Garden Type Research Articles

Home Gardening and the Social Divide of Suburban Space: Methodological Proposal for the Spatial Analysis of a Social Practice in the Greater Paris Urban Area

This paper explores home gardening geography in metropolitan outskirts, seen as a major asset and challenge of the alternative suburban city model. Studies that estimate the domestic production of backyard gardens are scarce, but they all confirm the persistence of an ancient and “ordinary” phenomenon still firmly rooted in the food landscape of the globalised North cities. To fill a gap in European alternative urban and food systems studies, we focus on the case of two subsectors of the extended suburban belt of greater Paris agglomeration. We designed and performed a spatial analysis protocol that differentiates vegetable garden types to test spatial relationships between environmental and intrinsic factors and assess clustering patterns. We had to overcome several methodological barriers by building an original vegetable gardens database and applying distinct qualitative and quantitative methods. Our results show spatial home gardening patterns differentiation at three intertwined levels: At the micro-level of domestic space (according to the size and share of vegetable plots); at the house block level (according to their socio-economic and built environment profile); and at the level of the housing estates or urban agglomeration (according to the geography of social specialisation).

Locking Plate Fixation System for Intracapsular Fracture Neck of Femur in Young Patients.

Intra-capsular fractures of the femoral neck in young patients are almost always treated with surgical fixation to preserve the native hip anatomy and biomechanics. Multiple Cannulated hip screws and the sliding hip screw have been the hallmark fixation devices for these injuries. The use of locking cannulated hip screws to a side plate was developed to mitigate the biological and mechanical downfalls of these devices. To report the outcome following the use of a locking plate fixation system in the management of intracapsular fractures of the femoral neck in young patients. A case series study of all the patients treated in our institution between 2014 and 2017. All eligible patients with hip intracapsular fractures aged between 18 and 65 were treated with a proximal locking hip plate system. The main reported outcomes were union rate, failure of fixation, and development of avascular necrosis of the femoral head. Fifty-six patients (36 men and 20 women) at a mean age of 39.1 years (range 20-65 years) completed 24 months' follow-up. Mean time to surgery was 16 hours. No intraoperative complications were reported. The mean time to union was 15.9 weeks (range 12-23). Three patients (5.3%, one Garden type III, and two type IV) did not achieve union at 6 months. Two patients had revision surgery with valgus osteotomy and the third patient required total hip replacement because of screw penetration. Five patients (8.9%) developed avascular necrosis of the femoral head (2 patients Garden type III, and 3 patients Garden VI). Only two patients required conversion to total hip replacement. 1. The results in this study showed lower rates of non-union, AVN and secondary operation as compared to published data on both SCH and DHS. 2. It also compares favorably with results reported for dy-namic locking screw systems. 3. The study had few li-mitations, including lack of comparative groups. Also, when considering fracture classification subgroups, the unstable fracture pattern had higher rates of non-union and AVN. 4. This calls for a further larger number of studies dedicated to these fracture categories to ascertain long-term outcome with this type of fixation.

Hidden osteonecrosis of the femoral head after healed femoral neck fractures: magnetic resonance imaging study of 58 consecutive patients.

Several studies investigated the posttraumatic osteonecrosis of the femoral head (ONFH) after femoral neck fracture (FNF). However, no study has investigated the hidden ONFH after FNF, which is missed by simple radiographs, using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). This retrospective study involved 58 consecutive patients who underwent implant removal surgery after internal fixation due to FNF. MRI was used to investigate the incidence of hidden ONFHs, which were not initially revealed on plain radiographs. The comparisons between hidden ONFH and other groups were performed for patent demographics and clinical variables including ONFH location, lesion size, the progression rate of ONFH collapse, and end-stage arthroplasty conversion rate. Of the 58 patients, 38 exhibited no evidence of ONFH on plain radiograph screening. However, 13 of the 38 patients were confirmed of hidden ONFH via MRI. The collapse progressed in four of the 13 patients, and one of them underwent total hip arthroplasty surgery. No significant differences were found between the hidden and definite ONFH groups in demographics and clinical variables. However, a significant difference exists between the hidden ONFH and the normally healed FNF groups in terms of the Garden type (P < 0.001). A large number of cases with hidden ONFH were confirmed using MRI following healed FNF, and most of them were initially displaced FNF. Thus, the treatment method between internal fixation and hip arthroplasty should be carefully selected, particularly with displaced FNF.

Ordination of Selected Traditional Japanese Gardens, Traditional Chinese Gardens, and Modern Chinese Gardens

Designers and academics are interested in the characteristics, differences, and similarities between built environments such as garden types. This investigation aims to examine the ordination of traditional Japanese gardens in Kyoto, the classical Chinese gardens in Suzhou and the modern Chinese gardens in Xiamen. A hundred and thirty-four variables were selected for the ordination. According to a Principal Component Analysis (PCA) ordination, the first three principal components covered 70.77 percent of the sample variance: the first principal component (traditional Asian values to non-Asian dimension) and second principal component (a complexity to simplicity dimension) divides the gardens into three identifiable groups; the first and the third principal component (a hardscape to softscape dimension) indicates the similarities of traditional Japanese gardens and classical Chinese gardens; the second and third principal component implies the similarities of traditional Japanese gardens and modern Chinese gardens.

Configuration of short- and long-threaded cannulated screws in proximal femoral plating decreases varus collapse of femoral neck fractures: A retrospective cohort study

ObjectivesProximal femoral plating serves as a good alternative for the fixation of femoral neck fractures, but fixation loss still occurs. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of a hybrid configuration of short- and long-threaded cannulated screws in proximal femoral plating in terms of decreasing varus collapse of femoral neck fractures. Materials and MethodsWe retrospectively analyzed 86 patients with femoral neck fractures who were fixed by proximal femoral plating from January 2015 to June 2019. These patients were divided into two groups according to screw configuration: short- and long-threaded cannulated screws (SLTS, n = 38) and short-threaded cannulated screws (STS, n = 48). Radiological and clinical outcomes including screw withdraw, nonunion, avascular necrosis, caput-collum-diaphysis (CCD) angle, amount of femoral neck shortening (FNS), and Harris Hip Score (HHS) were compared between the groups. ResultsPreoperative characteristics including age, gender, Garden type, duration of surgery, and reduction quality were not significantly different between the two groups (p > 0.05). Less decreased CCD angle was observed in the SLTS group (-0.4° (-1.4 – 1.8)) compared with that in the STS group (7.9° (6.3 – 11.0)) (p < 0.001). The SLTS group also presented with fewer amount of FNS (3.2 (2.7 – 3.8) mm vs. 5.1 (4.2 – 5.9) mm, p < 0.001). Bone union was achieved in all patients and no avascular necrosis was observed during the follow-up. The HHS was higher in the SLTS group (86.4 ± 5.1) than that in the STS group (81.5 ± 4.5) (p < 0.001). ConclusionThe hybrid configuration of short- and long-threaded screws in proximal femoral plating offers better resistance against varus collapse and yields better functional outcomes in femoral neck fractures.

Changes in vegetation cover and connectivity of private gardens at traditional wooden townhouses in the ancient city of Kyoto

A large number of Kyoto’s traditional wooden townhouses (referred to here as “KWTs”; kyo-machiya in Japanese), characterized by various types of gardens, have been demolished in recent years as lifestyles have changed. Against a background of limited research into the ecological status of such gardens (referred to here as “KWT gardens”), the authors investigated related changes in a school district where numerous KWTs have been removed, although many still remain, based on the aerial photographs of the local area and related distribution data. The results indicated that KWT gardens as a percentage of overall vegetation cover (“VC”) decreased from 39 to 28% between 1987 and 2008, and that separation/miniaturization of green spaces had progressed. However, some KWT gardens still remained at new houses renovated from KWTs. It was found that, although VC and the connectivity of KWT gardens had decreased due to KWT demolition, such areas still represent a significant part of VC in the ancient city of Kyoto. Accordingly, it is necessary to evaluate remaining KWT gardens and promote their preservation as cultural and ecological assets.

Analysis of Empirical Research Methods of Rehabilitation Landscape

In modern times, the natural environment has attracted people’s attention as a resource for maintaining people’s physical and mental health. Nature and health involve many different disciplines. In the landscape disciplines, it is called “rehabilitation landscape”. Rehabilitation landscape is important to the mind and physiology of individuals there are also many scientific research results for new types of gardens. On this basis, this paper analyzes the current empirical research methods of rehabilitation landscape from the perspective of subject and object by combing the development process of rehabilitation landscape, and points out its shortcomings, analyzes its future development trend, and finally proposes future empirical research. The method should have a more rigorous and systematic research structure, strengthen the grasp of the research essence, and promote the formation of an evaluation system with optimized practical significance.

The Eighteenth-Century Gardens of Bundelkhand, India, compared to the Mughal, Rajput and Colonial Gardens

ABSTRACT Bundelkhand is a region in central India demarcated on the basis of uniform socio-cultural practices. During the later eighteenth and early nineteenth century, a peculiar garden-style developed under the patronisation of the princely states in Bundelkhand. The gardens of Bundelkhand have a characteristic typology and identical gardens can be seen all across Bundelkhand. These walled gardens consist of an outhouse (kothi), a temple, well, stepwell (baoli/bawdi), irrigation channels (milai), and memorial structures. Their distinctiveness illustrates how regional styles flourished despite the influence of the Mughal, Rajput and Colonial styles which otherwise dominated the Indian garden landscape in this period. Following the authors’ previous papers on the typology of Bungali gardens, the present paper compares them with the other established garden types in India: Mughal, Rajput and Colonial. The comparison is helpful to understand the development of regional garden style, sometimes influenced by other typologies, yet which developed into an independent type.

Effects of garden type and distance from bush on adventive trees in domestic gardens

Gardens are both a source of plant species that invade native vegetation (bush) and are places that native species can invade. We test the hypotheses that the richness of adventive exotic and native trees in suburban gardens declines with distance from the bush, and that the type of garden strongly influences the establishment of adventive trees. The adventive woody species in front gardens of houses on randomly selected streets in three Hobart suburbs were observed from the street, along with garden type. Distance from the bush boundary was measured from maps. Most taxa occurred less frequently with increasing distance from the bush and garden type was associated with the occurrence of several taxa. Distance and garden type had no effect on the exotic Pittosporum undulatum, possibly because it is rare in native vegetation due to its fire sensitivity but is both attractive to many gardeners and well-dispersed by birds between gardens.

Fertilizers effect on yield and apples’ fruits quality on leached chernozem

In the Central Ciscaucasia, including North Ossetia-Alania, in recent years, new fast-growing, immune, highly-productive varieties of apple trees of an intensive type have become widespread. The effectiveness of the use of fertilizers for growing new varieties of apple trees has not been studied. In this regard, a study was made of the responsiveness of three apple varieties to mineral and organic fertilizers (manure) and their combination. The apple orchard was studied on leached chernozem, covered by pebble from a depth of 50 cm and having a wash water regime. As a result of research, it was found that the use of mineral and organic fertilizers in this type of garden is an effective agrotechnological technique. The use of mineral and organic fertilizers increases the productivity of the fruits of the varieties Aidored, Florina and Stark-Nart by 20.0–130.4 % compared with non-fertilized control. The Florina variety was the most fruitful. Significantly less productive is the Aydored variety and especially Stark-Nart. In the control, respectively, Florin’s variety – 22.0 t/ha, Aidored – 12.5 t/ha and Stark-Nart – 11.5 t/ha. Of the fertilized options, the best in all three varieties was N150P150К150: productivity was 40.5, 28.5, and 26.5 t/ha, respectively. The fertilizers under study affected the quality indicators of fruits in different ways. For Aidored variety, there is a tendency toward a decrease in the dry matter content and fruit acidity as the level of mineral nutrition increases, while the content of sugar, vitamin C, P-active substances, sugar-acid index and pectin substances increase. According to these indicators, N150P150К150 stands out as the best of the fertilized options. In relation to the Florin and Stark-Nart varieties, it should be pointed out that the patterns of action of fertilizers on the quality of fruits noted for the Aidored variety are identical, although the quantitative indicators are not the same. In particular, it can be noted that in terms of sugar content, Stark-Nart is inferior to two other varieties. And in terms of acidity, Florin is an advantage (the fruits are less acidic). Vitamin C is more in the fruits of the Aidored variety (9.3 mg / 100 g in the control), Florin is in second place, and Stark-Nart is in third (in the control of 8.0 and 7.1, respectively).

Botanikus kertek kialakulása, tervezése, építése, és használatuk a gyógyításban

The main purpose of this study is to demonstrate the past way of gardens’ development throughout the men’s history. The onset was the creation of the first gardens, later on, their evolution related to their type and purpose, finally there are concerns about the external factors that instigated the flourishing of horticulture. Monastic medicine is one of the key issues thus this study contains a dedicated chapter about this topic since it is really important how the medical use of herbs evolved throughout the past times. There is also presented the botanical garden⁠—one of the main garden types⁠—using the specific example of this country’s greatest Füvészkert (Herbal Garden) in Hungary. Since ever, there was fiercely debated the therapeutic classification of herbal medicines, if their safety and efficacy were proven, and whether there were needed legislation about their administration. A specific chapter is concerning these issues too. There are also presented outcomes of online questionnaire-based research answered by 700 responders.

Free fibular graft augmentation in delayed fixation of fracture neck of femur in young adults

Introduction: This clinical study was conducted to assess the long-term follow-up results of using free fibular graft to augment fracture fixation with cannulated cancellous screw (CCS) or dynamic hip screw (DHS) as a treatment option for femoral neck fractures in young adults who presented after 24 h of injury but within 3 weeks. Methodology: A prospective study was conducted on the patients of femoral neck fractures managed with multiple cancellous screws or DHS with fibular graft. Patients aged between 15 and 50 years and having Garden Type III or IV fracture with duration of injury >3 weeks were included in the study. They were assessed for radiological outcome and functional outcome using modified Harris hip score. Results: Twenty-two cases were operated between day 2 and day 21 after sustaining injury. The mean time of union was 3.4 months. Nineteen fractures united uneventfully. Two fractures went in for nonunion and one developed avascular necrosis (AVN) of the femoral head. According to Harris hip score, 14 patients scored “excellent,” three patients scored “good,” three scored “fair,” and “poor” score was recorded in two patients. Conclusions: Delay in surgery as a contributing factor for the development of complications in fracture neck of femur cannot be ruled out with the present literature available. Using a free fibular graft as an adjunct to implant construct helps in reducing the rates of nonunion and AVN. However, this cannot be a substitute for proper surgical precision that is required in the treatment of fracture neck of femur. Further prospective studies involving large sample size are required.

How do the features of individual gardens affect bird diversity in rural-suburban areas?

Demographic data show booming metropolitan populations and the related rapid spread of urbanized areas. Cities already harbor numerous diverse habitats, including gardens, varying greatly both in terms of floristics and architectural attributes. The way gardens are designed and managed is of crucial importance for the birds associated with them. The present work provides a comprehensive overview of garden features, which were used in cluster analysis to distinguish several garden types. The birds occurring in gardens located on the outskirts of the city in southern Poland were analyzed in three phenological periods (breeding season, autumn, winter).Depending on garden type, bird density ranged from 10.8 to 57.4 breeding pairs per ha, with 0.8–8.3 species per garden. The species similarity Jaccard index of bird assemblages was from 0.10 to 0.75. The evenness index revealed some garden types with very even species distributions, as well as some types that were strongly dominated by a single species. Garden features also affected proportions between groups of species with different nesting preferences (cavity nesters, canopy nesters, birds nesting in building, and those nesting in shrubs and near the ground). The function of gardens as food sources increased from spring to winter. The garden attributes that significantly affected the occurrence of breeding birds were high tree density and hedges, building walls and attics available for birds, as well the presence of chicken coops. In terms of feeding, of importance was not only lush vegetation, but also places where different types of food were provided for birds, poultry, and domestic and farm animals.As the unfolding changes in urban and suburban areas are likely to result in the disappearance of some garden features and the associated niches, it will be necessary to compensate for them with a view to conserving bird species such as the house sparrow. To that end, appropriate educational and advisory programs should be offered to garden owners.

Capturing and analysing heterogeneity in residential greywater reuse preferences using a latent class model

To legally permit greywater reuse as a management strategy, it is necessary to establish allowed uses, as well as guarantee legitimacy, safety and maintain public trust. Cities with previous experience in greywater reuse have reconfigured their regulations according to their own evidence with decentralized water reuse systems. This has allowed them to encourage or restrict certain indoor uses of treated greywater. However, cities starting to use these residential schemes lack the experience to reconfigure their water and sanitation regulation, and thus need “blindly” decide on the type of greywater uses to allow in order to achieve a balance between users’ acceptability and avoiding public health problems.In this research, we analyse hypothetical situations of greywater reuse based on real evidence related to decentralized water systems. The main objective of this study is to evaluate the heterogeneity of individuals' preferences regarding residential greywater reuse for six intended indoor uses, using stated choice experiments and a latent class model. Hence, we obtain preliminary evidence about the direction that the regulation or pilot tests should take. We use the context of Santiago (Chile) as a reference, where although allowed, greywater reuse is not taking place widely. Our results show that survey respondents can be classified into four classes (enthusiasts, greywater sceptics, appearance conscious and water expenditure conscious), according to the preferences for the different types of indoor greywater reuse and the appearance of the treated greywater. From a policy perspective, our results show differences across classes as a function of socioeconomic characteristics and previous greywater reuse knowledge, as well as wider household characteristics, including the presence of sensitive individuals (under 15 and over 74 years old), number of residents, number of sanitary devices, and location and type of garden.

Self‐Assembled Structures from Solid Cadmium(II) Acetate in Thiol/Ethanol Solutions: A Novel Type of Organic Chemical Garden

AbstractCadmium(II) acetate in tablet form, immersed in ethanol solutions with a high concentration of heptanethiol (30–80 mM), was able to develop self‐assembled sail‐shaped structures. The solution in which the self‐assembled structure is formed is totally organic (both solute and solvent), thus representing a unique case among organic Chemical Gardens. The constituting material for this new Chemical Garden (CG) is made of a single phase, namely a cadmium heptanethiolate with a microcrystalline structure consisting of a central cluster [CdnSn]. The morphological and structural features were studied using different techniques (SEM‐EDS, elemental analysis, ATR‐FTIR, 113Cd MAS NMR, XRPD). A crystalline cell for the Cd(II) heptanethiolate cluster was obtained that completely differs from that of the solid phase precipitated by mixing an ethanol solution of Cd(II) acetate with heptanethiol. It follows that the conditions under which the formation of Cd(II) heptanethiolate occurs (slowly from solid, quickly from solution) play a critical role in determining the nature and structure of the precipitating phase.

Species of the &lt;i&gt;Agave&lt;/i&gt; L. and &lt;i&gt;Yucca&lt;/i&gt; L. (Asparagaceae Juss.) for gardening of the Southern Coast of the Crimea

The work presents 21 taxa of Agave L. genus (18 species and 3 subspecies) and 15 taxa (12 species, 2 varieties and 1 form) of Yucca L. genus. To select a promising assortment of the succulents for the Southern Coast of the Crimea landscaping, the ecological characteristics of the plants (the exacting attitude towards the soil environment - acidic, neutral, alkaline; the rate of a soil moisture - excessive, sufficient, insufficient; the resistance against gas, dust, wind, heat, salt; the frost resistance - frost-resistant, not enough frost-resistant; the drought resistance - drought-resistant, insufficiently drought-resistant) have been studied. According to the classification of types (species) of garden and park plantings, adopted in landscape design, for each studied taxon, the most optimal options for using in landscaping in the conditions of the Souther Coast are given.

Therapeutic Landscape as a Healthcare Facility in Egypt: Design and Evaluation Process

Outdoor natural environments are well proven to have psychological, physical, and social benefits, particularly those attached to healthcare facilities. Despite that, the Egyptian Codes devoid of data related to the design of such gardens, which hinders the design process and the inclusion of these spaces within health care facilities. Thus, this paper seeks to reach a set of considerations for the design of different types of therapeutic gardens by summarizing the findings and recommendations of some evidence-based design (EBD) research and post-occupancy evaluations (POEs). Post-occupancy evaluations lack to determining the percentage of achieving the design principles in the garden. Therefore, in addition to the behavioral and visual observations to evaluate Children's Cancer Hospital garden in Egypt (CCHE), an audit tool was integrated to combine the advantages of audit tools and POEs. With this merging, we can reach a steady form of post-occupancy evaluations of pediatric cancer hospital’s gardens to be a guide for future researches and landscape architects.

Metagenomics Reveals Diet-Specific Specialization of Bacterial Communities in Fungus Gardens of Grass- and Dicot-Cutter Ants.

Leaf-cutter ants in the genus Atta are dominant herbivores in the Neotropics. While most species of Atta cut dicots to incorporate into their fungus gardens, some species specialize on grasses. Here we examine the bacterial community associated with the fungus gardens of grass- and dicot-cutter ants to examine how changes in substrate input affect the bacterial community. We sequenced the metagenomes of 12 Atta fungus gardens, across four species of ants, with a total of 5.316 Gbp of sequence data. We show significant differences in the fungus garden bacterial community composition between dicot- and grass-cutter ants, with grass-cutter ants having lower diversity. Reflecting this difference in community composition, the bacterial functional profiles between the fungus gardens are significantly different. Specifically, grass-cutter ant fungus garden metagenomes are particularly enriched for genes responsible for amino acid, siderophore, and terpenoid biosynthesis while dicot-cutter ant fungus gardens metagenomes are enriched in genes involved in membrane transport. Differences between community composition and functional capacity of the bacteria in the two types of fungus gardens reflect differences in the substrates that the ants incorporated. These results show that different substrate inputs matter for fungus garden bacteria and shed light on the potential role of bacteria in mediating the ants’ transition to the use of a novel substrate.

Daikon Radish Cultivation Guide for Florida

Daikon radish is a versatile vegetable crop in the mustard family. It produces a large, white, cylindrical fleshy root weighing up to 4-7 lb. Daikon radish is an especially common vegetable in Asia, particularly Japan, and it tends to be less spicy than other garden types of radish. This new 7-page publication of the UF/IFAS Horticultural Sciences Department provides a primer on cultivation of daikon in Florida, including sections on propagation, growing conditions, pests and diseases, and agricultural, culinary, and medicinal uses. Written by Mary Dixon and Guodong Liu.https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/hs1370

Direct anterior approach versus direct lateral approach in total hip arthroplasty and bipolar hemiarthroplasty for femoral neck fractures: a retrospective comparative study.

In thecurrent literature, there is no consensus on the best surgical approach in hip replacement for femoral neck fractures (FNFs). The aim of this study is to compare the direct anterior approach (DAA) and the direct lateral approach (DLA) in patients treated with bipolar hemiarthroplasty (BHA) and total hip arthroplasty (THA) for FNFs. Patients with displaced FNFs (Garden type III and IV) treated operatively using BHA and THA were enrolled. The surgical approach techniques DAA and DLA are compared. The analysed variables are: mean surgery time, number of blood units transfused perioperatively, percentage of patients transfused, perioperative complications, pain and functional outcomes at 1 and 6months and mortality at 1, 3 and 12months. Between 2015 and 2017, 37 patients underwent BHA by the DAA and 38 patients underwent BHA by the DLA, 69 patients underwent THA by the DAA and 60 patients underwent THA by the DLA. For THA, the DAA compared to the DLA had a higher mean surgery time (100.8min vs. 97.7min), a lower mean number of blood units transfused perioperatively (1.4U vs. 1.9U), a significantly lower percentage of patients transfused (53.6% vs. 71.7%), a higher rate of perioperative complications (10.1% vs. 1.6%), a lower pain referred and better functional outcomes in the first 6 postoperative months and a significantly lower mortality rate at 12months (2.9% vs. 16.7%). For BHA, the advantages of the DAA over DLA are not as significant. The direct anterior approach in THA for FNFs provides significant benefits in the early post-operative period compared to the direct lateral approach in terms of functional recovery, residual pain, blood loss and mortality rate in the elderly active population. Level IV, retrospective cohort study.