Types Of Imagery Research Articles

Visual and kinesthetic modes affect motor imagery classification in untrained subjects

The understanding of neurophysiological mechanisms responsible for motor imagery (MI) is essential for the development of brain-computer interfaces (BCI) and bioprosthetics. Our magnetoencephalographic (MEG) experiments with voluntary participants confirm the existence of two types of motor imagery, kinesthetic imagery (KI) and visual imagery (VI), distinguished by activation and inhibition of different brain areas in motor-related α- and β-frequency regions. Although the brain activity corresponding to MI is usually observed in specially trained subjects or athletes, we show that it is also possible to identify particular features of MI in untrained subjects. Similar to real movement, KI implies muscular sensation when performing an imaginary moving action that leads to event-related desynchronization (ERD) of motor-associated brain rhythms. By contrast, VI refers to visualization of the corresponding action that results in event-related synchronization (ERS) of α- and β-wave activity. A notable difference between KI and VI groups occurs in the frontal brain area. In particular, the analysis of evoked responses shows that in all KI subjects the activity in the frontal cortex is suppressed during MI, while in the VI subjects the frontal cortex is always active. The accuracy in classification of left-arm and right-arm MI using artificial intelligence is similar for KI and VI. Since untrained subjects usually demonstrate the VI imagery mode, the possibility to increase the accuracy for VI is in demand for BCIs. The application of artificial neural networks allows us to classify MI in raising right and left arms with average accuracy of 70% for both KI and VI using appropriate filtration of input signals. The same average accuracy is achieved by optimizing MEG channels and reducing their number to only 13.

The Artistic Use of Imagery in the Literary Works of Jubran An Analytical Study

The use of Imagery is a good characteristic of any literary artist; it is defined as a mythical device, which makes illustrative representation of the ideas of the poet, novelist to create a fictional and imaginary world in the mind of the readers. The ability of a poet or novelist to effectively use the imagery enables him to convey his message by creating an image in a single line rather than writing a whole book full of arguments. In this paper the literary work of one of the greatest writers of the twentieth century, jibran khalil jibran is reviewed. He successfully employs this figure of speech in his writings. It is observed that he is among st the best writers who utilized all distinctive types of imagery in his work which deserves to be looked into for artistic value. He used imagery, which is a powerful tool of literature to convey his philosophical ideas.

A review of music-evoked visual mental imagery: Conceptual issues, relation to emotion, and functional outcome.

Visual mental imagery has been characterized as an important aspect of our mental life, which consists of “seeing” in the absence of a sensory stimulus. However, the mechanisms underlying how visual mental images unfold during music listening have remained largely neglected. Here, we review the existing literature on the relation between music-evoked emotions and images, and we draw attention to how visual mental imagery has been previously conceptualized in the music domain. We also propose to adopt a conceptual framework from research on spontaneous cognition, which will promote a more nuanced and comprehensive understanding of the different types of music-evoked visual mental imagery. Finally, we highlight how music’s capability to trigger images can be harnessed in daily life as well as in therapeutic practices to foster the benefits and minimize the costs of visual mental imagery.

Enhancing sensorimotor BCI performance with assistive afferent activity: An online evaluation

An important goal in Brain-Computer Interfacing (BCI) is to find and enhance procedural strategies for users for whom BCI control is not sufficiently accurate. To address this challenge, we conducted offline analyses and online experiments to test whether the classification of different types of motor imagery could be improved when the training of the classifier was performed on the data obtained with the assistive muscular stimulation below the motor threshold. 10 healthy participants underwent three different types of experimental conditions: a) Motor imagery (MI) of hands and feet b) sensory threshold neuromuscular electrical stimulation (STM) of hands and feet while resting and c) sensory threshold neuromuscular electrical stimulation during performance of motor imagery (BOTH). Also, another group of 10 participants underwent conditions a) and c). Then, online experiments with 15 users were performed. These subjects received neurofeedback during MI using classifiers calibrated either on MI or BOTH data recorded in the same experiment. Offline analyses showed that decoding MI alone using a classifier based on BOTH resulted in a better BCI accuracy compared to using a classifier based on MI alone. Online experiments confirmed accuracy improvement of MI alone being decoded with the classifier trained on BOTH data. In addition, we observed that the performance in MI condition could be predicted on the basis of a more pronounced connectivity within sensorimotor areas in the frequency bands providing the best performance in BOTH. These finding might offer a new avenue for training SMR-based BCI systems particularly for users having difficulties to achieve efficient BCI control. It might also be an alternative strategy for users who cannot perform real movements but still have remaining afferent pathways (e.g., ALS and stroke patients).

A statewide urban tree canopy mapping method

Maps of urban tree canopy are essential to estimate the magnitude and spatial distribution of ecosystem services, and to determine who benefits from them. Our objective was to develop a repeatable method to map urban tree canopy cover for the state of Wisconsin. We compared two types of imagery (pan-sharpened 1.5 m SPOT-6 and 1 m NAIP aerial photography), three classification algorithms, seven segment sizes ranging from single pixels to 105 m2, three levels of compactness for each segment size, and sixteen subsets of features. NAIP outperformed SPOT. On average across classification algorithms there were no significant differences in map agreement. Pixel-based maps with convolution features performed as well as the best segment-based maps. The best segment size tested was 60 m2 on average, but there was also a local maximum around 15 m2, which suggests a large range of possible segment sizes must be tested to find the best. The model chosen for application to the whole state was a pixel-level Random Forest classifier with 160 features, and the final state-wide map has five classes: tree/woody vegetation, grass/herbaceous vegetation, impervious surfaces/bare soil, water, and non-forested wetland. Overall accuracy for our state-wide map at the pixel-scale was 79.3% (95% CI: 77.5–81%). Errors occurred due to meter-scale heterogeneity in the urban environment which increases the errors due to spatial misregistration and the number of difficult-to-classify mixed and edge pixels. At larger management level scales, mean absolute error (MAE) decreases to about 10% at the Landsat pixel scale and about 6% at the scale of a city block. Our work is comparable to past efforts to map urban tree canopy, and the open source software and use of imagery that is freely available for all cities in the contiguous US make it broadly applicable.

How the emotional content of roadside images affect driver attention and performance

In the laboratory, emotional valence (positivity or negativity) and arousal (calmness or excitement) have been shown to have varying effects on attention and behaviour, but on the road these factors may have life or death consequences. It is not uncommon for drivers to be exposed to different types of roadside imagery, either on billboards or in roadside scenery. When looking at the impact of emotional images on driving, past studies have used paradigms that force drivers to look at stimuli, but in real life no one forces drivers to look at distracting roadside imagery. In this study, we looked at whether roadside images would draw the drivers’ attention away from the road even when there was no reason (or instruction) to look at the images. We tested participants in a driving simulator to see how these images would affect performance (driving speed, steering, hazard response). Drivers were simply instructed to drive safely on a highway, observing the rules of the road. Periodically there were billboards, a portion of which displayed images taken from the International Affective Picture System (positive/high arousal, positive/low arousal, negative/high arousal, and negative/low arousal images), though some were controls (scrambled images with no thematic content). Analyses revealed main effects of Valence as well as Valence X Arousal interactions in terms of the extent to which drivers took notice of (and thus recalled) the images, and in driving performance (speed, steering, and hazard response). Results have implications for driver safety, road policy, and billboard design guidelines.

ПОЕТИКА ОБРАЗНОЇ СИСТЕМИ В РОМАНІ ДЖ. ОРВЕЛЛА «СКОТОФЕРМА»

ХХ століття ознаменоване формуванням та становленням тоталітарних держав. Література зреагувала на це появою творів-антиутопій, які висвітлювали ознаки авторитаризму та розвінчували міф про створення ідеального суспільства. Зокрема тоталітарний режим Радянського Союзу викликав зацікавленість у англійського письменника Дж. Орвелла, який здійснив спробу проаналізувати теорію К. Маркса через призму організації життя тварин у сатиричному романі «Скотоферма». Мета статті полягає у тому, щоб дослідити особливості роману «Скотоферма» Дж. Орвелла на рівні різних типів образності та виокремити їхню специфіку функціонування, враховуючи авторське світобачення у критичному ставленні до соціально-політичних цілей та реальностей. У статті здійснено спробу розглянути поетику образності роману з урахуванням її типів: зоровий, слуховий, одоровий, смаковий і кінестетичний. Кожний тип образності потрібен для виокремлення певних рис головних героїв та їхнього відношення до подій з урахуванням авторського задуму. Зорові образи допомагають у створенні портретної характеристики головних героїв, за якою стають пізнаваними реальні історичні особи. Слухові образи доповнюють зовнішність героїв, актуалізуючи їхню справжню тваринну природу із зображенням причинно-наслідкових зв’язків між вчинками героїв та подіями. Одорові та смакові образи за своєю чисельністю поступаються вище означеним, проте слугують для передачі повноти картини зовнішнього та внутрішнього устрою ферми, висвітлюючи минулі та майбутні події, які охоплюють тваринне життя. Кінестетичні образи передають рухи, реакції тварин, які символізують їхнє ставлення до проголошення та створення республіки тварин та формують поведінкові моделі у тоталітарному режимі. Деякі типи образної системи помежовані один з одним, що, з одного боку, ускладнює їхню класифікацію, проте, з іншого – уможливлює створення повної картини твору з урахуванням авторського світобачення. Дж. Орвелл використовує різні типи образності для створення повноцінних образів персонажів, які знаходять порівняння із реальними історичними фігурами радянського суспільства, зображуючи їхні спільні зовнішні та поведінкові риси. Це сприяє формуванню і розвитку сюжету, який передає зміни, що відбулися в суспільстві в процесі встановлення тоталітарного режиму на території колишнього СРСР.

Environmental advertising: the effect of imagery on pro-environmental attitudes and pro-environmental behaviour / Publicidad medioambiental: el efecto de las imágenes sobre las actitudes proambientales y el comportamiento proambiental

Conservation psychology is an emerging field, with few studies examining the role of advertising imagery on environmental attitudes and behaviours. This study aimed to expand the knowledge in this field, by examining how different types of imagery affect pro-environmental attitudes and behaviours. Undergraduate psychology students from Macquarie University (N = 124) were assigned to one of three brochure groups. These brochure groups consisted of a hard copy brochure which contained either positive, negative or no images which participants read at the start of the study. Participants’ pro-environmental attitudes were then assessed using the New Ecological Paradigm, and behaviour through a hypothetical scenario in which respondents were asked to proportion $100 across three charity options or retain the money. It was found that positive imagery increased pro-environmental attitudes, over and above both the control (neutral) and negative images. In contrast, imagery did not affect pro-environmental behaviours. These findings suggest that positive images are most likely to elicit positive change in pro-environmental attitudes. However, these findings suggest that imagery in advertising does not impact pro-environmental behaviours.

Memorizing silently to perform tonal and nontonal notated music: A mixed-methods study with pianists.

Musicians use silent music reading for memorizing, and this includes different types of mental imagery and analytical functions. The aim of this mixed-methods study was to address the effects of mu ...

Satellite imagery of coastlines

An advanced technique for satellite imagery of lengthy coastlines with complex configuration using Earth remote sensing satellites equipped with optical-electronic scanners characterized by ultrahigh spatial resolution has been developed. It has been proposed to image coastal areas directly in the process of satellite retargeting (i.e., with non-zero angular velocities). The paper provides an assessment of comparative efficiency of the technique implemented using automatic satellite attitude program control in the process of retargeting, both in terms of improving the efficiency of satellite imagery, and in terms of coverage in one-orbit period. Approximate methods for lengthy objects with complex configuration using cubic splines are described. When planning such imagery, besides the standard set of parameters (lighting conditions, swath width, onboard equipment constraints, instrument errors, etc.), it is necessary to consider the limits for the angular region and angular velocities of retargeting types of imagery were modelled, as well as the features of imagery with significant deviations of the viewing axis from nadir. The results of modelling various types of imagery for a given area using measurement data of cloud amount are presented.

Poe and the Idea of Music: Failure, Transcendence, and Dark Romanticism

Poe and the Idea of Music: Failure, Transcendence, and Dark Romanticism

A Novel Neural Network Approach to Creating a Brain–Computer Interface Based on the EEG Patterns of Voluntary Muscle Movements

A novel neural network approach to the real-time detection and classification of temporospatial EEG patterns accompanying performance of motor imagery (imaginary movements) based on a local approximation method using radial basis functions and an original algorithm for interpreting the time sequence of the responses of the neural network is proposed. This was used as the basis for creating and testing an asynchronous neural interface whose basic element was a classifier including a committee of five neural networks detecting EEG patterns accompanying four types of motor imagery. We present a comparative assessment of the EEG pattern recognition effectiveness for motor imagery using the method developed here and classical neural network methods, particularly radial basis networks, a multilayer perceptron, and the support vectors method. Experimental studies demonstrated a user learning effect with increases in recognition accuracy and EEG pattern classification, as well as speed of control.

Self-presentation and counterstereotypic gender strategies in social media campaigning: An example from Taiwan's presidential election

ABSTRACTBy employing a functional approach considering both topics and functions, this study explored and compared candidates’ presentation of textual and pictorial information in their social media campaigning through a combination of quantitative method and qualitative content analysis. Results indicated that the intentions of stereotype reversal were, to some extent, demonstrated in their discussions of policy and character issues. The female candidate emphasized policy but utilized emotional imagery as a neutralizer. By contrast, the male candidate more frequently discussed character issues and further softened the messages with emotional imagery. In terms of negative campaigning, the tactics accorded with their gender norms. The male candidate utilized both trait and issue attacks to challenge his rival's stereotypical feminine strengths, whereas the female candidate ignored the attacks by defending her party or challenging the incompetence of the opposing party. The textual and pictorial messages that received numerous likes and shares featured similar sentimental tones. More discussions elucidate how candidates co-opt stereotypic and counterstereotypic gender strategies for different topics and functions in social media campaigning and this research transcends previous studies that focused on only one type of message, either text or imagery.

Imagery use for injured adolescent athletes: Applied recommendations

As the rate of injury in young athletes continues to rise, it is imperative to find ways to mentally and physically help athletes return to their sport. One such way is imagery. Imagery, which is creating or recreating an experience in one’s mind, has been found to impact athletes’ cognitive (e.g., self-efficacy), behavioral (e.g., speed of recovery), and emotional (e.g., anxiety) outcomes. Previous researchers have found injured athletes use cognitive and motivational imagery, as well as healing and pain management imagery. This article focuses on the imagery in sport injury rehabilitation literature. Further, using an ACL injury as the exemplar, specific examples for each type of imagery (and the functions they may serve) as well as best practices for a young athletes’ imagery use during rehabilitation are presented.

How Green Is Green? Modeling Urban Greenness Exposure in Environmental Health Research

Exposure to greenness has several health benefits, yet analyses are limited by uncertainty about accuracy of greenness metrics, often derived from different remotely-sensed data sources and using different spatial methods. This research (1) assesses the strengths and weaknesses of multiple greenness data sources and metrics for application in environmental health research, and (2) develops and tests an alternative greenness exposure metric that can be applied worldwide.Methods:We analyzed 5 data sources: Landsat time series, Landsat 8, Sentinel-2, RapidEye, and the Green View Index (GVI), derived from Google Street View. These data sets span various time series, resolutions and costs, and represent aerial and perspective views. We compared the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) using different imagery types and the GVI for various buffer distances around postal codes and examined sensitivity to spatial metrics and data sources. Based on these analyses, we constructed a spatially-weighted greenness metric combining data from Sentinel-2 and the GVI that incorporates neighbourhood street-level and at-home greenness.Results:NDVI showed correlations of between 0.65 and 0.85 among satellite types and demonstrated significant inter-variability. GVI showed low correlations with all other data types (0.25-0.40), suggesting an important new source of greenness data. Metrics were spatially sensitive, particularly at small distances and high resolutions, but lacked temporal sensitivity. Initial analyses suggest that the proposed metric is superior to traditional measures that overestimate neighbourhood greenness exposure and underestimate at-home exposure.Conclusions:This research is the first comparison of multiple remote sensing data sources and metrics, including both aerial and novel perspective views. It presents an alternative greenness exposure metric based on freely accessible data sources that may be applied in public health research internationally.

Digital Image Correlation (DIC) Analysis of the 3 December 2013 Montescaglioso Landslide (Basilicata, Southern Italy): Results from a Multi-Dataset Investigation

Image correlation remote sensing monitoring techniques are becoming key tools for providing effective qualitative and quantitative information suitable for natural hazard assessments, specifically for landslide investigation and monitoring. In recent years, these techniques have been successfully integrated and shown to be complementary and competitive with more standard remote sensing techniques, such as satellite or terrestrial Synthetic Aperture Radar interferometry. The objective of this article is to apply the proposed in-depth calibration and validation analysis, referred to as the Digital Image Correlation technique, to measure landslide displacement. The availability of a multi-dataset for the 3 December 2013 Montescaglioso landslide, characterized by different types of imagery, such as LANDSAT 8 OLI (Operational Land Imager) and TIRS (Thermal Infrared Sensor), high-resolution airborne optical orthophotos, Digital Terrain Models and COSMO-SkyMed Synthetic Aperture Radar, allows for the retrieval of the actual landslide displacement field at values ranging from a few meters (2–3 m in the north-eastern sector of the landslide) to 20–21 m (local peaks on the central body of the landslide). Furthermore, comprehensive sensitivity analyses and statistics-based processing approaches are used to identify the role of the background noise that affects the whole dataset. This noise has a directly proportional relationship to the different geometric and temporal resolutions of the processed imagery. Moreover, the accuracy of the environmental-instrumental background noise evaluation allowed the actual displacement measurements to be correctly calibrated and validated, thereby leading to a better definition of the threshold values of the maximum Digital Image Correlation sub-pixel accuracy and reliability (ranging from 1/10 to 8/10 pixel) for each processed dataset.

How attention level and cognitive style affect learning in a MOOC environment? Based on the perspective of brainwave analysis

The massive open online courses (MOOCs) enable learners to learn over distances. These courses also attract attentions in higher education. However, classroom virtualization generates problems, creates distraction for students. MOOCs have provided an individualized learning opportunity in the sense that the cognitive style affects learning. This study aims at exploring the differences of students’ attention levels and learning effectiveness perceived affected by different cognitive styles within a MOOC learning environment. Brainwave detection equipment was used to carry out a teaching experiment among junior university students who were enrolled in a course about the Internet of Things. Results revealed that: (1) learners who have independent verbal, independent imagery, and dependent imagery types of cognitive styles, learning effectiveness are significantly better in the MOOC learning environment compared to traditional PowerPoint-based teaching; (2) in the MOOC learning environment, learners who have dependent verbal type of cognitive style would have significantly better attentional levels than those who have the dependent imagery type of cognitive style; (3) attention levels among learners who have the independent verbal type of cognitive style were highly positively correlated with learning effectiveness. It also implies that learners who have the independent verbal type of cognitive style benefit greatly to learn in the MOOC environment. For those learners who have the dependent verbal type of cognitive style are the last to benefit to learn in the MOOC teaching environment.

North American Football Fans Show Neurofunctional Differences in Response to Violence: Implications for Public Health and Policy

While social and behavioral effects of violence in the media have been studied extensively, much less is known about how sports affect perceptions of violence. The current study examined neurofunctional differences between fans and non-fans of North American football (a contact sport) while viewing violent imagery. Participants viewed images of violence in both football and non-football settings while high-resolution functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data were acquired from their brains. Neurological activation was compared between these violence types and between groups. Fans of football show diminished activation in brain regions involved in pain perception and empathy such as the anterior cingulate cortex, fusiform gyrus, insula, and temporal pole when viewing violence in the context of football compared to more broadly violent images. Non-fans of football showed no such effect for the types of violent imagery and had higher activation levels than fans of football for the specified brain regions. These differences show that fans of football may perceive violence differently when it is in the context of football. These fan attitudes have potential policy implications for addressing the issue of concussions in North American football.

Which type of tobacco product warning imagery is more effective and sustainable over time? A longitudinal assessment of smokers in Canada, Australia and Mexico

ObjectiveThis study examined smokers’ responses to pictorial health warnings (PHWs) with different types of imagery under natural exposure conditions.MethodsAdult smokers from online panels in Canada (n=2357), Australia (n=1671) and Mexico...

Citraan Puisi Anak Majalah Bobo Edisi 40—45 Tahun 2016

Penelitian ini berjudul “Analisis Citraan Puisi Anak dalam Majalah Bobo”. Rumusan masalah dalam penelitian ini adalah citraan apa saja yang terdapat dalam puisi anak yang dipublikasikan dalam majalah Bobo. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mendeskripsikan citraan apa saja yang terdapat dalam puisi anak dalam majalah Bobo. Jenis penelitian ini adalah penelitian kualitatif. Teknik pengumpulan data yang digunakan adalah teknik studi pustaka. Pengolahan data penelitian dengan metode deskriptif analitik yang dilakukan dengan mendeskripsikan fakta-fakta dan menganalisisnya. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa citraan yang terdapat dalam puisi anak pada majalah Bobo adalah citraan penglihatan, gerak, penciuman, pencecapan, dan perabaan. Citraan yang paling dominan digunakan oleh anak dalam membuat puisi pada majalah Bobo adalah citraan penglihatan.