Types Of Interdependencies Research Articles

Interdependencies between Urban Transport, Water, and Solid Waste Infrastructure Systems

Developing integrated, sustainable, and resilient urban systems requires consideration of the different types of interdependencies between their infrastructure systems. The degree and nature of interdependencies among infrastructure systems vary widely. This article identifies and analyzes the interdependencies between urban transport, water, and solid waste. A comprehensive review is conducted, an interdependency matrix for the three systems is developed, and the interdependencies are analyzed qualitatively. The analysis shows that the three systems are highly interdependent, indicating that an integrated approach that considers the mutual impacts, conflicts, and interactions among them at all stages of their life cycles is necessary to promote sustainability and resilience. This article also identifies opportunities for developing new integrated planning and design approaches and emphasizes the need for further research in this area to quantify infrastructure interdependencies. This is particularly important in the context of rapid urbanization and the pressure on cities to adapt to climate change.

A Study to Evaluate the Effectiveness of Competency Based Teaching on Knowledge regarding effects of Social Media Addiction on Health and Academic Performance among School Children of Selected School of Hubballi

The youth of today is the future of tomorrow. Besides education for citizenship, one needs to develop all the potentialities including physical, mental, social and spiritual and must prepare himself for not a single citizenship, but as four allied and inter-dependent types of citizenships of family, schools, country and world. The condition at home is changing the pattern of family and parents are anxious about the welfare of their children.1 They are encouraged on all sides by magazines, newspapers, radio and television to develop their child into a strong, healthy, stable minded adult but children are using technology and the internet for a large part of the day, from the internet and social media, to phones, apps, games, and other types of technology.An evaluative study was conducted among 50 school children’s of selected schools of Hubballi-Dharwad. Probability; Simple random sampling technique was used to select the sample and data was collected by structured knowledge questionnaire. The research design used for the study was pre-experimental: one group pre-test post-test design. Data analysis was done by using descriptive and inferential statistics. Overall result of the study revealed that Most of the subjects in the pre-test 31(62%) had average knowledge, 09(18%) had good knowledge and 10(20%) had poor knowledge. Whereas, in post-test after CBT, 40 (80%) had good knowledge and 10 (20%) had average knowledge. The study concluded thatcompetency based teaching was effective in improving knowledge regarding effects of social media addiction on health and academic performance among school children.

Raising student bilingualism through foreign language (English) teacher professional involvement

The bilingual process is widely observed among many people and many cultures. Out of the many different forms of bilingualism, the form of bilingualism that most often appears is the subsequent one, being the result of learning a second language in school settings. When developing this type of bilingualism, both the language competences of language teachers and the quality of their teaching talent are very important. In order to assess this type of interdependence, a study that focuses on the teachers’ skills and competences, on the one hand, and the impact L2 teachers have on students, on the other hand, was designed. The study involved 50 teachers and 100 students taught by them, all of them attending vocational secondary schools in southern Poland. All participants of the study (i.e. both the teachers and the students) were to answer six verification questions included in the Matura exam 2018. The results obtained during the research indicate the existence of an interdependence between the actual level of proficiency of foreign language (FL) teachers and the final evel of L2 proficiency presented by their students. Generally, the students led by language teachers with a higher overall level of communicative competence showed an overall better command of English in the survey.

How to interpret algorithmically constructed topical structures of scientific fields? A case study of citation-based mappings of the research specialty of invasion biology

Abstract Often, bibliometric mapping studies remain at a very abstract level when assessing the validity or accuracy of the generated maps. In this case study of citation-based mappings of a research specialty, we dig deeper into the topical structures generated by the chosen mapping approaches and examine their correspondence to a sociologically informed understanding of the research specialty in question. Starting from a lexically delineated bibliometric field data set, we create an internal map of invasion biology by clustering the direct citation network with the Leiden algorithm. We obtain a topic structure that seems largely ordered by the empirical objects studied (species and habitat). To complement this view, we generate an external map of invasion biology by projecting the field data set onto the global Centre for Science and Technology Studies (CWTS) field classification. To better understand the representation of invasion biology by this global map, we use a manually coded set of invasion biological publications and investigate their citation-based interlinking with the fields defined by the global field classification. Our analysis highlights the variety of types of topical relatedness and epistemic interdependency that citations can stand for. Unless we assume that invasion biology is unique in this regard, our analysis suggests that global algorithmic field classification approaches that use citation links indiscriminately may struggle to reconstruct research specialties.

The role of goal interdependence in couples’ relationship satisfaction: A meta-analysis

In the context of an increasingly egalitarian society, in which all genders are encouraged to be vocal about their goals and take equal growth opportunities, goal interdependence in couples has been repeatedly associated with relationship satisfaction. The aim of this meta-analysis was to provide evidence for the association between goal interdependence and relationship satisfaction in couples. We performed a random-effects analysis for the 32 reports and 49 independent samples that investigated three types of goal interdependence (goal support, goal congruence, and goal conflict) in association with relationship satisfaction. We found significant medium effect sizes between goal interdependence in general (r = .23) and relationship satisfaction, as well as between each type of goal interdependence and relationship satisfaction. The strongest effect size emerged for the association between goal congruence and relationship satisfaction (r = .43), followed by the association between goal support and relationship satisfaction (r = .28) and by the negative association between goal conflict and relationship satisfaction (r = −.29). From a theoretical standpoint, these results provide support for a key claim from the Transactive Goal Dynamics Theory that goal coordination between partners impacts relationship functioning. From a practical standpoint, they emphasize the need to consider goal interdependence in couples’ therapy, particularly in the current sociocultural context.

The Role of Interdependencies in Blockchain Adoption: The Case of Maritime Trade

Despite its many potential economic and organisational benefits, enterprise blockchain (distributed ledger) technology has still not been widely adopted. From the viewpoint of the participants, the deployment of a blockchain that links collaborating enterprises requires value creation that will exceed investment, including investment in operational and strategic change. The theory behind and practice of cross-enterprise open innovation can inform blockchain adoption. Blockchain implementation requires and creates interdependencies across collaborators, both among enterprise consortium partners and with stakeholders in the broader ecosystem. Distinguished from arm’s-length forms of collaboration, interdependencies occur when organisations intentionally collaborate to become reliant upon one another. In this paper, we develop a framework of blockchain interdependencies and explore key factors that promote or inhibit interdependence. We propose a blockchain collaboration continuum with three levels: cooperation, interdependence, and mutualism. We then explore factors that influence the level of interdependence: two types of consortium-level interdependencies—socio-technical and economic, and two types of ecosystem-level interdependencies—standards and legal/regulatory. We illustrate these interdependencies and their payoffs through the example of supply chains in maritime trade. This work can be used as a starting point for diagnosing critical factors influencing adoption and for illuminating points of leverage that may sway hesitant organisations to participate in blockchain consortia.

When and how do innovation ecosystems outperform integrated organizations? On technological interdependencies and ecosystem performance

PurposeStudies have documented the distinctive advantage of innovation ecosystems in integrating and recombining heterogeneous knowledge resources across firms' boundaries. However, hierarchical governance in the form of vertical integration is still preferred in many industries for organizing innovation, and the current literature touches little on the relative performance of different organizational structures (integrated firms vs innovation ecosystem) and the factors that lead firms to choose one over the other. The authors conjecture that structure of technological interdependence is one of such important factors. Using a computational experiment, the authors compare the innovation performance of ecosystems with integrated firms under different interdependency structures.Design/methodology/approachUsing the NKC model, the authors incorporate non-generic complementarities and modularity into the technological interdependence between different components. The authors compare four different types of technological interdependence (modular, hierarchical, nearly modular, and random).FindingsThe results show that integrated firms with centralized search demonstrate stable and consistent performance that is robust to the structure of technological interdependencies, but an ecosystem significantly outperforms integrated firms with centralized or decentralized when the products exhibit modular or nearly-modular structures.Originality/valueThis study sheds light on why an ecosystem often exhibits modular structures while vertical integration is prevalent in industries with complex technological interdependence. In addition, it shows the evolutionary nature of ecosystems and indicates how the cooperation and competition between actors shape the interdependence structure of ecosystems.

Gaining Influence within Ecosystems and Platforms

Research on organizational ecosystems and multi-sided platforms has recently attracted a lot of scholarly interest. The structure of technological interdependencies varies across ecosystems, resulting in different governance and market structures. In this symposium we will not present a dichotomy between “decentralised” ecosystems and “centralised” platforms. Instead, we bring together ecosystems and platforms research by highlighting different types of interdependencies and by examining how organizations gain influence within these different ecosystem structures. Decentralized Innovation Platforms Presenter: Aija Elina Leiponen; Cornell U. Presenter: Llewellyn D W Thomas; IESE Business School Presenter: Qian Wang; Cornell SC Johnson College of Business Dominant Complementors: The Problem and a Solution Presenter: Natalie Jane Burford; INSEAD The Impact of Aggregators on the Performance of Companies Inside a Platform Presenter: Eduardo Boada; IE Business School Presenter: Juan Santalo; IE Business School Technology Disclosure Restrictions, Structural Holes, and Firms' Influence in Innovation Ecosystems Presenter: Qingqing Chen; The Wharton School, U. of Pennsylvania

Communal coping and its association with marital relations and psychological outcomes among healthcare professionals during the COVID-19 pandemic.

BackgroundCommunal coping is a type of interdependency in which couples dealing with a health threat share assessment of a threat and respond together to the stress. The present study investigated communal coping in the COVID-19 pandemic and its association with psychological and relational outcomes among healthcare professionals.MethodsIn the present cross-sectional survey study, 242 healthcare professionals from hospitals and health centers were recruited via convenience sampling between August and October 2020. Communal coping with working conditions during the COVID-19 pandemic, dyadic adjustment, psychological distress, and fear of COVID-19 along with demographic and professional characteristics were assessed via an online survey.ResultsMultivariable linear regression showed that dyadic adjustment (β = 0.73), psychological distress (β = 0.16), fear of COVID-19 (β = 0.11), and support gap (β = −0.04) were significant independent variables associated with communal coping among healthcare professionals.ConclusionHealthcare professionals coped communally within the family in dealing with working conditions during the COVID-19 pandemic. Dyadic adjustment was the strongest predictor of communal coping among healthcare professionals.

The dynamics of systems integration: Balancing stability and change on London's Crossrail project

Systems integration is essential for the design and execution of large, complex projects, but relatively little is known about how this task develops over time during the life cycle of a project. This paper builds on the concept of “disciplined flexibility” to describe how systems integration can be conceived as a dynamic process of maintaining stability, while responding flexibly to changing conditions. We examine the dynamics of systems integration through a case-study of Crossrail, the construction of London's new urban railway system, which will be called the Elizabeth Line when it opens for service. The balancing act of stability and change manifests during critical periods of the project life cycle as various interdependent systems evolve with different degrees of maturity. We identify how various types of reciprocal interdependencies in complex projects such as Crossrail – at the system and system of systems levels – require ongoing monitoring and control, and the mutual adjustment of tasks.

Investigating Neural Substrates of Individual Independence and Interdependence Orientations via Efficiency-Based Dynamic Functional Connectivity: A Machine Learning Approach

The self-construal is one of the most significant cultural markers in humans. Accordingly, mapping the relationship between brain activity and self-construal contributes to understanding the nature of such psychological traits. Existing studies have mainly focused on static functional brain activities in specific brain regions. However, evidence has suggested that the functional connectivity (FC) of the brain network is dynamic over time and the high-level psychological processes might require collaboration among multiple regions. In the present study, we explored the dynamic connection patterns of the two most representative types of self-construal traits, namely, independence and interdependence, using machine learning-based models. We performed resting-state functional MRI (rs-fMRI) on a sample of young adults ( <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$n=359$ </tex-math></inline-formula> ) who completed Singelis’ Self-Construal Scale, and constructed the efficiency-based dynamic FC networks. XGBoost Regression was subsequently applied to learn the relationship between the dynamic FC and the two self-construals without any priori bias or hypothesis. The performance of the regression model was validated by the nested tenfold cross-validation. The results showed that the efficiency-based dynamic FC could identify the orientations of independence and interdependence. The comparison analyses revealed that prediction accuracy using this dynamic FC method was significantly improved compared to the conventional static FC method. By exploring key connectivities selected by the regression model, we observed that the independence orientation was mainly characterized by the right-hemisphere FC, while the interdependence orientation by the left-hemisphere FC. The results suggest that the self-construals are associated with distributed neural networks the entire brain. These findings provide the pivotal ingredients toward the biological essence of culturally related variables in the brain by taking advances in cultural psychology, neuroscience, together with machine-learning analytic technologies.

Formation of inter-project ties from the sender–recipient perspective: Roles of task interdependence and functional interdependence

Linkages between project teams are critical to project and programme performance. Taking a sender–recipient perspective, we examined the effects of task and functional interdependence on prompting project teams to form ties in the multi-stage programme context. In analysing data of 886 inter-project coordination tasks of a large-scale infrastructure programme in Dubai, findings highlight that the two types of interdependence operate in different ways at different stages of the programme. In the design stage, sender and recipient teams’ task interdependence is negatively related to the formation of inter-project ties, whereas the sender team's functional interdependence is positively related to the formation of inter-project ties. In the construction stage, the sender team's task and functional interdependence are negatively and positively, respectively, related to the formation of inter-project ties. In the handover stage, the formation of inter-project ties is positively influenced by prior ties in the construction stage. This research extends the understanding of inter-project coordination from the project networks perspective, and contributes novel knowledge of inter-project interactions in programme management.

The Dollar as a Mutual Problem: New Transatlantic Interdependence in Finance

When the 2007 global financial crisis hit financial markets, European leaders were quick to point the finger at US markets, excessive risk-taking, and insufficient regulation. However, it soon became apparent that European banks were more exposed than their Wall Street counterparts. With massive dollar liabilities, European banks were dependent on the US to act as a global lender of last resort. The crisis revealed a level of transatlantic interdependence that had been unknown to most observers and policymakers prior to the crisis. We argue that this represents a paradox, given that the project of the European Monetary Union was partly motivated by a desire to make Europe more independent from the US dollar. The euro was a response to the challenge of “it’s our dollar, but it’s your problem.” In this article, we examine how the European vulnerability to the US dollar that began post-Bretton Woods did not, in fact, disappear with the creation of a European currency. Instead, through financialization and deregulation, European financial markets developed new, complex interactions with US financial markets. This financialization of transatlantic banking flows created a new type of interdependence. As European banks were so heavily invested in US markets, this gave the US authorities a direct interest in bailing them out. While cross-border banking flows have decreased since the crisis, the interdependencies remain, and currency swaps were used once again to handle the economic fallout from Covid-19. In the area of financial and monetary policy, the transatlantic relationship remains strong and stable within a dollar hegemony.

50 Years of Sports Teams in Work Teams Research: Missed Opportunities and New Directions for Studying Team Processes

For the last 50 years, sports team samples have played a significant role in mainstream management literature. Prior research has analyzed different kinds of data, such as archival, survey-based, and interviews/observations, from a wide range of sports teams. These teams differ greatly in terms of contexts (i.e., recreational to intercollegiate to professional) and types of interdependence. We explore this body of work and focus on what is germane for the work teams literature as we examine 255 relevant articles spanning the years 1972–2021 in major management, organizational behavior (OB), human resource management (HRM), and strategy journals. Using the input-process-outcome model in our coding process, we identify the relative absence of the study of team processes. We develop a conceptual framework linking team interdependence, team processes, and the initiation and maintenance of these processes. This framework is intended to help guide future research on team processes in the context of sports team samples and enhance the generalizability of this research to the work teams domain. Additionally, we identify an agenda for future research using sports team samples for work groups/teams researchers. Overall, we intend to spur thoughtful and creative future research in the work groups/teams area using the rich field environment that sports teams present.

Managing project interdependencies in IT/IS project portfolios: a review of managerial issues

Adequately managing project interdependencies among diverse and simultaneous projects is deemed critical for successful implementation of project portfolios. The challenge is significant because it may entail managing a complex network of project interdependencies that keeps changing over time. The present study investigates the managerial challenges that may undermine effective management of project interdependencies in IT/IS project portfolios. The investigation is based on evidence from reviewing relevant literature and documented studies associated with managing project interdependencies. The main contribution of this study is to discuss three managerial challenges of project interdependencies in project portfolios. We discuss the challenges from three perspectives: types of interdependencies; patterns of interaction in interdependencies; and cost/benefit impact of project interdependencies.

Social interdependencies as facilitators of cooperative learning in new product development: The moderating effect of technological novelty

As automobile manufacturing firms often outsource third-party designers to produce key innovative components, the suppliers of these third-party designers must be capable of collaborative innovation through cooperative learning in today's changing technology and customers’ demands. However, research has rarely investigated how suppliers’ relationships - specifically, the mutual dependence among suppliers - can be leveraged to enhance cooperative learning and thus the final product quality. This research draws on social interdependence theory to examine the associations between two main types of interdependence (task and resources) and cooperative learning under different levels of technology novelty conditions. Based on data collected from automobile parts suppliers in China, the results indicate that resource and task interdependence were positively associated with cooperative learning. However, high task interdependence is unfavorable under high technological novelty; whereas, resource interdependence is a key driver of inter-organizational learning under higher levels of technological novelty. The results of this study have significant theoretical and implications for researchers and designers to nurture suppliers’ cooperative learning capabilities under diverse technology novelty conditions.

Truck driver scheduling with interdependent routes and working time constraints

In transportation and logistic applications, scheduling hours of service for multiple, interdependent truck drivers to ensure compliance with regulatory resting requirements and service time windows is an extremely challenging task. Models previously designed to schedule truck drivers with interdependent routes have been capable of capturing such scenarios. However, until now, there has been no efficient way to schedule drivers when facing multiple types of interdependency constraints. To overcome this challenge, we introduce properties of truck driver schedules under working time constraints for single-day journeys. A two-stage algorithm exploits these properties to quickly produce schedules for a large number of truck routes. The algorithm minimizes the latest completion time of multiple truck schedules while ensuring that all drivers can complete their route with sufficient recovery periods and within their working hours. Computational experiments demonstrate the superiority of the approach compared to both existing algorithms and a mathematical programming approach. • Identification of properties of truck driver schedules. • Backtracking algorithm employing the properties. • Multiple types of route interdependencies can be tackled. • The proposed algorithm outperforms all pre-existing methods.

Оценка и развитие профессионализма преподавателей высшего педагогического образования: изменения концепции и технологии

The problem of assessing the quality of education today is relevant. There are many problematic questions: What should the technologies for implementing the links between school teachers and schoolchildren’s learning outcomes be? How to identify these connections and work with them? Is it possible to establish multidimensional relationships between the activities of a teacher, the results of students, between the competencies of a teacher and the quality of their professional training at the university? In Tomsk Oblast, the research is being carried out in two areas: (1) development and testing of a technology that makes it possible to analyze the learning outcomes of schoolchildren and establish the relationship between these results and the level of teachers’ professionalism, (2) establishment of a relationship between the identified deficits in the subject and methodological competencies of teachers and the quality of their professional training at a pedagogical university. In the first direction of work, the results of research on assessing the level of school teachers’ competence were summarized. The study used machine learning methods. The data obtained in educational institutions of Tomsk Oblast for the period from 2015 to 2019 (unified state exam in mathematics, physics, Russian language, and social studies) were processed. This work made it possible to identify learning difficulties among schoolchildren, and then to connect these difficulties with a lack of competencies in the professional activities of their teachers. In the second direction of the research, the goal is set: the development of a new concept for the assessment and development of the professionalism of teachers in the system of higher pedagogical education. The object of study is the system of continuous professional development of teachers in the system of teacher education. The study uses the methods of theoretical analysis, structural analysis, analysis of products of activity, focus group, method of expert assessments, educational design. The types of interdependence of professional and educational deficits of different subjects of educational activities are described. These types of connections are important for achieving the integrity of the assessment system, developing the professionalism of professors of teacher education and structuring managerial actions to ensure the quality of general and teacher education in the logic of their relationship. The following conclusions are made. (1) The proposed concept of assessing and developing the professionalism of professors of a pedagogical university is an element of a system for achieving the quality of school and university pedagogical education in the “school student – teacher – university teacher” logic. (2) An assessment of the level of teachers’ professional competences shows deficits that need to be addressed. (3) Changes in the preparation of students can be based on the analysis of professional deficits of teachers, which makes it possible to change the preparation of students, including ensuring the prevention of deficits.

Understanding distributed sensemaking in crisis management: The case of the Utrecht terrorist attack

AbstractOn Monday morning March 18, 2019 a terrorist opened fire inside a tram in the middle of the city of Utrecht. A key challenge in the Utrecht attack was making sense of the situation and organizing a coherent response in a distributed command and control structure. This is a recurrent challenge in crisis management. As command structures expand, sensemaking becomes distributed when groups at different locations develop partial images of a complex environment. While most sensemaking studies focus on how specific groups attempt to collectively construct a plausible representation of the situation, few accounts of distributed sensemaking have appeared. This study explains how crisis managers made sense of the volatile situation across different command structures. Twenty‐five crisis managers from different teams were interviewed by making use of the critical decision methodology. The analysis points to five factors that influence the quality of distributed sensemaking: type of interdependence, sensitivity to operations, plausibility, hierarchy, and identity. It signals that updating one's sensemaking does not only require noticing discrepant cues but is especially related to key social‐cognitive and organisational processes that stimulate doubt, questioning, and a plurality of perspectives.

The Making of Goliath: How the Chinese and Japanese far Left Perceived Israel as the 'Frontier' of Global Revolution in the 1950s–1970s

Exploring the perceptions held by the People’s Republic of China (PRC) and the Japanese Red Army (JRA) of the Arab-Israeli conflict, this paper argues that the pursuit of a worldwide Maoist revolution and t the sense of insecurity in the face of a perceived Western threat prompted the East Asian far-leftist government and organization to imagine the Israeli-Palestinian conflict as a frontier of the East-West struggle and an epicenter for worldwide revolution. In their theoretical imagination, Israel was a microcosm of Western imperialism, and Arab states served as a buffer blocking that imperialism. In an anticipated domino effect, Israel’s victories at the imagined ‘frontier’ were regarded as a precursor to a Western imperialist invasion of East Asia. This particular worldview not only prompted the global far left to delegitimize Israel, but also constructed a type of negative identity interdependence with Israel in which the far left denied all claims made by Israel as ‘imperialist’, while Israel saw all pressure from the global far left as simply ‘anti-Israel’ or even ‘anti-Semitic’.