Types Of Misconduct Research Articles

Role of remediation in cases of serious misconduct before UK healthcare regulators: a qualitative study

BackgroundThe raison d’etre of healthcare profession regulators across the globe is to protect patients and the public from the risk of harm. In cases of serious misconduct, remediation is deemed...

Plagiarism- an understanding

Plagiarism is the most common type of misconduct in scientific writing and is defined as taking someone else’s work or ideas and passing them as their own thus retarding progress. It carries serious penalties if proved. Plagiarism-free scientific writing is a shared responsibility of medical institutes initiating the scientific writings and the Journal editors who publish it.

Machine Learning Applications in Offense Type and Incidence Prediction

In today's rapidly evolving world, detrimental behaviourhas undeniably emerged as a significant factor leading to the downfall of individuals and communities. The rising prevalence of such behaviourcreates substantial disruptions within a country's population, affecting social stability and economic progress. To mitigate the impact of these harmful actions, it is crucial to identify and address them promptly and effectively. This study evaluates specific patterns of detrimental behaviour using data from Kaggleto predict and analyzeprevalent negative behaviours. Recent incidents of theft, for example, have underscored the importance of understanding the most common types of misconduct, as well as their timing and locations. We can develop targeted strategies to prevent and respond to such incidents by analyzing these patterns. Artificial Intelligence (AI) techniques encompass variouscomputational methods and algorithms designed to enable machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence. These techniques are used in various applications, fromnatural language processing to image recognition, and offer powerful tools for behavioral analysis. This project employs advanced AI techniques, such as Naive Bayes, to model and identify patterns in detrimental behavior. Naive Bayes, a probabilistic classifier based on Bayes' theorem, is particularly effective in handling large datasets and making accurate predictions. By applying this algorithm, the study achieves a high level of precision in predicting various types of detrimental behavior, enabling a better understanding of their underlying patterns. This knowledge can inform the development of more effective prevention and intervention strategies, ultimately contributing to the reduction of harmful behaviors and the enhancement of community well-being.

Does prior misconduct predict drug use by police?

ABSTRACT Recent research has yielded important insight into the characteristics and behaviours of officers who commit misconduct across the UK, USA and Australia. However, there remains little research into illicit substance use by sworn police. Considering substance use by police through the lens of police misconduct, this paper employs correlation and regression analyses using a sample of 489 sworn officers, to analyse whether individual types of misconduct, or the overall volume of misconduct committed, were predictive of an officer returning a positive drug test during departmental random drug testing. Findings suggested that neither individual types of misconduct, or the overall number of complaints received by officers were useful in predicting a positive drug test. However, a current or historical association with a known offender held a strong relationship with returning a positive drug test. Pivotally, holding a second job (outside of the agency) was also a significant predictor of a positive drug test. The findings of this research hold important implications for drug testing policy and procedure of policing agencies, and for understanding which factors may suggest that an officer is at risk of drug use.

Biomedical retractions due to misconduct in Europe: characterization and trends in the last 20 years

The aim was to describe biomedical retractions and analyse those retracted in 2000–2021 due to research misconduct among authors affiliated with European institutions. A cross-sectional study was conducted, using Retraction Watch database, Journal Citation Reports and PubMed as data sources. Biomedical original papers, reviews, case reports and letters with at least one author affiliated with an European institution retracted between 01/01/2000 and 30/06/2021 were included. We characterized rates over time and conducted an analysis on the 4 countries with the highest number of retractions: Germany, United Kingdom, Italy and Spain. 2069 publications were identified. Retraction rates increased from 10.7 to 44.8 per 100,000 publications between 2000 and 2020. Research misconduct accounted for most retractions (66.8%). The reasons for misconduct-related retractions shifted over time, ranging from problems of copyright and authorship in 2000 (2.5 per 100,000 publications) to duplication in 2020 (8.6 per 100,000 publications). In 2020, the main reason was fabrication and falsification in the United Kingdom (6.2 per 100,000 publications) and duplication in Spain (13.2 per 100,000 publications).Retractions of papers by authors affiliated with European institutions are increasing and are primarily due to research misconduct. The type of misconduct has changed over time and differ between European countries.

Perception of Research Misconduct in a Spanish University

AbstractSeveral studies on research misconduct have already explored and discussed its potential occurrence in universities across different countries. However, little is known about this issue in Spain, a paradigmatic context due to its consolidated scientific evaluation system, which relies heavily on metrics. The present article attempts to fill this gap in the literature through an empirical study undertaken in a specific university: Universitat Jaume I (Castelló). The study was based on a survey with closed and open questions; almost half the total population of the university’s researchers participated (505 out of 1030, i.e. 49.03%), yielding a representative sample of different academic career stages and areas of knowledge. Results show that 71.68% (n = 362) of the respondents consider at least one form of misconduct to be proliferating in their area of knowledge at the national level. This figure falls to 48.95% (n = 247) in reference to misconduct in their own institution. The most frequently reported types of misconduct linked to life with colleagues are especially the use of personal influence (in evaluation or review processes); lax supervision of doctoral theses; and the abuse of power over people in lower positions. Personal ambitions and pressure from the evaluation system are regarded as the most influential causes of misconduct proliferation, according to academics at this Spanish university.

Letter to the Chief Editor

Dear Chief Editor, It is with great privilege that I pen these words to you, addressing the esteemed journal of our institution, the Annals of PMC. In this communication, I wish to highlight a significant and pressing concern within the realm of scientific journals today — the matter of "Paper Mills." Paper mills refer to organizations that engage in unethical practices related to scientific publishing, such as selling fake scientific manuscripts or offering authorship positions for a fee. These organizations have been identified in various scientific disciplines, and their activities include plagiarism, data fabrication, redundant publications, and copyright breaches. The prevalence of paper mills has led to the retraction of numerous publications, with over 1000 papers identified as originating from paper mills since January 2020. These papers are often associated with fraudulent practices and are typically retracted or labeled with expressions of concern. The International Association of Scientific, Technical, and Medical Publishers has launched a tool to detect papers generated by paper mills, aiming to tackle research fraud. The increasing frequency of retracted papers originating from paper mills poses a challenge for the research community, highlighting the need for new mechanisms to identify and prevent this type of misconduct. Professionals may opt for paper mills for various reasons. One reason is the pressure to publish to achieve academic success, which has led to unethical practices in academia, including the use of paper mills to buy authorship positions or obtain fake scientific manuscripts. Another reason could be the convenience and cost-effectiveness of using paper mills to have work published in reputable journals without going through the rigorous peer review process. Additionally, some professionals may turn to paper mills due to the desire for mass production of papers with a consistent intaglio pattern or to meet specific industry standards. It is important for editors of academic journals to be aware of the potential targeting by paper mills and implement editorial procedures to counteract these fraudulent practices. In my view, paper mills are hazardous for research, unethical, and should be discouraged, as they may promote fake data and may cause defamation of the journal as well as publishing authority and professionals. Therefore, I wish to caution you to be vigilant against such misconduct, as it could jeopardize the reputation of both the journal and the institution. I wish you and the whole editorial team best of luck for this and upcoming issues of the journal. PROF. DR. ZAFAR ALI CHOUDRY (T.I), Vice Chancellor Faisalabad Medical University Faisalabad Pakistan

Characteristics and risk factors of pharmacist misconduct in New Zealand: a retrospective nationwide analysis

BackgroundProfessional misconduct has evolved into a worldwide concern, involving various forms and types of behaviours that contribute to unsafe practices. This study aimed to provide insights into the patterns characterising pharmacist misconduct and uncover underlying factors contributing to such instances in New Zealand.MethodsThis research examined all cases of pharmacist misconduct sourced from the Health Practitioners Disciplinary Tribunal (HPDT) database in New Zealand since 2004. Characteristics of the sampled pharmacists and cases were extracted, followed by a systematic coding of the observed misconduct issues. Identification of risk factors was accomplished through content analysis techniques, enabling an assessment of their prevalence across various forms of misconduct.ResultsThe dataset of pharmacist misconduct cases comprised 58 disciplinary records involving 55 pharmacists. Seven types of misconduct were identified, with the most commonly observed being quality and safety issues related to drug, medication and care, as well as criminal conviction. A total of 13 risk factors were identified and systematically classified into three categories: (1) social, regulatory, and external environmental factors, (2) systematic, organisational, and practical considerations in the pharmacy, and (3) pharmacist individual factors. The most frequently mentioned and far-reaching factors include busyness, heavy workload or distraction; health impairment issues; and life stress or challenges.ConclusionsThe patterns of pharmacist misconduct are complicated, multifaceted, and involve complex interactions among risk factors. Collaborative efforts involving individual pharmacists, professional bodies, responsible authorities, policy-makers, health funders and planners in key areas such as pharmacist workload and well-being are expected to mitigate the occurrence of misconduct. Future research should seek to uncover the origins, manifestations, and underlying relationships of various contributing factors through empirical research with appropriate individuals.

On professional destabilization and accounting self-regulation

The accounting profession faces significant upheaval due to numerous destabilizations in its environment, with financialization being particularly impactful. This paper introduces a theoretical framework to dissect how the profession reacts to such disruptions. We posit that destabilizations give rise to novel types of misconduct, leading professional bodies to re-evaluate their definitions of (un)acceptable accounting behaviours. However, the intrinsically nebulous essence of accounting's foundational logic muddies these recalibrations. This vagueness, when paired with evolving misconduct, undermines specific regulatory measures, possibly instigating further destabilization. Our proposed accounting destabilization and regulation framework is exemplified through a case study focusing on the emerging regulation of valuation advisory work – a service line that is emblematic of financialization – in a Canadian provincial jurisdiction. This case underscores the challenges the profession faces due to financialization, highlighting the current regulatory strategy that treats valuation work as a strictly technical process; an approach that we show is inadequate in mitigating valuation-related misconduct. The paper enriches the literature by introducing a novel theoretical framework for evaluating emerging challenges in accounting regulation, and by delineating the case study's repercussions for the evolving financialized landscape of the accounting profession.

Threats to Blue Networks: The Effect of Partner Injuries on Police Misconduct

Police culture creates an “us versus them” dynamic, which, at its worst, treats threats to the “thin blue line” as worthy of group response. Prior research documents such a group threat process as a possible mechanism for police misconduct, but few studies have analyzed the precise network relationships that serve as the conduit for a misconduct response. Using data on misconduct, officer injuries, and officer networks within the Chicago Police Department (CPD) between 2004 and 2015, this study examines the extent to which injuries officers receive from civilians might elicit a misconduct response from officers’ peers, and especially their direct network associates. Findings demonstrate that network ties to injured officers predict higher levels of subsequent misconduct, especially for officers with stronger ties to the injured officer. Furthermore, the effects of peer injury on subsequent misconduct are contingent on the race of the suspect involved: officers whose peers are injured are linked to more use of excessive force, as well as other types of misconduct, when the suspects involved are Black. These findings support our central hypothesis of a networked group threat response that links peer injuries to police misconduct.

The legislative regulation of sexual misconduct by educators in South African public schools

This article explores the impact of education legislation on the failure to adequately address sexual misconduct by educators toward learners in South African public schools. The Employment of Educators Act 76 of 1998 is the central piece of legislation regulating the employment of departmental educators. Secs. 17and 18 of the EEA are analysed with reference to 48 arbitration awards issued by the Education Labour Relations Council. Three shortcomings are identified. First, the EEA describes the types of misconduct with which educators may be charged, but makes a distinction between “serious misconduct” listed in sec.17 (which attracts mandatory dismissal) and “misconduct” in sec. 18 (where dismissal is discretionary). The only two types of sexual misconduct expressly listed in sec. 17 of the EEA are sexual assault and sexual relationships with learners. Relevant arbitration awards show that other types of sexual misconduct encountered in public schools are often as serious. Secondly, the failure to expressly mention more types of sexual misconduct in the EEA (for example, sexual harassment and sexual grooming) often results in charges against educators based on catch-all provisions in the EEA such as “improper conduct”. This sanitises the seriousness and high incidence of certain types of sexual misconduct. In turn, it has two detrimental effects on the effective management ofsexual misconduct. Educators who are guilty of the types of sexual misconduct omitted from the EEA are not always dismissed. It also prevents proper recording and recognition of the systemic nature of specific types of sexual misconduct. Thirdly, sec. 18(3) of the EEA provides for a range of sanctions (notably fines) between a final warning and dismissal, and for the imposition of a combination of sanctions short of dismissal. This results in educators not beingdismissed, despite being guilty of serious sexual misconduct. The article argues for the express inclusion and description – in sec. 17 of the EEA – of a broader range of types of sexual misconduct often encountered in schools and for a change in approach to how sanction for misconduct is regulated by sec. 18(3) of the EEA. This will assist role players in correctly identifying the types of sexual misconduct involved, will lead to more consistent and appropriate charges against offenders, will result in more appropriate (and serious) sanctions imposed, and will provide clarity about the incidence of different types of educator sexual misconduct as the basis for further policy responses.

Scientific misconduct: A cross-sectional study of the perceptions, attitudes and experiences of Spanish researchers

ABSTRACT This study sought to identify the perceptions, attitudes and experiences of Spanish researchers regarding different aspects relating to scientific misconduct, both overall and by gender, years of research experience, and type of research institution. This is a cross-sectional study based on an anonymous online survey, targeting researchers in the field of biomedicine. The survey comprised a first block (13 questions) covering sociodemographic data, and a second block (14 questions) covering researchers’ perceptions, attitudes and experiences. A descriptive analysis was performed. 403 researchers answered the survey: 51.1% (n = 205) women, median age 45 years. The observed frequency of scientific misconduct was 78.8%. Additionally, 43.3% of researchers acknowledged having intentionally engaged in some type of scientific misconduct (self-reported frequency). The most frequent type of scientific misconduct was false authorship. The most frequent types of both observed and self-reported scientific misconduct did not appear to differ by years of experience but did differ by gender and type of research institution. In conclusion, there is a high frequency of scientific misconduct among Spanish biomedical science researchers as 4 of 10 researchers recognized that took part in any type of scientific misconduct. There are differences between the most frequent types of misconduct according to different characteristics, mainly type of institution.

Intention to report misconduct of the Royal Malaysian Police: Examining perceived offence seriousness, perceived disciplinary fairness and perceived legitimacy

The intention to report misconduct is the inclination of police officers to disclose wrongdoing perpetrated by other officers, whereas the code of silence is an unwritten policy prohibiting officers from reporting the misbehaviour of their colleagues. Hence, officers have the choice either to remain silent or to report any misconduct by their colleagues. This article investigates the determinants of the intention to report misconduct by Royal Malaysian Police (RMP) officers from the commercial crime investigation department. Organizational theory is used to form the framework and develop the hypotheses. Three hypotheses are developed concerning the intention to report RMP officer misconduct using three elements: perceived offence seriousness, perceived disciplinary fairness and perceived legitimacy. Face-to-face and online survey questionnaires were used as data collection methods. In total, 170 questionnaires were distributed, and 151 completed questionnaires were useable. The questionnaire contained four scenarios illustrating various forms of misconduct; each contained seven questions measuring police officers’ perception and assessment of their intention to report, perceived seriousness of the offence, perceived disciplinary fairness and other intentions to report. Ordinal logistic regression analysis revealed that perceived offence seriousness and perceived legitimacy had a strong positive relationship with officer intentions to report misconduct. This study has important implications for national and international policymakers to find out how well officers understand their agency's rules on misconduct as well as their opinions about the seriousness of the different types of misconduct, the appropriate discipline for the misconduct and their willingness to report the behaviour.

Investigating dual harm and misconduct in Northern Ireland: A 1‐year follow‐up

AbstractPurposeThis study investigates whether men who engage in dual harm while imprisoned are disproportionately involved in committing misconduct during a 1‐year follow‐up period. It also examines whether dual harm is significantly associated with future involvement in misconduct, when other known risk factors for misconduct are considered, and whether this relationship varies depending on the type of misconduct examined.MethodsDrawing on the administrative records of 430 men who were imprisoned during the 1‐year follow‐up period, a combination of descriptive statistics and negative binominal regressions was used to analyse the data.ResultsRoughly one‐in‐four men engaged in dual harm while imprisoned and were responsible for over half of all misconduct incidents recorded during the follow‐up period. A significant relationship between dual harm, as well as violence‐only harm compared to no harm, and future involvement in misconduct was also observed even when other known risk factors for misconduct were considered but only for violent and disorder‐related misconduct, demonstrating this relationship varied by harm history and type of misconduct examined.ConclusionThese findings address previous gaps in knowledge, advancing our understanding of the relationship between dual harm and misconduct. Possible explanations for why, compared to no‐harm history, dual harm as well as violence‐only harm was only related to violent and disorder‐related misconduct are offered, alongside possible implications of this research for policy and practice.

Examining the prevalence of experiencing sexual misconduct and reporting to Title IX and counseling services across student race/ethnicity: Findings from the 2019 Association of American Universities survey

AbstractResearch SummaryWe examined the prevalence of experiencing sexual misconduct—rape, contact sexual violence, sexual harassment—in college and whether students reported to Title IX coordinators or campus counseling services by students’ race/ethnicity. Data from the 2019 Association of American Universities survey (unweighted N = 160,387) were used to estimate multilevel logistic regression models. Across this sample, 44.70% of students experienced sexual misconduct victimization; among victim‐survivors who contacted a program, 19.85% reported to Title IX and 45.63% contacted campus counseling services. Black students did not significantly differ from White students in their experiences with sexual misconduct, yet Asian students were significantly less likely than White students to experience all types of sexual misconduct. Black and Asian students had lower odds of reporting sexual misconduct to Title IX (though results vary by type of misconduct), but Black students had higher odds of reporting to campus counseling services across all types of sexual misconduct.Policy ImplicationsSexual misconduct victimization is a common experience for American college students. In response, decades of changes to federal and state laws and policies have focused on increasing reporting to campus Title IX coordinators; however, reporting to Title IX remains a rare occurrence. Reporting barriers are greatest among Black and Asian students. Campuses must address barriers in reporting to Title IX and do so in ways that are equitable for all students. Further, campuses must review their current and planned investment in counseling services and culturally centered services to ensure that they have the appropriate resources to serve students.

A comprehensive overview of studies that assessed article retractions within the biomedical sciences

ABSTRACT This study aims to provide a comprehensive overview of previous research that has investigated retractions within the biomedical fields and assess their methodological quality. We searched three major electronic databases for articles on retractions within the biomedical field: PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus. In total, 162 articles were included in the analysis. We evaluated their methodological quality using the items of “a measurement tool to assess systematic reviews” (AMSTAR-2) checklist and the Cochrane guidance. The studies had been published in more than 20 biomedical disciplines or fields of investigation, and two-thirds were published after 2017. Concerning methodology, none of the studies fulfilled all the suggested items; five studies did not meet any of the suggested AMSTAR-2 categories or Cochrane guidelines. The most prevalent reported reasons for retraction were fraud and plagiarism (21.0%). In summary, there has been increasing interest in assessing the characteristics and impact of retractions in the biomedical sciences. The studies cited types of misconduct more often than honest errors as a major reason for retraction. The methodological quality of the existing studies in this area appears to be suboptimal. Future investigators should improve upon this, particularly in the quality of the data selection and extraction.

TEMPORAL LIMITS OF THE REALIZATION OF THE CIVIL RIGHT OF A PERSON

This scientific work is devoted to the study of the topical issue of the temporal limits of subjective civil law. The main thesis is argued that the exercise of the right is possible only during its existence. At the same time, it should be noted that the exercise or non-exercise of one's civil right depends entirely on the will of the authorized person. Such implementation of the powers laid down in the law can take place through the active action of the managed person, or by requiring him to perform an action from the debtor. But the corresponding act should be carried out within the limits of the existence of the right. It is necessary to distinguish between the period of existence of the material right itself and the period of its belonging to a certain person. For example, ownership of a certain thing will exist as long as the thing itself exists. However, during this time, the owner of this property may change several times. But the change of specific owners does not affect the period of existence of civil law. Thus, it is emphasized that the time factor is necessarily part of civil relations. The work analyzes the protection of the interests of legal subjects by establishing certain limits of the exercise of subjective rights and establishing the duty of each authorized person to exercise their rights properly. The determination of the limits of the exercise of subjective rights is not considered as a limitation of these rights, but as a legal expression of the already existing equal position of people in the system of social relations. The article critically evaluates the outdated classic thesis, according to which going beyond the limits of legal equilibrium by carrying out an "untimely" civil action is an abuse of law, a special type of misconduct aimed at the realization by the subject of legal relations of his subjective interest with a negative content, which manifests itself in violation of the subjective rights of other persons. It turns out that in a temporal sense such a qualification is simply impossible. Exercising a subjective right outside the limits of its existence cannot be qualified as an abuse of the right, because the right, in fact, does not yet exist or no longer exists. Actions by a person outside the limits of permitted conduct or the validity period of the right will be considered as the actions of a person to whom the right does not belong at all. Therefore, abusing the right through "untimely" application of it during its validity is impossible, exercising the powers that were part of the right outside its time limits will be a common offense.

Retracted papers originating from paper mills: cross sectional study

ObjectivesTo describe retracted papers originating from paper mills, including their characteristics, visibility, and impact over time, and the journals in which they were published.DesignCross sectional study.SettingThe Retraction Watch database was...

A Study on Causes of Divorce in Rickshaw Pullers of Sylhet City Having Depression

Introduction: Causes of divorce may range from factors as diverse as the personal psychological characteristics of one or both spouses to the stresses of economic hardship and community disintegration. From a larger perspective, the role of divorce in modern societies and its relatively high incidence both flow from the same complex factors that have made good marriages so much more central to people's happiness than through most of the past and deterioration of a marital relationship so much more distressing. Methods: This study adopted a cross-sectional design, in Sylhet city, from 2019 to 2020 and it was mainly quantitative. However, qualitative data were collected from policymakers, i.e. the responsible person in Sylhet city, and discussion and documents. Quantitative data were collected from rickshaw pullers who were divorced by their wives from different areas in Sylhet city. A structured questionnaire was used for data collection from rickshaw pullers. Result: The mean age was found 36.25±SD years. The majority 39(48.8%) rickshaw pullers had primary education. All rickshaw pullers were in low-income group status. Out of the total study population, 47(58.8%) had ≤10 hours of working time, and 33(41.3%) had >10 hours of working time. As multiple responses were accepted, there were rickshaw pullers who reported many types of misconduct from passengers and police. Almost all rickshaw pullers reported that the passengers belittled them. This was closely followed by “scolded” 86.3%, “paid unjust fare” 68.8%, and 48.8% of rickshaw pullers had “quarrel over fare” with passengers. It was evident that 36.3% and 40.0% of rickshaw pullers were “physically assaulted” and compel sitting, holding their ear by the passengers and police respectively. The majority 60(75.0%) of wives divorced their husbands due to domestic violence, 56(70.0%) due to too much conflict and arguing, 52(65.0%) due to substance abuse, 50(62.5%) due to lack of commitment, 48(60.0%) due to ...........

Publication pressure threatens the integrity of palaeontological research

Publications are the de facto currency of academia. Academics, palaeontologists included, are judged by publication metrics, which usually include the impact factor of the journal in which they publish, the number of publications, and the number of citations. However, in the race to publish in high-impact journals and the pressure to increase research productivity, sometimes corners are cut, leading to an increase in scientific and other types of misconduct. In this paper, we demonstrate how ethical, and even legal, transgressions within palaeontology, particularly regarding the provenance of fossil specimens, are inherently related to the pressure faced by academic researchers to publish “novel” studies in high-impact journals. We note how papers in high-impact journals follow a consistent theme of either showcasing novel evidence or methods, or describing charismatic or unusual specimens, often dinosaur-related. We examine notable recent examples of these papers that have been linked to ethical and legal problems, which have ironically been brought to light by virtue of the paper being widely publicised as highly “impactful”. Finally, we discuss the importance of developing an ethical framework for scientific publishing, which currently does not exist; only a handful of professional palaeontological bodies, including societies and journals, have independently developed policies to combat these issues. As long as the culture of “publish or perish” lingers in palaeontology, there will be no incentive for more ethical research that better serves both science and society to prevail.