Types Of Monuments Research Articles

Организация работы Пензенского отделения Всероссийского общества охраны памятников истории и культуры по подготовке «Свода памятников истории и культуры Пензенской области»

The process of organizational and scientific research activities for the preparation of the “Code of historical and cultural monuments of the Penza region” in the period 1966-1985 is considered as an integral part of the multi-volume encyclopedic publication the “Code of historical and Cultural monuments of the peoples of the USSR”, which was given not only scientific and reference value, but also ideological and theoretical character, showing the place and role of the cultural heritage of the peoples of the USSR in the history of world culture. The directions of activity and interaction of government bodies, the Research Institute of Culture of the Ministry of Culture of the RSFSR, the Penza branch of the All-Russian Society for the Protection of Historical and Cultural Monuments and the general public in identifying, recording, studying and describing all types of monuments in the Penza region for their subsequent systematization and state registration in order to preserve and effectively use historical and cultural heritage are studied. The source base of the research was made up of archival documents of the State Archive of the Penza Region and a collection of personal documents, a significant part of which is being introduced into scientific circulation for the first time; materials of periodicals; local history literature; legislative and regulatory acts of the USSR and the RSFSR, reflecting issues of preserving the historical and cultural heritage and preparing the “Code of historical and cultural monuments”.

Rock, Paper, Scissors: Durable Ephemera and Networks of Stone in Quanzhou’s Zhenguo Pagoda

Building a pagoda mobilizes durable materials into architectonic form. But a pagoda may also incorporate likenesses of images and objects wrought in ephemeral materials, thus becoming a nexus of textual, pictorial, and formal transfer and intermedial preservation. This essay examines how, in the Zhenguo pagoda 鎮國塔 (lit. “Defender of the State Pagoda”) at the Kaiyuan temple in Quanzhou, Fujian, rock—covered with the imagery of paper (and other fugitive media) by means of scissors (or, more precisely, the carver’s knife)—preserved traces of evanescent forms. Specifically, it: articulates the relationship of paper-based editions of the Buddhist canon to the pagoda’s stone-carved narrative program; asserts the influence of logographic schema of printed-paper primers and locally known, silk-based court painting styles to the pagoda’s imagery; and contends that carved images of small, free-standing bronze (and stone) pagodas link the Zhenguo pagoda to overlapping local (Quanzhou), regional (Min-Yue/Fujian), imperial (Song-dynasty), and maritime (Indian Ocean) object networks. To test the hypothesis that the Zhenguo pagoda serves as a repository of, and lexicon for, now lost forms, this essay concludes by using the imagery of the Zhenguo pagoda to recover the iconography of a type of Quanzhou-specific Buddhist monument, the Stone Shoot (Shisun 石筍).

Under the Shadow of Conflict: Understanding the Belligerent Landscapes of the Kyiv Triangle

The article examines the defence system of the city of Kyiv in different historical periods, focusing on the territory of the immediate outskirts of Kyiv – the Kyiv triangle – the northern part of the Kyiv Plateau. From the moment the city of Kyiv was founded until the events of the Russian-Ukrainian war of the 21st century, the unique topography of the microregion was used to build the city’s defence systems. Today, in the region covered by this study, there are the remains of the ancient “Serpent Ramparts”, fortifications of hillforts and cities, the remains of Cossack, Polish and Moscovian forts, redoubts and outposts, pillboxes from the time of the Second World War, modern military fortifications. All these different types of archaeological monuments form a unique belligerent landscapes that require comprehensive research and protection.

Use of RPAS (DRONES) for Masonry Arch Bridges Inspection: Quality and Sustainable Work with Preventive Guarantee

Objective: The objective of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of drones as a tool for the inspection of masonry arch bridges, to determine whether drones can replace traditional inspection methods. Theoretical Framework: Based on the criteria established by public infrastructure management authorities for the inspection of bridges, the article explains how drones have revolutionised various sectors, such as civil engineering, allowing for detailed and safe visual inspections in hard-to-reach places. In this regard, previous studies are reviewed that have demonstrated the effectiveness of drones for various reconnaissance operations. Method: The methodology adopted for this investigation included a visual inspection using a drone on two medieval bridges that currently only support pedestrian traffic: a single-arch bridge, the Puente del Grajal, and a multi-arch bridge, the Puente Brandomil. Results and Discussion: The results confirmed that the drone can diagnose various injuries on bridges, as proof of the effectiveness of this microtool to carry out a complete visual inspection of an old construction, and of all its visible elements, whether they are accessible or not. Research Implications: Research shows that drones can be a model tool for the conservation of architectural heritage, allowing fast and safe visual diagnoses, with lower costs and risks. The use of drones can transform current practices for structural assessment of any infrastructure, including any type of monument. Originality/Value: This study contributes to the literature in the field of heritage conservation by demonstrating that drones can replace traditional inspection methods, reducing costs, time and risks for workers, while preserving the integrity of the inspected structure. The research is quite innovative in combining drone inspection techniques in a cultural heritage context, opening up new opportunities in the conservation of ancient structures.

Adaptation of Post-fortress Buildings as an Enrichment of the Functional Programme of a Housing Estate on the Example of Fort VIII Służew in Warsaw

The article refers to the problem of adaptation of post-fortress objects from the 19th century located in the strict urban tissue in Poland. The authors of the text analyse the example of adaptation of Fort VIII Służew in Warsaw as a way of making common spaces in housing estates more attractive. The rapid demilitarisation of fortresses from this period caused by the development of the art of war and the subsequent dynamic development of urban planning after the Second World War resulted in the degradation and disappearance of these valuable monuments. The Russian ring fortress of Warsaw is now entirely within the urban fabric. Introducing additions and new utility functions is becoming a way of protecting the existing stock of often degraded spaces left behind by former forts. On the example of Fort VIII Służew, a number of activities related to adaptation, revitalisation and revalorisation of the existing urbanised residential space in Ursynów district are presented. The analysed object together with its surroundings is an example of a way to use post-fortress spaces for both utilitarian and cognitive purposes while respecting historic values. Age-old fortifications, so well preserved in Poland, significantly define and shape urban layouts. The research carried out by the authors of this text shows that appropriate use of the potential of post-fortress buildings from the 19th century can significantly improve the quality and character of colonial buildings and highlight the values associated with this type of specific monument.

Настенные синодики в частных актах второй половины 60-х годов XVI века

In the paper created within the framework of the scientific project “Corpus Inscriptionum Rossicarum”, examines two komplex of private acts drawn up in the second half of the 60s of the 16th century by a large Dvinsk landowner Alexej Amosov and boyar Alexej Fyodorovich Bas-manov with the mention of a special type of epigraphic monuments of Moscow Russia — wall synodics or memorial tables. These inscriptions, carved in wood or stone, as well as painted with paint, were placed in the sacred part of the temple, on the wall of the altar opposite the sacrifice. These epigaphic monuments were one of the forms of personal piety, and the right to place them was possessed by the сtitors and donators of the temple or monastery. By their request in the wall synodics records the names of the closest relatives and other people not related to the depositors by ties of kinship. The installation of these epigraphic monuments and their placement in the altar be-came a guarantee of eternal commemoration of the persons inscribed in them during the pros-komidia. The heyday of this type of epigraphic monuments falls on the second half of the 17th — second third of the 18th century, but the earlier period of their existence has not yet served as the subject of special scientific research. Based on the analyzed acts, the paper concludes that at the moment the mention of wall synodics in private acts of the second half of the 60s of the 16th century. They are the earliest evidence of the existence of a stable tradition of creating this type of inscriptions, compiled by order of the ctitors and donators.

Natural Inhibitory Treatment of Fungi-Induced Deterioration of Carbonate and Cellulosic Ancient Monuments: Isolation, Identification and Simulation of Biogenic Deterioration.

Fungi play a significant role in the deterioration of various types of monuments. Therefore, the protection of ancient monuments from fungal attacks is an important goal that must attract the attention of researchers worldwide. A total of 69 fungal isolates were recovered from 22 deteriorated objects compromising paper, textiles, wood, and stone in the National Museum of Egyptian Civilization (NMEC) storeroom, Cairo, Egypt. The isolates were identified as 12 different species categorized into three different genera, namely, Aspergillus (9 species), Penicillium (2 species) and Trichoderma (1 species). Among them, Aspergillus fumigatus was the most prevalent species. Three essential oils were assessed for antifungal activity and compared with the antifungal effects of five synthetic microcides to identify a natural inhibitory treatment. Thyme oil and sodium azide were found to be the most active growth inhibitors, with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of 625 and 100 ppm, with inhibition zone diameters of 19.0 ± 0.70 - 23.76 ± 1.15 and 13.30 ± 0.35 - 19.66 ± 0.54 mm, respectively. An in vitro simulation of the biodeterioration process was conducted using spores of the A. fumigatus strain NMEC-PSTW.1 on model cubes made of paper, textile, wood, and stone materials. The changes in the characteristics of the artificially deteriorated materials were analyzed using environmental scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The results revealed changes in the morphology, physical properties, and chemical composition induced by A. fumigatus NMEC-PSTW.1. Overall, thyme oil is recommended as a natural inhibitor to protect carbonate and cellulosic monuments in NMEC against fungal attack.

New features of the funeral rite of the medieval population of the north of Western Siberia (based on the interdisciplinary research materials of the Nyurymposllor 2 burial ground)

This article publishes for the first time the first results of interdisciplinary research of the archaeological monument of the Late Middle Ages – the New Age of the Nyrymposlor 2 burial ground, conducted in 2020–2021. As a result of comprehensive studies of the monument, it was possible to trace the funeral rite of the aborigines of the North, namely the position of the buried, the location of the accompanying inventory, the attire of the buried. In addition to archaeological and anthropological approaches in the study of the ancient burial ground, the specialists applied the method of paleosurface science. In particular, special attention was paid by scientists to a local elevation (hereinafter referred to as mounds) of a secondary nature, on which ancient grave depressions visible in modern relief were located. On the basis of morphological and physico-chemical indicators, the diagnosis of the burial mound was carried out, which subsequently allowed us to obtain confirmation in favor of the artificial, rather than the natural (natural) origin of the burial site, on which the ancient population of the north of Western Siberia was compactly buried, starting at least from the XVI century AD. From the point of view of the practical approach of artificial embankment formation, the researchers hypothesize that river sand could be used as the only material for the embankment in the immediate vicinity of the watercourse, which was previously manually «dragged and poured» onto the future site of the burial ground by ancient people. As a result of interdisciplinary research, an assumption is put forward about the allocation of a special type of monument – the Nyrymposlor 2 burial ground, which have no analogues and have been identified in the modern territory of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug.

Public Funds as a Source of Financing Revalorization of Sacral Historical Monuments: The Example of Poland

Public Funds as a Source of Financing Revalorization of Sacral Historical Monuments: The Example of Poland

Why Do People Attack Military Statues? A National Survey in New Zealand

Military statues are being attacked and removed in multiple countries, but there is little analytic work on the associated reasons. Therefore, this research aimed to conduct a nationwide survey of outdoor military statues in a case study country (New Zealand) and identify reasons for attacks. Of the 118 statues identified, 11 (9%) of these had been physically attacked. A key risk factor for statue attack was it being linked to the colonial-era New Zealand Wars versus any other specific war (75% vs 8%, p = .003). This finding fitted with other evidence from attacks on statues of named New Zealanders (e.g. politicians) and on attacks of other types of monuments to these particular wars. It is also consistent with past and persisting injustices experienced by the Indigenous Māori population. In conclusion, some of the attacks on the military statues in this country appear to reflect social injustices and harm from colonialism.

A multiscalar methodology for holistic analysis of prehistoric rock carvings in Scotland

Prehistoric rock carvings are one of Scotland’s most enigmatic and poorly understood monument types. This article discusses the pioneering approach used by Scotland’s Rock Art Project to enhance understanding of the abstract motifs through multiscalar computational analyses of a large dataset co-produced with community teams. The approach can be applied to suitable rock art datasets from other parts of the world and has international relevance for rock art reserach. Our analysis incorporates data from across Scotland in order to investigate inter-regional differences and similarities in the nature and contexts of the carvings. Innovative application of complementary analytical methods identified subtle regional variations in the character of the rock art and motif types. This variability suggest an understanding of the rock art tradition that was widely shared but locally adapted, and reflects connections and knowledge exchange between specific regions.

New Evidence of Neolithic Funerary Monuments from the Eastern Margins of the Long Barrows Territory in Central Europe

Late Neolithic long barrows are commonly found throughout Central and Northwestern Europe, within the Funnel Beaker Culture territory. The sites of this Culture are known from Bohemia covering a period between 3900 and 3400 BC. However, long barrows have not been detected in Bohemia for a long time. The main reason is that they are located in areas where they were affected by modern ploughing. A significant contribution to their recognition was the remote sensing of modern fields, especially aerial archaeology. Current research in Bohemia provided new evidence of dozens of long barrows of several types, significantly expanding our knowledge of this phenomenon in the southeastern margins of its distribution. A new type of long barrow has been identified in Bohemia using remote sensing and current excavation data. The characteristic parameters of the long barrows in Bohemia are an east-west orientation with the ceremonial place in the eastern front and the delineation of the perimeter by a palisade trough or a ditch. The mounds can be divided into at least two structural and chronological forms. The first is the narrow and sometimes extremely long mound with perimeter defined by a palisade trough dating to the 3900–3800 BC. The second type of barrow is enclosed by a trapezoidal ditch. Based on radiocarbon dating, these structures were constructed during the 3700–3600 BC. This type of monument is currently known exclusively from Bohemia.

Tombstones and Tombstone Inscriptions Among the Greeks of Russia: What a Cemetery Can Tell Us

This paper examines tombstones and tombstone inscriptions among the Greeks of Russia, descendants of immigrants from the Ottoman Empire. Based on field research of 2022–2024, the article analyzes data collected in the regions of compact residence of Greeks in the North Caucasus. Tombstones are divided into three periods: pre-Soviet, Soviet, and post-Soviet. Pre-soviet gravestones are of three types: regular gravestones, flat gravestones and church-shaped stones. All these types of monuments were also common among the Greeks in Asia Minor. Inscriptions in pre-Soviet times were made mainly in Greek; the article describes the main features of the epitaphs of this period. In the socialist era, the Greek language disappears from tombstones, which may be associated with both the repressions of 1937 and the general trend towards Sovietization of cemeteries. The article describes a unique type of Soviet Greek tombstone, made in the style of traditional monuments. Despite the ideological control over burial sites, Greek graves in the North Caucasus retained Orthodox symbolism throughout the Soviet era. The post-Soviet period is characterized by a visible uniformity of monuments: they are all made in the same workshops, from the same material. But the visual information on the monuments, primarily the Greek language, shows the ethnicity of the deceased. Other characteristic features of Greek burials in modern Russia are also noted: “houses” for candles from Greece, decorative elements in antique style, images of churches.

SACRED HERITAGE OF UKRAINE: CLASSIFICATION AND SPATIAL ANALYSIS

The purpose of the study is to conduct a spatial analysis of the sacred heritage of Ukraine. The following research methods were used in the work: structural-logical generalization and systemic analysis, which are used to study and generalize the types and variatons of sacred heritage, build a classification scheme, formulate the concepts sacred heritage, landscape-sacred monument of nature; statistical (standardization to the average value) for processing quantitative indicators collected as a result of the study; cartographical for visualization of the completed comprehensive assessment of the sacred cultural heritage of Ukraine; comparative-geographical for comparing the potential of sacred and cultural heritage of the regions of Ukraine. In the presented classification scheme, the sacral heritage of Ukraine is divided into cultural and natural, distinguishing types and species within these components. In the cultural component of sacred heritage, types (buildings, complexes, landmarks) and types (architecture and urban planning, history, monumental art, archeology) are highlighted. The natural component of heritage also includes types (springs, stone and rock objects, caves, burial sites with rare vegetation and plantations) and types (geological, hydrological, botanical, complex). A comprehensive assessment of the sacred cultural heritage of Ukraine was carried out and interpreted in the corresponding map. The highest value (5.34-2.01) of the standardized indicator of the number of sacred monuments is recorded in Dnipropetrovsk, Sumy, Kherson, and Kharkiv regions; in most regions of Ukraine, this indicator does not exceed 1. Examples of types and types of sacred natural heritage of Ukraine are given and their spatial location is substantiated. The novelty of the study consists in the author’s interpretation of the natural component of the classification scheme of the sacred heritage of Ukraine, the formulation of the interpretation of the term landscape-sacred monument of nature and the justification of the feasibility of its introduction to the types of natural monuments at the legislative level, conducting a comprehensive assessment of the sacred cultural heritage of Ukraine.

Style and Shape of Bolgar-Tatar Sepulchral Monuments: unity and uniqueness

The installing of sepulchral monuments is not an obligatory element of funeral culture in Islam. However, this phenomenon is widespread among the Tatar people. The tradition, which appeared in ancient times, still exists today. This article discusses the types of sepulchral structures and monuments. A large part of the paper is dedicated to the Bolgar-Tatar gravestones of the 13th– first third of the 20th century in Arabic script. Based on the analysis of the shape, ornament, and stylistic features of writing, a group of epitaphs is distinguished, united by certain parameters and a common area for the 13th–14th, 15th–16th, 17th–18th centuries. For the monuments of the 19th –20th centuries, the gravestone features are associated with the masters of stone carving. Further study of these monuments, including sepulchral structures – mausoleums, on the one hand, and the structure of the text, the language of epitaphs, on the other, will make it possible to identify the peculiarities of the funeral rite external side of certain regions, where Tatar people live.

Revealing Monastic Life


 
 
 This article provides a preliminary survey of a project, made possible by the American Research Center in Egypt, to record and study the graffiti and paintings from the monastic dwellings built into Vaults 9 and 12 of the ibis hypogeum in Abydos North, presumably in Late Antiquity. The monastic reuse of this type of monument is extremely rare in Egypt and for that reason alone of prime interest. What is more, the detailed information obtained from the graffiti and paintings offers fascinating glimpses into the “lived religion” of the monks who occupied the building over a considerable period of time, thus adding a significant corpus of new material for the study of monasticism in Late Antique and medieval Egypt.
 
 

Editorial on the Special Issue “Application of Petrography, Geochemistry, and Geomechanics to Architectural Heritage”

In historical architecture, which includes many types of monuments and ancient buildings, natural stone was used as the main building material because of its natural beauty, availability and durability [...]

Continuity and Revival: 12th-Century Standing Crosses in Huntingdonshire

This paper arises from the authors’ preparation of the Corpus of Anglo-Saxon Stone Sculpture volume on Cambridgeshire and Huntingdonshire. As in previous volumes, we have looked hard at the manner in which the middle- and late-Saxon tradition of erecting ‘high crosses’ at significant locations, or to mark significant graves, was continued beyond the Norman Conquest in what we have called a ‘continuing tradition’ of monument type and design. Cambridgeshire and Huntingdonshire’s Anglo-Scandinavian stone sculpture is well known for its quantity, and this prolific local tradition of monument-making continued after the Norman Conquest. We focus here on five elaborately decorated Huntingdonshire ‘high crosses’ in the pre-Conquest tradition. They belong to two interrelated groups: two have a monastic context, three a secular one. Monuments at Fletton and Kings Ripton each marked significant points in the landscape. Whilst the monument at Hilton had an analogous function in perhaps marking a place of congregation, its date and use of architectural details also connects it with the pair of major monuments from Godmanchester and Tilbrook/Kimbolton, for which we suggest an additional political significance within the early cult of St Thomas of Canterbury.

The Painted Wooden Tomb Effigies at Goudhurst to Sir Alexander Culpepper (d. 1541) and his Second Wife, Dame Constance Culpepper, and their Comparators

Wooden tomb effigies are now rare in England and Wales, although it is likely that they were once relatively common. Of the total of 120 known examples, only ninety-three survive. The other twenty-seven documented figures have been lost or destroyed owing to woodworm, fire, iconoclasm, theft and the general misuse that has beset this monumental type. Most remaining examples are mere skeletons of their original state, with any surface decoration worn away or cleaned off over the centuries, leaving only bare wood with perhaps traces of polychromy in crevices. A minority are now painted, but most do not display the original surface finish. The effigies at Goudhurst (Kent) to Sir Alexander Culpepper (d. 1541) and his second wife were thought to have been similarly overpainted, but new evidence from recent pigment analysis using polarized light microscopy shows that this was probably only partial. Physical and documentary evidence throw much light on the dating of the monument, the two effigies of which were produced at different times, the older parts dating to 1537. A detailed assessment of the memorial and its comparanda underlines the unique nature of the pair.

THE DEVELOPMENT OF LAW IN THE HISTORY OF AZERBAIJAN

The state tradition in the territory of Azerbaijan has existed since ancient times and has gradually developed. The existence of various types of legal monuments since ancient times, some of which have not yet become the object of research, necessitated the emergence of every science that studies both state traditions and legal monuments of Azerbaijan. This branch of science, which is called Azerbaijan state and law history, has been shaped since the middle of the last century and has taken its deserved place among legal sciences in our modern age. The subject of Azerbaijan state history and legal science includes the state, as well as the emergence, development and change of types and forms of state and law in the territory of our country in a certain historical period. The structure, legislation, areas and legal institutions of certain states The organization and development of legal processes are examined in the context of the state and legal history of Azerbaijan, both in time and space. The spatial boundaries of these processes are limited only to the territory of Azerbaijan. State and legal history of Azerbaijan, as the name suggests, exists in both historical and legal sciences.