as well as samples of fermented raw materials were used as objects of research. The biochemical composition of fresh fruits was assessed by the content of sugars, free organic acids, amino acids and pectin substances. It has been found that the values of all main indicators of the biochemical composition varied widely in the samples of initial raw materials. At the same time, significant differences were noted between the types of fruit raw materials in the content of free amino acids (dogwood, cherry plum up to 0.08% and 0.12%, respectively; cherry, plum and apricot up to 0.19–0.30%) and pectin substances (cherry, apricot up to 0.6–0.8%; cherry plum, dogwood, plum up to 1.2–1.3%). The following factors were studied in the work as technological factors: a method of primary processing of raw materials (obtaining pulp or juice extraction); a maceration method — without enzyme preparations and with treatment with enzyme preparations; a fermentation method — without fermentation activators and using fermentation activators. It has been established that the method for primary processing of raw materials affects the concentration of methanol, esters and higher alcohols in fermented raw materials. The use of fermentation activators contributes to an increase in the concentration of higher alcohols and esters in them by almost 2 times, and the use of individual complex enzyme preparations — by 16% and 80%, respectively. It has been shown that the methodology for developing identification criteria for fruit vodkas at the first stage should include an assessment of the physico-chemical composition of initial raw materials and individual technological factors at the stage of preparing them for distillation.

Study of the process of the frozen raw beef defrosting with its simultaneous massaging in industrial conditions

Many meat processing enterprises use the frozen raw meat. Its defrosting and thawing is a crucial technological operation that fundamentally affects the quality of food products. The experience and knowledge obtained directly in the workshop in the process of thawing the raw materials and their using to obtain a specific finished product are of great importance. Defrosting and thawing of the frozen beef meat, as one of the stages of raw meat processing, still remains a challenging process in industrial food production. The importance of this process is constantly increasing due to the growing volumes of frozen raw materials processed in food enterprises. Scientific research shows that one of the most efficient methods of defrosting and thawing is the process of meat thawing with saturated water steam under vacuum. When applying the steam the raw materials is heated at its least and minimal losses are observed, while the duration of the process is significantly reduced. This work examines the process of beef meat defrosting and thawing with simultaneous shaking and crumpling the frozen mass, which can be called as massaging of raw materials. As studies have shown, this method of thawing makes it possible to reduce losses down to almost zero and obtain raw materials with good structural characteristics for the production of a finished product with a wide range of consumer properties. The obtained experimental curves of changes in the mass and temperature of raw materials make it possible to analyze the kinetics of heat transfer and mass transfer processes at the macro- and micro levels of the food system, which serve as the basis for modeling and controlling the technological process. This study presents the results of conventional defrosting and thawing of the raw meat but combined with massaging. Studies of the parameters of processing modes have shown that the proposed program makes it possible to use efficiently the design and technological features of the defroster-massager in order to obtain the raw beef for the production of high-quality food products. The results of experimental studies and their analysis allow making conclusion about the prospects of applying this process for the other types of raw meat materials before the main technological processing of raw materials.

A Comparison of the Qualitative Characteristics of Pellets Made from Different Types of Raw Materials

With the aim of extending the production of renewable energy from lignocellulosic materials by improving their energy characteristics, the authors have started a series of experimental activities that involve a densification process of the wood material and a subsequent quantitative and qualitative characterization of the different pellets produced. The research activity was focused on different types of pellets obtained using biomass deriving from dedicated energy crops (medium rotation forestry), pruning residues of agricultural crops, thinning interventions in planted forests, and, lastly, residues from the maintenance of urban greenery. Among the 15 parameters that were investigated, 9 (length, diameter, fusibility, As, Cr, Cu, Pb, Ni, and Zn) were within the limits set by current legislation for all the analyzed pellets. The same was not detected for the remaining 6 parameters (bulk density, heating value, ash, N, durability, and cadmium), the value of which did not reach the quality requirements established by the standards. The biomass obtained from medium rotation forestry plants (MRF) and forest residues turned out to be the best source of material to be used to produce pellets. Within these two groups, the best results were found for eucalypt, except for the heating value. Pellets from MRF also showed interesting values of durability and nitrogen content (classes A1 vs. A2).

Investigation of Vegetable Oils and Their Derivatives for the Synthesis of Extreme Pressure Additives.

The harmful effects of wear can be reduced through proper lubrication of the frictional parts. When exposed to excessive loads, the lubricant film is displaced from the surfaces, and even the adhesive lubricant layer may rupture. Additives known as Extreme Pressure (EP) are frequently incorporated into lubricants to minimise wear and avert seizures under high temperature and pressure. Mechanistically, these additives generate a film on the surface through chemisorption. These additives are extensively applied in various lubricants, with the largest quantities being employed in metalworking fluids and lubricating greases. Sulfurized vegetable oils and their derivates can be used as EP additives for lubricants. To conduct the investigations, sulfurized additives were synthesized using different vegetable-based oils and fatty acid esters, and alpha-olefins. In this study, the Four-ball test results were compared to gain a more accurate comprehension of how various raw-material-based additives influence wear and friction. The goal was to select raw materials that could be used with favorable results for the production of EP additives. The objective was to achieve a minimum Four-ball weld load parameter of 2000 N. The experiments revealed that the functional impacts of the synthesized samples are dependent on the type of raw materials employed. Based on the experimental data and the stated criteria, the examined raw materials were found to be suitable for the synthesis of EP additives.

Influence of pre-treatment methods on quality indicators and mineral composition of plant milk from different sources of raw materials.

Pre-treatment of plant materials is essential in producing plant-based products and can affect their various organoleptic and physicochemical characteristics. This work aimed to study the effect of pre-treatment of vegetable raw materials, namely ultrasonic processing and freezing of raw materials under various low-temperature conditions, to obtain multiple types of vegetable milk and determine their characteristics. It is shown that by applying a certain kind of pre-treatment of vegetable raw materials it is possible to adjust organoleptic parameters and the content of solids, protein, fat, carbohydrates, fiber and mineral composition of various types of vegetable milk from soy, rice, oats, wheat, peas, buckwheat, pumpkin seeds and lentils. Ultrasound pre-treatment allows increasing of polyphenol content by an average of 15-20% for all types of plant milk, except for lentil milk. The results showed that ultrasound treatment for 3 min had the most significant effect on the overall acceptability for lentils, pumpkin, rice and pea milk. Pre-freezing at a temperature regime of -17 and -85 °C contributed to an increase in Fe, K, Zn, Ca, Mg, Si and P by an average of 30-100%, depending on the plant material. Pre-treatment of vegetable raw materials, including freezing and ultrasonic treatment, can positively affect the macro- and micronutrient composition of plant milk. However, the effect may vary depending on the type of raw material and processing conditions. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.

Pomace from Oil Plants as a New Type of Raw Material for the Production of Environmentally Friendly Biocomposites

The production of environmentally friendly biocomposites can be based on attractive and low-cost vegetable pomace, a waste product from oil production. In the present study, biocomposites made from HDPE and pomace from black cumin, corn, and flax seeds were subjected to evaluation of structural, morphological, and thermal parameters and susceptibility to germination by filamentous fungi. Based on the characteristics of the produced biocomposites, it should be concluded that vegetable waste from oil production, applied at a 1:1 ratio as a filler for polyethylene-based biocomposites, significantly reduces the crystallinity of the produced material and decreases its thermal stability. It should also be noted that such biocomposites are more easily overgrown by fungi, which may facilitate their biodegradation. Very poor antioxidant properties, resulting from the encapsulation of the plant fraction in polyethylene, limit the functionality of this type of material as, for example, active biomaterials to prevent free radical processes. Although the structural and physical characteristics of the produced biocomposites have been shown to be inferior to polyethylene, efforts should be made to improve these characteristics. Plant waste can be a valuable raw material for the production of materials compatible with various industries.

Mineral and Raw-Material Potential of Strategic Critical Mineral Raw Material for Development of the High-Tech Industry of the Russian Federation

The present paper briefly characterizes the state system of a regional geological study of subsoil implemented by Rosnedra and the Karpinsky All-Russian Research Geological Institute (VSEGEI) and provides an assessment of the mineral and raw material potential of the Russian Federation for strategic types of minerals. In 2022, the VSEGEI completed compiling of a set of 1 : 2 500 000 digital monometal maps of patterns of distribution and prediction of strategic and critical types of minerals of the Russian Federation in GIS-format. The reserves of these types of minerals were estimated according to the data of the state accounting system and expert reassessment of forecast resources was performed. As a result, regional prognostic criteria for localization of areas promising for searching deposits were developed. Recommendations on setting GDP-200/2 and/or GMK-200 on specific nomenclature sheets that are promising for realization of prospecting stage exploration for strategic types of mineral raw materials are given.

Application of by-products of ethanol production in the fuel industry

This article analyzes two ways of solving environmental problems in the fuel industry, which arose due to the need to stabilize the concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. According to the first direction, the ways of using various non-traditional types of raw materials and waste containing sugars for the purpose of producing environmentally friendly types of fuel are considered. According to the second direction, the possibilities of integrated use of ethanol and all by-products formed during its production are analyzed to improve ecology in the fuel industry. We have established the possibility of using the by-products of ethanol production, fuel oil and fuel alcohol, to improve the operational properties of motor fuels used in carburetor and diesel engines. It has been stated that the additives of fuel alcohol and fuel oil increase the octane number of gasoline, improve its fractional composition, as a result of which the completeness of fuel combustion and the uniformity of its supply to the engine cylinders increase. The optimal concentrations of alcohol additives to gasoline are as follows: 5 vol.% and 10 vol.% for fuel alcohols and fuel oil, respectively. It has been established that the addition of fuel oil to diesel fuels increases their cetane number, this causes the mixture to ignite faster and the diesel engine to start. Moreover, with the addition of fuel oil, the temperature of the beginning of boiling decreases which facilitates the starting properties of the fuel, and the viscosity of the fuel mixture decreases which improves the completeness of mixing and transportation in the engine system. The optimal concentration of fuel oil additive to diesel fuel is 10 vol.%.

Synthesis of bioethanol from mixed vegetable wastes: Experimental methodology and characterization

AbstractBioethanol has been identified as a renewable product with high potential for application as biofuel. On the other hand, high volumes of agri‐food residues are generated daily. Such residues have potential as raw materials for industrial bioethanol production. There is a significant advance in the synthesis of biofuels from fruit and vegetable residues; however, most of the studies are focused on the conversion of a single type of raw material, limiting the application of the synthesis routes. This work presents a conversion methodology to produce bioethanol from carrot and broccoli residues and from their mixture; the samples of vegetable wastes has been collected in the municipality of Guanajuato, Mexico. Using the 1H NMR technique, the characteristic signals of bioethanol are identified. On the other hand, using the UV–VIS spectrophotometry technique, a maximum of 25.63 mg of total sugar content has been determined for the mixture. Likewise, a maximum bioethanol concentration of 60.6 g/L is obtained. From a refractometry and HPLC study, a conversion to bioethanol of 34.8% is determined for the mixture of residues. This work analyses the potential of broccoli and carrot residues for bioethanol production, either as isolated or as mixed wastes.

Silk wastes and autoclaved degumming as an alternative for a sustainable silk process

Silk degumming is considered the first point in the preparation of silk-based materials since this process could modify the silk fiber and the properties of its related products. This study evaluated the differences in morphology, secondary structure, amino acid content, thermal stability, and mechanical properties of two types of raw materials, defective cocoons (DC) and silk fibrous waste (SW), degummed by chemical (C) and autoclaving (A) methods. Subsequently, silk fibroin films were prepared by dissolving each type of degummed fibers, and thermal and structural films properties were determined. The findings demonstrated that autoclaving is an efficient alternative to remove silk sericin, as the resulting fibers presented improved structural, thermal, and mechanical properties compared to those obtained by the chemical method. For films preparation, autoclave resulted in a good option, but dissolution parameters need to be adjusted for defective cocoons. Furthermore, similarities between the physicochemical properties of fibers and films from both fibrous wastes suggest that SW is a promising raw material for producing fibrous resources and regenerated silk fibroin materials. Overall, these findings suggest new recycling methods for fibrous waste and by-products generated in the silk textile production process.

The Palaeolithic in Transcarpathia (Ukraine) and the different use of various lithic raw material outcrops and sources

The present article proposes a new approach for the detailed analysis of lithic raw material sources and their use by various human groups during the period from the Lower Palaeolithic to the Early Upper Palaeolithic in Transcarpathia, western Ukraine. The approach is based upon the study of particular outcrops and sources of basic raw material types in Transcarpathia, examining their role in supplying various human groups across different Palaeolithic epochs and periods, both within and outside of the outcrop/source areas. Our analysis identified three localized volcanic-associated lithic raw material regions that demonstrate a ve ry limited ‘micro-region/source’ pattern of lithic exploitation. In contrast, more widely dispersed sedimentary regions with rock types that intermittently appear on the landscape show continuous use across most Transcarpathian areas and archaeological sites, including those located both at and far from outcrops/sources.

Evolution of the technological, sensory, and nutritional quality of gluten-free cookies: a critical review

Understanding the scenario of the development of gluten-free products, the relationship with the public, and the present challenges is of paramount importance to advance the development of these products successfully. This review focuses on gluten-free cookies, with a discussion of the main results found for the different types of raw materials and their influence on product quality and the lack of innovation in new processes for such products. According to the presentation of the studies, the main challenges for the development of gluten-free cookies are the repetition of starchy raw materials and the processes that lead to technological and sensory results that displease consumers because they are being compared with the affective memory of the gluten-free product, which unbalanced the nutritional value of the products because they have high levels of carbohydrates and fat. In the food industry, innovations and changes are already occurring, such as the use of protein and fiber raw materials. However, it is still necessary to develop strategies dissociated from those used for gluten-free baked goods that are more personalized for this market, which, compared with wheat products with more than 2000 years of history, is in the first steps of development.

Research on the Reasons Cause the Changes in the World Price of Rubber

Since price is one of the most important parts of economics and the market, there are a lot of articles that have done more research on the topic of price. And the price of rubber varies all the time all over the world. There are many cases showed a significantly decreasing or increasing in the price of rubber, rubber is also a typical raw material in the world. The question is what are the reasons of the change in rubber prices? One method is available that is using different economics principles from microeconomics and macroeconomics to illustrate this question in three aspects. After that, the conclusion is that the changes in price of rubber in India is because of the changes in the quantity of demand and the quantity of supply of rubber in India, also it will be influenced by some national conflicts or some other accidents, and the causes of demand, supply changing are the reasons of rubber price changing as well. Mostly factors in the market changed will have impacts on the value of price.

Waste for the Soviet Economy: Recycling of Rags in Ukraine in the 1920s

This article, based on previously unexplored archival documents, examines the recycling of rags in the early Soviet Union, using the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic (SSR) as a case study. Within the context of the early Soviet waste regime, the characteristics of the Ukrainian rag market, its key participants, the challenges they encountered, and the strategies they devised in a republic with limited textile waste are investigated. The article asserts that in the Ukrainian SSR during the 1920s, the paper industry emerged as the primary consumer of rags. Consequently, the secondary utilization of rags in this sector should be regarded as the authorities’ endeavor to extensively utilize substitutes in light of the limited reserves of cellulose and timber in the republic. Rags were also an important export resource, driven more by ideological reasons than purely economic ones. The article demonstrates the specificities of waste management policies during the New Economic Policy period, characterized by the authorities’ directive methods of regulating the market, attributable to the strategic significance of this type of raw material for Soviet enterprises. It contends that the transition to a centralized waste collection model in the early 1930s was a natural outcome of the implementation of the planned economy. However, intense competition for various waste materials, particularly rags, contributed to this transition.

THE USE OF BIOCHAR FOR REMOVAL OF EMERGING CONTAMINANTS IN CONTAMINATED WATER

Biochar is a product that has been gaining prominence in the scientific community, and its applicability in the treatment of contaminated environments has been studied all over the world. Its characteristics such as yield and properties vary greatly with the type of raw material, production technology and operational parameters applied. Emerging contaminants are a global concern and need attention, so the use of bugs to remove these contaminants is a viable alternative. The objective of this research is to analyze how the authors are using biochar to treat water and effluents contaminated with emerging contaminants. The articles were searched in reputable databases, such as Science Direct and SciElo, after careful analysis, 15 articles on the subject of study were evaluated. Researchers and decision makers bring important results in their research on the most efficient ways to choose raw materials for biochar production, implementing sustainable production technologies and presenting satisfactory results in the removal of emerging contaminants. Through the data analyzed, it was possible to conclude that biochar is a promising, low-cost, highly replicable material that often uses solid waste from other production processes as raw material and efficiently removes contaminants emerging from aqueous media.

Antimicrobial properties of ethanolic plant extracts on microorganisms of the genus Staphylococcus aureus, Echerihia coli

Nowadays, the importance of medicinal plants has increased significantly as a source of biologically active substances, including antibacterial action. There is an intensive search for effective and safe drugs that could perform the function of preventive disinfection, reduce the negative impact on the animal's body and the environment as a whole, and be economically beneficial. Therefore, we chose 17 promising types of plant raw materials for the study due to the sufficient prevalence and diversity of chemical composition. The scientific work presents the results of the effectiveness of ethanolic plant extracts against aureus, Echerihia coli and Staphylococcus. The antibacterial effect of plant tinctures of Kalgan, Comfrey, Bearberry, Geranium, Nut membranes and Dandelion on St. Aureus strain 209 P and E. coli strain 1257 was revealed. According to the results of the studies, high and moderate antibacterial activity of plant materials was found, which is an effective means of preventive measures in veterinary medicine. It has also been found that the “wells” method is more effective than the paper disc method and gives a more accurate result, so it is relevant in further research. Herbal medicines account for more than 50 % of all pharmaceuticals. A significant place among them is occupied by prophylactic disinfectants used to prevent diseases. The main active substances of such products are secondary metabolites of medicinal plants, which include phenols and flavonoids, that in turn have antimicrobial effects. The content of these substances is controlled by analyzing extracts made from plant material. Calgan is a perennial medicinal plant of the Pink family that has a number of powerful properties. The rhizome of this plant contains flavonoids, wax, iron, starch, malic acid, essential oils, catechin, glycosides, vitamins PP, A, Z. Comfrey is a perennial herbaceous plant that belongs to the family of broadleaves. The highest concentration of nutrients is found in the rhizome of the three-year-old plant: tannins, amino acids, alkaloids, flavonoids, etc. Geranium is a perennial herb of the geranium family, rich in tannins – tannins are found in the rhizome and ground part of the plant. It also contains flavonoids, triterpene saponins, carotene, vitamin C, and starch. Dandelion is a perennial plant from the aster family. The roots contain inulin, fructose, organic acids, steroids, flavonoids, tannins, waxes, and higher fatty acids. The walnut membranes are rich in iodine, zinc, magnesium, ascorbic and nicotinic acids, PP and B vitamins, tannins, and essential oils. Bearberry is a genus of evergreen hardwood shrubs of the heather family. The main active ingredients are phenolic compounds.

Improvement of the technology of cooking culinary products from poultry meat for children's food: a systematic review

Currently, more and more new technologies are being discovered in the food industry and public catering for the production of culinary products from poultry. This type of raw material is very popular among the population, due to its chemical composition and nutritional value. The study of new approaches to the quality and safety of food products for baby food is also an urgent topic. The purpose of this review is to analyze literature sources on new technologies in the production of culinary products from poultry and methods of ensuring safety and quality for the nutrition of children of various age groups. The presented systematic review includes articles from the Scopus, Rsci and Google Scholar databases, limited by the time period from 2011 to 2023, 24 works of highly rated journals are analyzed and divided into three thematic blocks: general studies of semi-finished poultry products, new technologies in the production of culinary products and the safety of culinary products from poultry for children's nutrition different age categories. In the course of the work carried out, various studies of semi-finished poultry products, the impact of new technological techniques on the quality and consumer properties of culinary products, as well as basic research in the field of baby food safety were considered. As a result, a fairly strong experimental and research base in these areas of public catering has been identified. The data of this review will provide invaluable assistance in the development of culinary products from poultry for baby food of various age categories, as well as in the preparation of food rations and the development of technological processes in educational institutions.

RELATIONSHIP «RARE-EARTH METALS – ENERGY TRANSITION IN THE CONTEXT OF FULL CYCLE PROJECTS

The article examines the development of the rare earth industry in Russia. Russia has a significant resource base of this type of mineral raw materials, but it does not fully use the existing potential. Russia exports semi-products of low processing, and imports goods containing rare earth elements with high added value. The key problem of the industry is the insignificant domestic demand for rare earth metals. The growing interest in the world in renewable energy sources makes new opportunities for the development of the Russian rare earth industry and gives a chance for the transition of the Russian economy to a new technological order. At the heart of the policy to create demand for rare earth products within the country, the authors propose to use a theoretic approach based on the consideration of full-cycle projects. Three main features characterize this approach. Firstly, our approach is an extension of the traditional project approach and takes into account not so much the local aspects of a separate project for the extraction and processing of ore, but its integration into the country's economy through a system of intersectoral interactions (multiplicative effects). Secondly, as the demand for products within the country grows and the scale of the use of products based on rare earth metals expands, the process of “learning” is launched - the costs of mining, processing and production of final products are reduced. Thirdly, the approach proposes to consider rare earth ores in dumps as pseudo-financial assets with the ability to manage them as traditional economic asset