Gland Type Research Articles

Overview of the 2022 WHO Classification of Thyroid Neoplasms.

This review summarizes the changes in the 5th edition of the WHO Classification of Endocrine and Neuroendocrine Tumors that relate to the thyroid gland. The new classification has divided thyroid tumors into several new categories that allow for a clearer understanding of the cell of origin, pathologic features (cytopathology and histopathology), molecular classification, and biological behavior. Follicular cell-derived tumors constitute the majority of thyroid neoplasms. In this new classification, they are divided into benign, low-risk, and malignant neoplasms. Benign tumors include not only follicular adenoma but also variants of adenoma that are of diagnostic and clinical significance, including the ones with papillary architecture, which are often hyperfunctional and oncocytic adenomas. For the first time, there is a detailed account of the multifocal hyperplastic/neoplastic lesions that commonly occur in the clinical setting of multinodular goiter; the term thyroid follicular nodular disease (FND) achieved consensus as the best to describe this enigmatic entity. Low-risk follicular cell-derived neoplasms include non-invasive follicular thyroid neoplasm with papillary-like nuclear features (NIFTP), thyroid tumors of uncertain malignant potential, and hyalinizing trabecular tumor. Malignant follicular cell-derived neoplasms are stratified based on molecular profiles and aggressiveness. Papillary thyroid carcinomas (PTCs), with many morphological subtypes, represent the BRAF-like malignancies, whereas invasive encapsulated follicular variant PTC and follicular thyroid carcinoma represent the RAS-like malignancies. This new classification requires detailed subtyping of papillary microcarcinomas similar to their counterparts that exceed 1.0cm and recommends not designating them as a subtype of PTC. The criteria of the tall cell subtype of PTC have been revisited. Cribriform-morular thyroid carcinoma is no longer classified as a subtype of PTC. The term "Hürthle cell" is discouraged, since it is a misnomer. Oncocytic carcinoma is discussed as a distinct entity with the clear recognition that it refers to oncocytic follicular cell-derived neoplasms (composed of > 75% oncocytic cells) that lack characteristic nuclear features of PTC (those would be oncocytic PTCs) and high-grade features (necrosis and ≥ 5 mitoses per 2 mm2). High-grade follicular cell-derived malignancies now include both the traditional poorly differentiated carcinoma as well as high-grade differentiated thyroid carcinomas, since both are characterized by increased mitotic activity and tumor necrosis without anaplastic histology and clinically behave in a similar manner. Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma remains the most undifferentiated form; squamous cell carcinoma of the thyroid is now considered as a subtype of anaplastic carcinoma. Medullary thyroid carcinomas derived from thyroid C cells retain their distinct section, and there is a separate section for mixed tumors composed of both C cells and any follicular cell-derived malignancy. A grading system for medullary thyroid carcinomas is also introduced based on mitotic count, tumor necrosis, and Ki67 labeling index. A number of unusual neoplasms that occur in the thyroid have been placed into new sections based on their cytogenesis. Mucoepidermoid carcinoma and secretory carcinoma of the salivary gland type are now included in one section classified as "salivary gland-type carcinomas of the thyroid." Thymomas, thymic carcinomas and spindle epithelial tumor with thymus-like elements are classified as "thymic tumors within the thyroid." There remain several tumors whose cell lineage is unclear, and they are listed as such; these include sclerosing mucoepidermoid carcinoma with eosinophilia and cribriform-morular thyroid carcinoma. Another important addition is thyroblastoma, an unusual embryonal tumor associated with DICER1 mutations. As in all the WHO books in the 5th edition, mesenchymal and stromal tumors, hematolymphoid neoplasms, germ cell tumors, and metastatic malignancies are discussed separately. The current classification also emphasizes the value of biomarkers that may aid diagnosis and provide prognostic information.

Differential proteomic analysis of laser-microdissected penetration glands of avian schistosome cercariae with a focus on proteins involved in host invasion

Schistosome invasive stages, cercariae, leave intermediate snail hosts, penetrate the skin of definitive hosts, and transform to schistosomula which migrate to the final location. During invasion, cercariae employ histolytic and other bioactive products of specialized holocrine secretory cells – postacetabular (PA) and circumacetabular (CA) penetration glands. Although several studies attempted to characterize protein composition of the in vitro-induced gland secretions in Schistosoma mansoni and Schistosoma japonicum, the results were somewhat inconsistent and dependent on the method of sample collection and processing. Products of both gland types mixed during their secretion did not allow localization of identified proteins to a particular gland. Here we compared proteomes of separately isolated cercarial gland cells of the avian schistosome Trichobilharzia szidati, employing laser-assisted microdissection and shotgun LC-MS/MS, thus obtaining the largest dataset so far of the representation and localization of cercarial penetration gland proteins. We optimized the methods of sample processing with cercarial bodies (heads) first. Alizarin-pre-stained, chemically non-fixed samples provided optimal results of MS analyses, and enabled us to distinguish PA and CA glands for microdissection. Using 7.5 × 106 μm3 sample volume per gland replicate, we identified 3347 peptides assigned to 792 proteins, from which 461 occurred in at least two of three replicates in either gland type (PA = 455, 40 exclusive; CA = 421, six exclusive; 60 proteins differed significantly in their abundance between the glands). Peptidases of five catalytic types accounted for ca. 8% and 6% of reliably identified proteins in PA and CA glands, respectively. Invadolysin, nardilysin, cathepsins B2 and L3, and elastase 2b orthologs were the major gland endopeptidases. Two cystatins and a serpin were highly abundant peptidase inhibitors in the glands. While PA glands generally had rich enzymatic equipment, CA glands were conspicuously abundant in venom allergen-like proteins.

HISTOLOGICAL AND HISTOCHEMICAL STUDY OF BRUNNER'S GLANDS IN LOCAL ADULT COWS

The study was conducted to add information to the database for concentrate on theBrunner's glands of the duodenum in adult local cows. The histological study showedthat Brunner's glands present in the tunica submucosa of the duodenum in local adultcows, the glands were branched tubuloalveolar secreting mucous, extended from theend of the pylorus to the first and middle third of duodenum, and absent at the lastthird of the duodenum. The excretory ducts of Brunner's glands opened at the cryptsof lieberkuhn at the base of intestinal villi penetrating the muscularis mucosa layer.The statistical analysis showed there was a significant variation in the diameter andlumen of Brunner's glands between the first and middle third of duodenum at (P≤0.05). The diameter and lumen of Brunner's glands at the first third of duodenum werelower than that of the middle third of duodenum. The statistical study showed , thatthere was no significant variation of the lining epithelium of Brunner's glands betweenfirst and middle third of duodenum, and there was no significant variation in thethickness of Brunner's glands aggregation between first and middle third of theduodenum.The histochemical study revealed that there were different types of glycoprotein inBrunner's glands and excretory duct in local adult cows, at first third of duodenumBrunner's glands contain a large amount of neutral glycoprotein and little amount ofacidic glycoprotein, while at middle third of duodenum the Brunner's glands containthe same amount of neutral and acidic glycoprotein. At the first third of duodenum,the excretory ducts of Brunner's glands contain neutral glycoprotein more than acidicglycoprotein, while at the middle third of duodenum the excretory ducts of Brunner's glands contain a large amount of acidic glycoprotein and little amount of neutralglycoprotein.

Search, find, and penetrate: ultrastructural data of furcocercariae of Cardiocephaloides longicollis (Digenea, Strigeidae) explain their transmission and infection strategy into fish hosts.

The present study provides an overview of the structures linked to fish host finding, recognition, and invasion of one of the most commonly occurring morphotypes among trematodes, furcocercariae. For this, we use free-swimming cercariae of the strigeid Cardiocephaloides longicollis (Rudolphi 1819) Dubois, 1982. Their elongated cercarial body and bifurcated tail are covered by a tegument with an irregular surface, showing numerous folds arranged in different directions and a typical syncytial organization. Both the body and the bifurcated tail are covered with short spines, rose-thorn shaped, as well as four types of sensory papillae, distinguished by the presence or absence of a cilium, its length, and their position on the cercarial body. These papillae are especially important for free-living stages that rely on external stimuli to locate and adhere to the host. A specialized anterior organ is located at the anterior part of the cercariae and is encircled by a triangle-shaped group of enlarged pre-oral spines followed by a transverse row of enlarged post-oral spines that, together with the sensory papillae, allow active finding, recognition, and penetration into fish. The ventral sucker, covered with inner-oriented spines, sensory papillae, and cilia, helps during this process. The cercariae of C. longicollis possess three types of gland cells (a head gland and two types of penetration glands), each containing different types of secretory granules that play a role in host invasion. The protonephridial excretory system consists of an excretory bladder, a system of collecting tubules, flame cells, and two excretory pores in the middle of each furcae, which serve to control osmoregulation in their marine environment, as well as to eliminate metabolic waste. Together with the four types of sensory endings, the central ganglion forms the nervous system. Our results add novel information on the ultrastructure of strigeid furcocercariae, being essential to interpret these data in relation of their functional role to better understand the transmission and penetration strategies that cercariae display to infect their fish hosts.

Male Accessory Glands of Blister Beetles and Cantharidin Release: A Comparative Ultrastructural Analysis.

Simple SummaryMeloidae, also called blister beetles, are known to actively produce cantharidin, a toxic terpene with a defensive function that is released externally by reflex bleeding, and that is also stored in large quantities in the male accessory glands. These glands are involved in the transfer of terpene from males to females, which receive cantharidin via spermatophores as a nuptial gift to be used for their own protection and that of the eggs. However, it is still debated whether the male accessory glands can actively produce the terpene or if they only mediate its transfer, since neither the cantharidin-producing organ nor the metabolic pathway are known to date. The focus of the work is to analyze comparatively the accessory glands of males in representative Meloidae species to provide morphological evidences that can contribute to this debate. The results highlight the complexity of the accessory gland system, consisting of three different types of glands that are highly variable between species with the exception of one, which remains conserved even in independent phyletic lines. This gland is a good candidate for hypothesizing a direct role in cantharidin production and/or concentration.Members of the family Meloidae are known to produce cantharidin, a highly toxic monoterpene found in their hemolymph and exuded as droplets capable of deterring many predators. As a nuptial gift, males transfer large amounts of cantharidin to females via a spermatophore, which is formed by specific accessory glands containing high concentrations of this terpene. Using light, electron and ion beam microscopy, the ultrastructural features of the three pairs of male accessory glands as well as the glandular part of the vasa deferentia were comparatively investigated in seven species of blister beetles belonging to five different tribes and two subfamilies. All gland pairs examined share common features such as mesodermal derivation, the presence of muscle sheath, a developed rough endoplasmic reticulum, abundant mitochondria, secretory vesicles, and microvillated apical membranes. Within the same species, glands exhibit distinctive features, suggesting that each pair is responsible for the formation of a specific substance. The vasa deferentia, while showing many similarities within the family, often exhibit features unique to each of the individual species investigated, whereas the accessory glands of the first and second pairs display the highest degree of ultrastructural variability. A comparison across the species shows an interesting constancy limited to ultrastructural features in the third pair of accessory glands. The similarities and differences among the species are discussed in the light of the available literature and in relation to the potential role that blister beetles’ male accessory glands could play in the storage and management of cantharidin.

Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein Expression Helps Distinguish Pleomorphic Adenoma from Histologic Mimics.

Pleomorphic adenoma (PA) is the most common biphasic type of salivary gland tumour to arise in adults. It is a biphasic tumour composed of both luminal (ductal) cells and abluminal (basal and myoepithelial) cells. Other biphasic salivary gland type tumours, both benign and malignant, can mimic PA, especially on small biopsies. Previous studies have shown that glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) is preferentially expressed in PA and can be useful in the distinction from other salivary gland tumours. However, most of these studies were performed on a small subset of tumour types at a time when the classification of salivary gland type tumours was less refined. The purpose of this study was to assess the expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) in a broad group of both benign and malignant salivary gland tumours. The expression of GFAP was assessed in 99 tumours including 54 PAs, 5 basal cell adenomas, 1 myoepitheliomas, 5 adenoid cystic carcinomas, 6 epithelial-myoepithelial carcinomas (EMCA), 6 mucoepidermoid carcinomas, 7 salivary duct carcinomas, 1 adenocarcinomas NOS, 2 myoepithelial carcinomas, 4 basal cell adenocarcinomas, 5 acinic cell carcinomas and 3 polymorphous adenocarcinomas. Of the malignant cases, 8 were classified as carcinomas ex PA. GFAP was also assessed in 19 concurrent biopsy specimens. GFAP was expressed in the resections of 51 PAs examined (94%). Expression was predominantly strong and diffusely seen in myoepithelial cells. Strong and diffuse GFAP expression was also seen in two EMCAs (33%) and one myoepithelial carcinoma (50%). On biopsy specimens, 100% of PAs and basal cell adenomas expressed GFAP. GFAP was also seen in 1 out of 3 carcinomas ex PAs on biopsies. Almost all PAs show strong and diffuse expression of GFAP. In contrast, most malignant neoplasms that can mimic PA on biopsies show only rare, focal expression. Other benign tumours composed of abluminal/myoepithelial cells also show focal expression of GFAP, highlighting the spectrum these tumours share with PA. Overall, the presence of strong and diffuse GFAP expression can favour a benign neoplasm, specifically a PA, on limited biopsy specimens.

Organization of dermal glands and characteristic of secretion in the freshwater mite, Limnesia maculata (O. F. Müller, 1776) (Acariformes, Limnesiidae).

The presence of dermal glands is a synapomorphy in the freshwater mites-the large branch of the hyporder Parasitengonina. Dermal glands of the mite Limnesia maculata (O. F. Müller, 1776) (Acariformes, Limnesiidae) were studied using light and electron microscopy (TEM and SEM) for the first time. Two types of dermal glands were recognized in adult mites-14 pairs of the uniformly organized common dermal glands scattered throughout the entire body volume, and one pair of the characteristic so-called idiosomal dermal glands centrally located and stretched along the ventral body wall, supposedly corresponding to the epimeroglandularia 4. The common dermal glands are composed of a single large alveolus with the basally located columnar epithelium. An intra-alveolar lumen is positioned above the epithelium and packed with a secretion in the form of long curved electron-dense bands. These bands are directed to the excretory opening and released to the outside in the form of strongly coiled bands. The cytoplasm of the common dermal glands is filled with short RER cisterns and shows few characteristic Golgi bodies with round dense secretory granules at the distal pole. In contrast, a large elongated sac represents the idiosomal dermal glands having a relatively thin secretory epithelium on the periphery. The cuboidal epithelial cells contain areas with tightly packed RER cisterns and weakly recognized Golgi bodies. The apical cell surface bears irregular short microvilli. The large intra-alveolar lumen always contains an electron-dense secretion with myriads of small lighter particles. This kind of secretion was never seen released through the opening. The excretory opening of the common and the idiosomal dermal glands shows differences in its organization but basically is represented by a cuticular "bell" narrowing to the opening and showing a particular kind of valves at the inner side of the flaps of the orifice.

Pepsinogen I- and H+/K+-ATPase-immunohistochemical Positivity in Endoscopically Resected Early Gastric Neoplasia.

Gastric adenocarcinoma of the fundic gland type (GAFG) has been recently classified by the World Health Organization (WHO), however, clinicopathologic features of pepsinogen I- or H+/K+-ATPase-positive gastric tumors remain unclear. Therefore, this study evaluates the frequency and clinicopathologic features of those tumors, using a tissue microarray block to identify pepsinogen I- or H+/K+-ATPase-positive tumors from 810 endoscopically resected, early gastric epithelial tumors. The frequency of pepsinogen I-positive lesions was 2.1%, and that of H+/K+-ATPase-positive lesions was 2.0%. Pepsinogen I- or H+/K+-ATPase positivity was not observed in undifferentiated-type tumors, while gastric tumors with morphologic similarity to fundic glands were positive for pepsinogen I- or H+/K+-ATPase. We divided pepsinogen I- or H+/K+-ATPase-positive gastric tumors into group A, with fundic gland-like structure, or group B, without fundic gland-like structure. The frequency of group A was 1.6%: 46.2% were positive only for pepsinogen I and 53.8% for H+/K+-ATPase and pepsinogen I. The frequency of group B was 1.5%: 25% were positive only for pepsinogen I, 8.3% for H+/K+-ATPase and pepsinogen I, and 66.7% only for H+/K+-ATPase. The 2 tumor groups differed in location and endoscopic features. Hematoxylin and eosin staining showed that group B had more exposed tumors to the surface, larger nuclei, and more background atrophy than group A. Immunostaining showed significantly higher positivity rates for MUC5AC, CD10, CDX2, and p53 expression, and a higher Ki-67 labeling score. Our results provide novel insights into the pathology of early gastric tumors with histologic or immunohistochemical evidence of fundic gland differentiation.

Considerations regarding the choice of cable glands for electrical equipment used in potentially explosive atmospheres

The evaluation of explosion-proof electrical equipment for certification is particularly important given the risk of explosion and must be minimized. This in order to ensure the safety of life, health of workers, to prevent damage to goods and the environment when they meet the essential security requirements at European level. Directive 2014/34 / EU states that equipment used in explosive atmospheres must be designed to operate without endangering the environment for which it is intended. This paper presents a comparison between the different types of cable glands for electrical apparatus by comparing some common characteristics that are important for maintaining the integrity of explosion protection. Consequently, this paper intends to be the precursor of a practical guide for the selection and implementation of different types of protection on the apparatus intended for use in areas with hazard of explosive atmospheres, both for designers and manufactures. This state of fact is negatively more emphatic because, lately, the groups of standards from this field in the world, Europe and Romania have a peculiar dynamic caused especially by the homogenisation and generalisation process opened and maintained by IEC.

Texture and Color Enhancement Imaging Highlights Gastric Adenocarcinoma of the Fundic Gland Type.

A 68-year-old woman was referred to our hospital for the examination and treatment of gastric tumor. Esophagogastroduodenoscopy (GIF-EZ1500 with EVIS X1 video system; Olympus Medical Systems, Tokyo, Japan) showed a reddish, submucosal, tumor-like elevated lesion, located in the fornix on white light imaging (Figure A). Indigo carmine spraying revealed a mild elevated lesion with dilated vessels on the smooth surface (Figure B). Dilated vessels with branch architecture were highlighted on magnifying endoscopy with texture and color enhancement imaging (TXI) mode 1 after indigo carmine spraying (Figure C).

Ultrasonography of Lacrimal Gland involvement in systemic Sarcoidosis

Lacrimal gland lesions generally present as palpable masses in the superolateral aspects of the orbits. Approximately 50% of lacrimal gland masses are inflammatory lesions, 25% are lymphoid lesions or lymphoma, and the other 25% are salivary gland type tumors. Although there are overlaps and exceptions, features such as laterality, portion of gland involvement, presence or absence of bony findings, enhancement pattern, and clinical presentation are valuable in differentiating among lacrimal gland lesions. The 3D ultrasound has been used to define lacrimal gland shape, size, density, structural features the pattern of blood supply, as well as the anatomic and topographic position in the orbit. The study was conducted in the B- and 3D-modes of ultrasonography with color and energy Doppler mapping on both sides.

Cylindrical Glands and Egg Sac Silk of Giant Wood Spider, Nephila pilipes

Different types of silk glands are located inside the abdomen of spider. Three pairs of cylindrical glands are developed in female giant wood spider, Nephila pilipes. In the present study, attempt have been made to explain the anatomy and histology of cylindrical glands and details of its spinning field with the help of scanning electron micrograph (SEM). The microscale topology and surface nanostructure of egg sac silk threads was studied with advance techniques of atomic force microscopy (AFM).It is concluded that, in female spider, cylindrical glands and egg sac silk produced by them plays a very important role in successful perpetuation of species. Roughness analysis of egg sac silk suggested that this biomaterial has high toughness that may be suitable for dissipating high amounts of mechanical energy. This silk is having high and stable mechanical performance. Hence, successful large scale production of this beautiful and strong, naturally pink colored spider silk will definitely open a new gate in textile sector.

Clonal Transitions and Phenotypic Evolution in Barrett’s Esophagus

Background & AimsBarrett’s esophagus (BE) is a risk factor for esophageal adenocarcinoma but our understanding of how it evolves is poorly understood. We investigated BE gland phenotype distribution, the clonal nature of phenotypic change, and how phenotypic diversity plays a role in progression.MethodsUsing immunohistochemistry and histology, we analyzed the distribution and the diversity of gland phenotype between and within biopsy specimens from patients with nondysplastic BE and those who had progressed to dysplasia or had developed postesophagectomy BE. Clonal relationships were determined by the presence of shared mutations between distinct gland types using laser capture microdissection sequencing of the mitochondrial genome.ResultsWe identified 5 different gland phenotypes in a cohort of 51 nondysplastic patients where biopsy specimens were taken at the same anatomic site (1.0–2.0 cm superior to the gastroesophageal junction. Here, we observed the same number of glands with 1 and 2 phenotypes, but 3 phenotypes were rare. We showed a common ancestor between parietal cell-containing, mature gastric (oxyntocardiac) and goblet cell-containing, intestinal (specialized) gland phenotypes. Similarly, we have shown a clonal relationship between cardiac-type glands and specialized and mature intestinal glands. Using the Shannon diversity index as a marker of gland diversity, we observed significantly increased phenotypic diversity in patients with BE adjacent to dysplasia and predysplasia compared to nondysplastic BE and postesophagectomy BE, suggesting that diversity develops over time.ConclusionsWe showed that the range of BE phenotypes represents an evolutionary process and that changes in gland diversity may play a role in progression. Furthermore, we showed a common ancestry between gastric and intestinal-type glands in BE.

Pathological features of pyloric gland adenoma of the gallbladder in comparison with gastric subtype of intracholecystic papillary neoplasm

Background and aimsPyloric gland adenoma (PGA) of the gallbladder is a polypoid, preinvasive epithelial neoplasm composed of uniform back-to-back, pyloric glands in a tubular configuration. Intracholecystic papillary neoplasm (ICPN), another preinvasive grossly visible neoplasm of the gallbladder, is subdividable into four subtypes, including gastric subtype. In this study, PGA was reappraised referring to gastric subtype of ICPN (gICPN). Materials and methodsPGA and gICPN pathologically defined by WHO 2019 classification were surveyed in a total of 104 cases of gallbladder epithelial neoplasms of our Hospital (2002 January to 2021 May) and were pathologically and immunohistochemically compared. ResultsPGA (7 cases) was characterized by i) a well-demarcated, polypoid lesion and ii) packed tubular components resembling pyloric glands. gICPNs (14 cases) were subdivided into i) pyloric gland predominant (2 cases), ii) foveola predominant (6 cases) and iii) mixed foveola and pyloric gland type (6 cases). gICPNs were also divided into a solitary, polypoid lesion with well demarcation from the surrounding mucosa (5 cases) and a conglomerated polypoid and granular lesions with poor demarcation (9 cases). PGA shared gross and histologic features with solitary, polypoid gICPNs, and PGA could be regarded as solitary gICPN predominantly composed of pyloric glands. Nuclear expression of β-catenin was found in 6 of 7 PGA, but absent in gICPN, including solitary, polypoid gICPN. ConclusionPGA could correspond to a solitary gICPN mainly composed of pyloric glands, but may undergo a different molecular pathway from gICPN.

Study of Tissue-Specific Reactive Oxygen Species Formation by Cell Membrane Microarrays for the Characterization of Bioactive Compounds.

The production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) increases considerably in situations of cellular stress, inducing lipid peroxidation and multiple alterations in proteins and nucleic acids. However, sensitivity to oxidative damage varies between organs and tissues depending on the triggering process. Certain drugs used in the treatment of diverse diseases such as malaria have side effects similar to those produced by oxidative damage, although no specific study has been conducted. For this purpose, cell membrane microarrays were developed and the superoxide production evoked by the mitochondrial activity was assayed in the presence of specific inhibitors: rotenone, antimycin A and azide. Once the protocol was set up on cell membrane isolated from rat brain areas, the effect of six antimalarial drugs (atovaquone, quinidine, doxycycline, mefloquine, artemisinin, and tafenoquine) and two essential oils (Rosmarinus officinalis and Origanum majoricum) were evaluated in multiple human samples. The basal activity was different depending on the type of tissue, the liver, jejunum and adrenal gland being the ones with the highest amount of superoxide. The antimalarial drugs studied showed specific behavior according to the type of human tissue analyzed, with atovaquone and quinidine producing the highest percentage of superoxide formation, and doxycycline the lowest. In conclusion, the analysis of superoxide production evaluated in cell membranes of a collection of human tissues allowed for the characterization of the safety profile of these antimalarial drugs against toxicity mediated by oxidative stress.

Single-nucleus transcriptomes reveal evolutionary and functional properties of cell types in the Drosophila accessory gland.

Many traits responsible for male reproduction evolve quickly, including gene expression phenotypes in germline and somatic male reproductive tissues. Rapid male evolution in polyandrous species is thought to be driven by competition among males for fertilizations and conflicts between male and female fitness interests that manifest in postcopulatory phenotypes. In Drosophila, seminal fluid proteins secreted by three major cell types of the male accessory gland and ejaculatory duct are required for female sperm storage and use, and influence female postcopulatory traits. Recent work has shown that these cell types have overlapping but distinct effects on female postcopulatory biology, yet relatively little is known about their evolutionary properties. Here, we use single-nucleus RNA-Seq of the accessory gland and ejaculatory duct from Drosophila melanogaster and two closely related species to comprehensively describe the cell diversity of these tissues and their transcriptome evolution for the first time. We find that seminal fluid transcripts are strongly partitioned across the major cell types, and expression of many other genes additionally defines each cell type. We also report previously undocumented diversity in main cells. Transcriptome divergence was found to be heterogeneous across cell types and lineages, revealing a complex evolutionary process. Furthermore, protein adaptation varied across cell types, with potential consequences for our understanding of selection on male postcopulatory traits.

Seasonal variations in histomorphology and histochemistry of vesicular gland of buffalo bull

The present study was conducted to study the seasonal changes in the histomorphology and histochemistry of the vesicular gland of buffalo bull. The vesicular gland of buffalo bull was collected from the abattoir immediately after sacrifice during winter and summer season. The tissue sample were fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin (NBF) and were processed for paraffin blocks preparation by acetone-benzene schedule and paraffin sections of 3-5 μm were obtained on glass slides with rotary microtome. The paraffin sections were stained with various stains to study the histomorphological and histochemical parameters. The results showed that the vesicular glands were compound tubulo-alveolar type of gland in buffalo and were composed of four layers, i.e. lamina epithelialis, propria submucosa, tunica muscularis and tunica adventitia. In winter, the lumen of acini became wider than summer. The secretory material was observed during winter but could not be seen in summer season both in glandular acini and ducts. The connective tissue of stroma was less in winter and increased in summer which may be the reason for reduced lumen of glandular acini in summer. The tunica muscularis layer was thicker in winter than in summer season. The micrometrical data revealed that the average epithelial height and acinar diameter significantly decreased from winter to summer. The activity of neutral mucopolysaccharides, basic proteins, lipids and phospholipids were more in winter than summer season. The acid mucopolysaccharides were more in summer than winter. The results indicate that the vesicular gland of buffalo bull was more functionally active during winter season as compared to summer season.

The updated WHO classification of digestive system tumours-gastric adenocarcinoma and dysplasia.

The fifth edition of the World Health Organization (WHO) classification of digestive system tumours was published in 2019. The classification of invasive carcinoma is basically the same as in the fourth edition, but the description of each histological type has been updated, and some rare subtypes such as micropapillary carcinoma, gastric adenocarcinoma of the fundic gland type and undifferentiated carcinoma have been added and explained. Although this classification did not provide specific numerical criteria for the diagnosis of signet-ring cell carcinoma in poorly cohesive carcinoma, an additional study defined signet-ring cell carcinoma as having more than 90% signet-ring cells. The molecular classification of gastric cancer (Epstein-Barr virus-positive type, microsatellite instability type, genomically stable type, chromosomally unstable type) was additionally introduced. Many pages in the present classification have been devoted to precancerous lesions, and this article focuses on foveolar-type adenoma/dysplasia.

Male and Female Cloacal Anatomy of the Fischer’s Clawed Salamander, <i>Onychodactylus fischeri</i> (Caudata, Hynobiidae)

The cloaca of salamanders is a complex organ with exocrine glands involved in the production of sex pheromones, spermatophores, and storage of sperm. Since the cloaca provides reproductive functions, its signs are important for phylogenetic analysis in the evolutionary biology of tailed amphibians. For clarification of intrafamilial variation of cloacal characteristics in hynobiids, we studied the anatomy of male and female cloacae of Onychodactylus fischeri via histological, histochemical, and 3D-reconstruction methods. Males and females had ciliated cloacal linings and with sexual dimorphism in cloacal conformation and cloacal glands. As in other males and females of hynobiids, females of O. fischeri possessed only ventral glands, secreting neutral glycoproteins. In contrast, males of this species had three types of the cloacal glands. Glands «B» were like ventral glands of females and other hynobiids, while glands «A» and «C» had different histochemical and morphological characteristics. As our results are generally consistent with the data for the related species O. japonicus, these characteristics of the male and female cloacal anatomy may be common to all species of the genus Onychodactylus. The presence of three types of unique cloacal glands in males distinguishes Onychodactylus from all other hynobiids and salamanders.

Sinonasal teratocarcinosarcoma: a case report

<p class="abstract">Sinonasal teratocarcinosarcoma (TCS) is a very rare malignant neoplasm of sinonasal tract with intermixed teratomatous, carcinomatous and sarcomatous elements. While the diagnosis is largely based on tissue analysis and immunohistochemistry, the mode of management demands further study. Surgical resection with or without chemotherapy and radiation therapy is currently the most accepted treatment regimen. Locally aggressive, while also associated with metastatic lesions, SNTCS is not easily resectable owing to its location and possible intracranial extension. Due to its aggressive nature over one-third of TCS tend to recur leading to treatment failure with a mean survival time of 1.9 years. Possible differentials include squamous cell carcinoma, olfactory neuroblastoma, adenocarcinoma, malignant mixed tumor of salivary gland type, undifferentiated carcinoma, malignant craniopharyngioma, mucoepidermoid carcinoma, transitional carcinoma of Schneiderian type and adenosquamous carcinoma. In this report, we present a case of TCS in a 55 years old male patient who presented to us with complaints of hyposmia, blurring of vision, diplopia and epiphora.</p>