Types Of Language Use Research Articles

Crazy literature

Abstract In this paper, we investigate crazy literature, a newly emerged genre on Chinese Internet in which posters portray themselves as being mentally instable or, simply, insane. Based on data collected from the Internet and findings from a survey of college students, we argue that the image created by crazy literature is best captured by the notion of mock self-impoliteness. That is, although the image of insanity is damaging to the self-face of the poster, the impolite self-image is a persona, not the real image, motivated by transactional effectiveness. In addition, crazy literature helps the blogger to appear humorous, to express their helplessness in vulnerable situations, and to gain a sense of belonging. Our paper, therefore, contributes to the pragmatics literature by drawing scholars’ attention to a (possibly) hitherto non-existent type of language use, offering an analysis of the genre that is innovative, and demonstrating a need for investigating Internet pragmatics seriously.

HATE SPEECH ON SOCIAL MEDIA: INDONESIAN NETIZENS’ HATE COMMENTS OF PRESIDENTIAL TALK SHOWS ON YOUTUBE

Hate comments on digital platforms, particularly social media, pose a significant threat to online investigations and present a complex issue for linguistic culture. Previous studies have mainly focused on the analysis of moderation strategies regarding this type of language use on the internet. In contrast, little attention has been given to identifying which hate comments on the internet are considered problematic. The current study investigates the phenomena of Indonesian netizens’ hate comments regarding the presidential election in 2024 on YouTube talk shows uploaded in 2023. By analyzing 315 datasets using Nvivo software, it shows that early warning (43%) is mostly employed by Indonesian netizens, followed by dehumanization and demonization (21%), violence and incitement (19%), and offensive language (17%) respectively. Moreover, it is found that anonymity and personality traits are the factors contributing to hate comments related to the 2024 presidential election. The factors influence Indonesian netizens in early-warning hate comments. The implications of the present study highlight the importance of examining the online behavior and language usage in online communication among Indonesian netizens. This understanding can help in mitigating hate comments on online platforms and in society as a whole.

Teacher and students’ awareness of Language use

Language awareness (LA) is a term defined as the knowledge about language and language use which encompasses an awareness of language from the learner’s perspective, an awareness of the learner’s developing inter-language, and an awareness of the extent to which the language content of materials/lessons poses difficulties for students. Teacher language awareness is knowledge about language (subject-matter knowledge) and knowledge of language (language proficiency) of a teacher which is metacognitive nature. Students language awareness includes examining how language varies in a range of social and cultural settings, examining how people’s attitudes vary towards language, and examining how oral and written language affects listeners and readers. There are three types of language use: communicative language practice, structured communication practice, and authentic communication practice. Domains of language use involve three factors: topic, role relation, and locale.

Beyond idioms, the use of metaphor in ELF academic settings: A comprehensive review

The ubiquity of metaphor in academic communication in English is well attested, as are the important ideational, interpersonal and textual functions it fulfils. It is thus surprising that this type of language use has received very little research attention in contexts where English is being used as Lingua Franca (ELF), as English as the Medium of Instruction (EMI) is becoming ever more prevalent in higher education institutes across Europe. Here we review the existing research into metaphor in English in academic discourse and in ELF, finding that in the latter case, the focus has mostly been on idioms rather than metaphor more generally. We discuss the methodological issues that arise from attempts to describe the use of metaphor by non-native speakers of English (NNE) in academic contexts and introduce a new resource for studying this phenomenon in academic talk, the METCLIL corpus, which has been fully tagged for metaphor use. In turn, we summarise three research articles recently published in the Journal of Pragmatics which examine this corpus, looking at different types of metaphor use in nine Business and Marketing seminars in universities across Europe.

ANALISIS PENGGUNAAN GAYA BAHASA PERBANDINGAN KUMPULAN PUISI PERJAMUAN RINDU KARYA DIANA PUTERI ZAHRO

This study aims to describe the types of language use and educational values ??contained in the poetry collection "Perjamuan Rindu" by Diana Puteri Zahro which will be published in 2021. This study used descriptive qualitative method. The data source in this research is a collection of poems contained in the poem Perjamuan Rindu by Diana Puteri Zahro. Data collection techniques in research use content analysis (Text) techniques. In qualitative research, content analysis or content analysis is used. The results of this study indicate that the use of comparative figurative language in the poetry collection "Perjamuan Rindu" by Diana Puteri Zahro has types of figurative language: personification, parable/simile, metaphor, allegory. From the language style data there are 21 pieces of data. In the Personification language style there are 5 data, Parable/Simile there are 2 data, Metaphor there are 8 data, Allegory there are 6 data.

HUMOROUS SKILL OF THE WRITER MARHABAT BAIGUT

The article analyzes the problem of humor in the works of the writer Marhabat Baigut. The place and artistic function of humor in the ideological, thematic, author-worldview, figurative and stylistic terms in the writer's prose works are studied. The writer's unique style in the use of humor is seen as a creative achievement. The pathos that evokes the reader's amusement and easy smile comes from the character of the work, the behavior of the characters, the skills, the actions, the general pictorial components. Situations created by humor in depicting everyday life and reality, conflicts, relationships, types of language use are differentiated, and humor is recognized as one of the most rational techniques found in the writer's works. The active use of dialogue in the works under study in order to comprehensively cover, accurately and clearly convey what the writer wants to say, through the use of humor, language turns, short and unexpected sentences, a successful monologue, dialogue characterized by naturalness, as well as the author's narrative patterns, details are shown on concrete examples and confirmed by the concept in scientific works. It is also said about his good humor, which leads the reader to serious thoughts, light, sincere jokes in a friendly atmosphere perform an important social function. The goal was to identify the place of humor in the writer's work, which is deeply connected with the identity of the Kazakh people.

Between Pluricentrism and Transculturalism: Issues of the Language of Hungarian Literature in Slovakia

This study examines a specific type of language use in contemporary Hungarian literature in Slovakia. The literary works of several Hungarian authors in Slovakia include a language based on the contact phenomena and regional dialectics of the Hungarian and Slovak languages. This phenomenon is interpreted using the methodological tools of pluricentrism, which serves as a theoretical framework for the linguistic interpretation, and transculturalism, which is a point of departure for literary analysis. The interpretation of language contact phenomena, the levels of hybridisation and dialect focuses on the works of Gábor Kálmán, Lajos Grendel, Mila Haugová, Anikó N. Tóth, Anikó Polgár, Norbert György, Zoltán Hizsnyai, Árpád Tőzsér, Pál Száz.

A Comparative Study of Metadiscourse Markers in the Abstract Sections of Research Articles Written by Turkish and English Researchers

The present research aims to investigate interactive and interactional metadiscourse markers in the abstract sections of academic research articles written in Turkish and English. Two disciplines, namely, Special Education and Preschool Education, are selected for the research. Three different types of language use are examined: English articles written by native speakers of English, English articles written by Turkish speakers, and Turkish articles written by Turkish speakers. Following Hyland and Tse’s (2004) metadiscourse taxonomy, a corpus of 300 research articles abstract published by international journals, is used to investigate the metadiscourse markers. After the detailed analysis, the chi-square test is aimed to be used to clarify the probable differences. The results of the study indicate that, in terms of interactive and interactional metadiscourse markers, there are differences across the languages. To be more precise, statistically significant differences were found in the use of frame markers, code glosses, hedges, boosters, and self-mentions. Turkish writers used boosters and frame markers more frequently, while native speakers of English used hedges, code glosses, and self-mentions more. Some suggestions were provided for academic writers to comply with the writing conventions of academic writing, especially research article abstracts.

Web survey data on the use of the English language in the Japanese workplace

AbstractThis study sought to determine the extent to which English has spread in Japanese society. It analyses large‐scale web panel‐based questionnaire survey data and estimates English use frequency using a bias correction method. The results show that for most types of English use investigated, the average frequencies were less than five times a year, the proportions of English users were less than 20%, and these frequencies varied according to the type of language use and workers’ attributes. These findings suggest that English use in Japan is limited to a small specific group of workers. Furthermore, the use of English productive skills was shown to be less than 10%, whereas the use of English receptive skills and other cross‐linguistic behaviours were more common. Based on these findings, this study discusses the scale of the spread of English in Japan from the perspective of English use frequency.

“So begins the demise of #Superman from Metropolis”: Consumers’ Twitter reactions to an athlete’s transgression

When athlete transgressions occur both on and off the field, there can be negative impacts on stakeholders. Therefore, it is essential to explore how consumers react to transgressions to gain a better understanding of how they can be successfully managed. The purpose of this study was to explore consumers’ Twitter reactions to an athlete’s transgression using a homophobic slur, drawing on critical discourse studies as a conceptual framework. Using Visual Twitter Analytics (Vista), tweets were collected over the 2017 Toronto Blue Jays’ season. For this study, the subset of tweets related to the incident were isolated. We found a duality in discourses, in that consumers shared perspectives for and against the use of homophobic language in sport. Practically, many consumers supported the idea of athletes being assigned a punishment for this type of language use. While consequences may satisfy some consumers, a cultural change within the organization and fan base is required to create an inclusive sport environment regarding language use.

Probing phonological structure in play language: Speaking backwards in Zenzontepec Chatino

Play languages (also known as language games or ludlings) represent a special type of language use that is well known to shed useful light on linguistic structure. This paper explores a syllable transposition play language in Zenzontepec Chatino that provides evidence for the segmental inventory, syllable structure, the limits of the phonological word, the prosodic status of inflectional formatives, and the autonomy of tone, all of which aligns with independent phonological evidence in the language. While recent theoretical and cross-linguistic studies have questioned the nature, and even the validity, of constituents such as the phonological word, the syllable, and the onset, this study provides an example of a language with strongly manifested phonological constituents. The study also highlights the importance of in-depth analysis of less-studied languages for linguistic theory, typology, and language maintenance or reclamation for communities.

A direct comparison of metonymic and metaphoric relations in adjective–noun pairs

Theories on metaphor and metonymy make different claims about the nature of the underlying processes in the computation of these two types of language use, i.e., whether they differ or not. Experimental investigations of metonymy and metaphor have generally not compared these two phenomena in a straightforward manner among others due to structural variability. To overcome this shortcoming, we conducted a study in German that used adjective–noun combinations to contrast metaphor and metonymy directly in an ERP-study during reading for comprehension. By combining three different nouns with one adjective in predicative position we construed adjective–noun pairs with literal (the baby was lively), metonymic (the eyes were lively) or metaphoric (the speed was lively) relations. The data revealed a more pronounced N400 for the metaphoric relations in comparison to the literal controls. We argue that the enhanced cost for metaphors reflects the activation process of two unrelated domains via mapping or extended predication. The metonymic adjective–noun pairs only showed a small trend to differ from the other two conditions. This might indicate that metonymies require mapping processes or shifts only within a single domain or domain matrix. Moreover, in contrast to previous studies, we did not find a Late Positivity. We explain this result with regard to different discourse representational consequences arising during combinatorial processing.

Language Control and Code-switching

Analyses of corpus-based indices of conversational code-switching in bilingual speakers predict the occurrence of intra-sentential code-switches consistent with the joint activation of both languages. Yet most utterances contain no code-switches despite good evidence for the joint activation of both languages even in single language utterances. Varying language activation levels is an insufficient mechanism to explain the variety of language use. We need a model of code-switching, consistent with the joint activation of both languages, which permits the range of language use in bilingual speakers. I treat overt speech as the outcome of a number of competitive processes governed by a set of control processes external to the language networks. In a conversation, the speech of the other person may “trigger” code-switches consistent with bottom-up control. By contrast, the intentions of the speaker may act top-down to set the constraints on language use. Given this dual control perspective, the paper extends the control process model (Green and Wei 2014) to cover a plausible neurocomputational basis for the construction and execution of utterance plans in code-switching. Distinct control states mediate different types of language use with switching frequency as a key parameter in determining the control state for code-switches. The paper considers the nature of these states and their transitions.

Emphasizing the use of literature as an effectual technique for teaching Language: A Study

This paper aims at emphasizing the use of literature as an effectual technique for teaching both basic language skills (i.e. reading, writing, listening and speaking) and language areas (i.e. and vocabulary, grammar and pronunciation). Reasons for using literary texts in foreign language that is English and the main criteria for selecting apposite literary texts in foreign language classes are hassled as the only language in which all subjects travel is English. Moreover the teaching of language skill’s benefits is obtained through altered genres of literature (i.e. poetry, short fiction, drama and novel). Literature in a language classroom provides adequate space for the learners to observe, validate and mirror themselves. The purpose of using literature in a language classroom is to formulate the class interactive and it can be assured that an interactive class can apparently develop communicative competence of the learners and remain an enduring impact on their mind. Such a class can develop the decisive thinking abilities of the learners and at the same time preserve a learner centre environment. The use of literature is to focus on the positive contributions of a literary text as it exposes the learner to different registers, types of language use. Literature plays an important role in the English programs of many non-English speaking countries. However, there are some problems encountered by language teachers within the area of teaching English through literature. First, there are very few pedagogically-designed suitable materials that can be used by language teachers in a language classroom. Second, there is a lack of groundwork in the area of literature teaching in TESL / TEFL programs. Third, there is the nonexistence of clear-cut objectives defining the role of literature in ESL /EFL. The teacher has a significant role in teaching English through literature. Literature is not only a device for developing the written and oral skills of the students in the intention language but also is a window opening into the culture of the target language, building up a cultural proficiency in students.

EUPHEMISMS THROUGH TIME: THE RHETORICAL POWER OF PALLIATION

The paper is an overview of the ideas and theoretical frameworks relevant to studying euphemisms, words/expressions used for the purpose of avoiding the negative effect associated with non-euphemistic more negatively connoted alternatives. Euphemisms are discussed in relation to rhetoric, stylistics, pragmatics and discourse analysis, which all provide insight into the motives for the use of these palliative expressions. The overview of the ideas shows that different theoretical frameworks, though they belong to different periods of time, recognize euphemisms as a convenient tool for communicating meaning in a way that can support only the speakerʼs interests. This means that euphemisms can be discussed as a type of language use by means of which the speaker can impose a preferred interpretation of meaning, and, as far as the motives for euphemization are concerned, they should be examined more closely in accordance with the specificities of context and discourse in which euphemisms are used.

Studying Languages in the Linguistic Landscape of Lijiang Old Town

<p>As one of the new developments in the field of applied linguistics, linguistic landscape research has attracted many international scholars’ attention in recent years. The research examined the types of language use and their distributions, especially the use of the bilingual and multilingual signs, and the attitudes of local governmental officials, shop owners or employees, domestic and international tourists towards the use of Chinese, Dongba scripts, and English. Both quantitative and qualitative methods were employed to explore the research subjects. To be specific, digital camera was used for data collection of quantitative analysis, and questionnaires and interviews were also adopted for qualitative analysis. The analyses of research results showed that the linguistic landscapes of Fuhui Street and Xinhua Street indicated significant difference.</p>

Pragmatics of fiction: Literary uses of uh and um

For some time now fictional language has been recognized as a legitimate source of data for pragmatic analyses as long as it is studied on its own terms and not as a less than perfect representation of other types of language use. The planners uh and um are particularly interesting elements because of their pervasive and nevertheless often inconspicuous nature in spoken language. In fictional language they are less frequent and more conspicuous. They may even serve as stylistic devices as is shown by a brief analysis of the use of uh and um in Douglas Adams’ mock science fiction novel The Hitchhikers’ Guide to the Galaxy.

“Okay, I will say in Korean and then in American”: Translanguaging practices in bilingual homes

Building on the research on translanguaging practices in classrooms (e.g. García, 2009 ; Sayer, 2011 ) and immigrant families’ literacy practices (e.g. Gregory et al., 2004; Li, 2006 ), this qualitative study explores the nature of translanguaging practices of four Korean bilingual children and their families in home literacy events. Participant observation with video recordings and field notes was used to gather data, and the data analysis focused on the literacy events defined by Heath (1982) and types of language use. The findings demonstrated that bilingual children and their family members used their two languages flexibly and strategically to create and negotiate meaning. Using both languages contributed to clarifying meaning in communication and expanding children’s linguistic repertoires in their heritage language as well as in English. This study takes a particularized look at bilingual children’s language experience in out-of-school contexts by focusing on families’ ways of using their two languages to support their children’s heritage language development in literacy events.

Just Reading? How Gender-Fair Language Triggers Readers’ Use of Gender-Fair Forms

Gender-fair language, that is, referring to men and women with symmetrical linguistic forms, has been found to promote gender equality, but it is largely unknown which factors help make gender-fair forms more common in everyday life. Two studies examined whether speakers of German used more gender-fair forms after reading a text with gender-fair wording (vs. masculine generics vs. no personal nouns vs. another topic). Both studies showed consistently that women used more gender-fair forms after reading the gender-fair text than the other texts, whereas men did not. Men employed more gender-fair forms only after being made aware of these forms (Study 2). To conclude, merely reading gender-fair texts enhances women’s inclination to use gender-fair language, whereas men need to be made aware of this type of language use. Both studies highlight the importance of using gender-fair language frequently and consistently in everyday life.

Neural correlates of second-language communication and the effect of language anxiety

Communicative speech is a type of language use that involves goal-directed action targeted at another person based on social interactive knowledge. Previous studies regarding one's first language (L1) have treated the theory of mind system, which is associated with understanding others, and the sensorimotor system, which is associated with action simulation, as important contributors to communication. However, little is known about the neural basis of communication in a second language (L2), which is limited in terms of its use as a communication tool. In this fMRI study, we manipulated the type of speech (i.e., communication vs. description) and the type of language (L1 vs. L2) to identify the specific brain areas involved in L2 communication. We also attempted to examine how the cortical mechanisms underlying L2 speech production are influenced by oral proficiency and anxiety regarding L2. Thirty native Japanese speakers who had learned English as an L2, performed communicative and descriptive speech-production tasks in both L1 and L2 while undergoing fMRI scanning. We found that the only the L2 communication task recruited the left posterior supramarginal gyrus (pSMG), which may be associated with the action simulation or prediction involved in generating goal-directed actions. Furthermore, the neural mechanisms underlying L2 communication, but not L2 description, were sensitive to both oral proficiency and anxiety levels; (a) activation in the left middle temporal gyrus (MTG) increased as oral proficiency levels increased, and (b) activation in the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), including the left insula, decreased as L2 anxiety levels increased. These results reflect the successful retrieval of lexical information in a pragmatic context and an inability to monitor social behaviors due to anxiety. Taken together, the present results suggest that L2 communication relies on social skills and is mediated by anxiety and oral proficiency.