Type Of Exercise Research Articles

The Efficacy of Exercise Therapy for Rotator Cuff-Related Shoulder Pain According to the FITT Principle: A Systematic Review With Meta-analyses.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy of exercise interventions with differing frequency, intensity, type, and time (FITT) on shoulder pain and disability in people with rotator cuff-related shoulder pain (RCRSP). DESIGN: Intervention systematic review with meta-analyses. LITERATURE SEARCH: Electronic searches were conducted up to May 2023. STUDY SELECTION CRITERIA: Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing the effects of exercise interventions differing in prescription according to the FITT principle, in people with RCRSP. DATA SYNTHESIS: Separate meta-analyses comparing exercise type (specific versus nonspecific exercise) and intensity (high versus low) were conducted. Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluations (GRADE) was used to evaluate the certainty of evidence. RESULTS: Twenty-two RCTs (n = 1281) were included. There was moderate-certainty evidence that motor control exercise programs, when compared to nonspecific exercise programs, significantly reduced disability in the short (SMD: -0.29; 95% CI: -0.51, -0.07; n = 323; 7 RCTs) and medium terms (SMD: -0.33; 95% CI: -0.57, -0.09; n = 286; 5 RCTs), but not pain in the short term (SMD: -0.19; 95% CI: -0.41, 0.03; n = 323; 7 RCTs). Uncertainties remained regarding other exercise types (eccentric and scapula-focused exercise programs) versus nonspecific exercise programs, and exercise intensity due to low- to very low-certainty evidence. No trials were identified that compared different frequencies or times. CONCLUSION: For adults with RCRSP, motor control exercise programs were probably slightly superior to nonspecific exercise programs. However, it is unclear if the effects were due to motor control exercise or to other program characteristics such as progression and tailoring. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2024;54(8):499-512. Epub 7 June 2024. doi:10.2519/jospt.2024.12453.

Exercise training in solid organ transplant candidates and recipients.

Exercise training programs are an integral part of the management of solid organ transplantation (SOT) candidates and recipients. Despite this, they are not widely available and specific guidelines on exercise parameters for each type of organ are not currently provided. A review of this topic could help clinicians to prescribe appropriate exercise regimens for their patients. In this narrative review, we discuss the physical impairments of SOT candidates and recipients and how these affect their physical function and transplant outcomes. We examine recent systematic reviews, statements, and randomized controlled trials on exercise training in SOT candidates and recipients and present the current available evidence while providing some practical recommendations for clinicians based on the frequency, intensity, time, and type principle. While randomized controlled trials of better methodology quality are needed to strengthen the evidence for the effects of exercise training and for the optimal training characteristics, the available evidence points to beneficial effects of many different types of exercise. The current evidence can provide some guidance for clinicians on the prescription of exercise training for transplant candidates and recipients.

Impact of Acute High-intensity Interval Training on Cortical Excitability, M1-related Cognitive Functions, and Myokines: A Randomized Crossover Study

High-intensity interval training (HIIT) is a time-efficient, safe, and feasible exercise type that can be utilized across different ages and health status. This randomized cross-over study aimed to investigate the effect of acute HIIT on cortical excitability, M1-related cognitive functions, cognition-related myokines, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and Cathepsin B (CTSB). Twenty-three sedentary young adults (mean age: 22.78 years ± 2.87; 14 female) participated in a cross-over design involving two sessions: either 23 min of HIIT or seated rest. Before and after the sessions, cortical excitability was measured using transcranial magnetic stimulation, and M1-related cognitive functions were assessed by the n-back test and mental rotation test. Serum levels of BDNF and CTSB were assessed using the ELISA method before and after the HIIT intervention. We demonstrated that HIIT improved mental rotation and working memory, and increased serum levels of BDNF and CTSB, whereas cortical excitability did not change. Our findings provide evidence that one session of HIIT is effective on M1-related cognitive functions and cognition-related myokines. Future research is warranted to determine whether such findings are transferable to different populations, such as cognitively at-risk children, adults, and older adults, and to prescribe effective exercise programs.

Analysis of Concentric and Eccentric Power in Flywheel Exercises Depending on the Subjects' Strength Level and Body Mass.

Asencio, P, García-Valverde, A, Albaladejo-García, C, Beato, M, Moreno-Hernández, FJ, and Sabido, R. Analysis of concentric and eccentric power in flywheel exercises depending on the subjects' strength level and body mass. J Strength Cond Res 38(8): 1394-1400, 2024-The objective of this study is to describe how flywheel exercise mechanical outputs are affected by the athletes' body mass (BM) and strength level and by the exercise type. Forty-six recreational athletes came to a laboratory 3 times. On the first day, descriptive data, squat (1 repetition maximum: 1RM) and flywheel familiarization were performed. After a second day of familiarization, subjects performed a randomized flywheel exercise-testing protocol of squat and split squat exercises. The variables used for data analysis were peak concentric power and peak eccentric power, eccentric/concentric ratio, and their relationship with 1RM/BM. Subjects were assigned to a stronger or weaker group according to their 1RM/BM ratio. Group differences were found in absolute values of eccentric overload (EOL) ( p < 0.01; effect size [ES] = 0.51) and EOL/BM ( p < 0.01; ES = 0.46) only in the split squat. Absolute power values in the concentric phase showed differences between inertial load ( p < 0.01; ES = 0.41). The stronger group did not present significant differences between inertial loads during squat ( p < 0.01; ES = 0.46), but they showed different ratios with light inertias in comparison with the weaker group ( p < 0.01; ES = 0.46). There were significant differences between groups with light inertias in split squat (nondominant) and squat exercises ( p < 0.05; ES = 0.29) in the eccentric and concentric phases ( p < 0.116; ES = 0.20). Squat and split squat exercises present different profiles depending on the training level. In conclusion, it is recommended that practitioners perform a test to understand the inertial load-power profile (concentric, eccentric, and their ratio) for each exercise and also consider the user's strength level for selection of the inertial load and for the exercise to use in training.

The Relationship of Protein Intake to Creatinine Levels and Blood Pressure in Fitness Member

Background: Fitness center members generally eat foods high in protein, reaching 2 grams/kg body weight or more, and are often accompanied by supplements such as creatinine. High protein intake in the long term will produce a metabolic load that can cause impaired kidney function. In addition to creatinine, the influence of high protein intake that individuals with high activity directly feel is Blood Pressure. Objective: This study aims to determine the relationship between protein intake, creatinine levels, and blood pressure in fitness members at Osbond Gym Cempaka Putih. Method: This type of quantitative research uses a cross-sectional design, with a sample of 22 respondents, namely fitness members at Osbond Gym Cempaka Putih. Data analysis was performed using the Pearson correlation test for normally distributed data and the Spearman correlation test for abnormally distributed data. The test criteria are seen if the p-value &lt; 0.05, then Ha is accepted, and Ho is rejected. Test Results in Normality Variables Protein Intake and Type of Exercise are abnormal, and other variables are normal. Results: All respondents (100%) in this study had been on a high-protein diet for over one year. Most respondents were between 26 and 35 (40.9%) and 36-45 years (40.9%). More respondents were men (68.2%). Most respondents did this weight training (81.8%), with an average exercise frequency of 367.73 minutes/week. The average protein intake of respondents was 212.7736 grams/day, the average body mass index was 25.33 kg / m2, and the average creatinine levels of respondents were 1.01 mg / dL. Most respondents had normal systolic (72.7%) and diastolic (68.2%) blood pressures. Conclusions: There was no association between protein intake, BMI, exercise, and creatinine levels. There is a relationship between sex and creatinine levels. There was no association between protein intake, sex, BMI, and exercise with systolic and diastolic blood pressure.

Effects of aquatic versus land-based exercise on irisin and fibroblast growth factor 21 expression and triiodothyronine and free fatty acid levels in elderly women.

This study investigated the impacts of exercise on irisin and fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF-21) expression, as well as triiodothyronine (T3 ) and free fatty acid (FFA) levels in elderly women. Thirty women aged 65 to 70 years (10 per group) were randomly assigned to aquatic exercise, land exercise, and control groups. The aquatic and land groups engaged in 3 exercise sessions per week (60 min/session) for 16 weeks. The intensity was progressively increased every 4 weeks. Irisin and FGF-21 levels significantly increased in the aquatic exercise group. In the posttest, the aquatic exercise group had the highest irisin levels. Significant findings were observed for irisin and FGF-21 for the main effect between aquatic and band exercise groups (p<0.05 for both), the main effect between measurement times (p<0.01 and p<0.001, respectively), and the interaction effect (p<0.05 and p<0.001, respectively). The irisin level was significantly higher in the aquatic than in the land group 30 minutes after the last session (p<0.05). In both exercise groups, T3 levels were significantly higher 30 minutes after the final session (p<0.05) than before the program. The FFA level was significantly higher in the aquatic exercise group than the others. In the aquatic group, FFA levels were significantly higher 30 minutes after both the first (p<0.01) and the last (p<0.001) session compared to pre-program values. Differences in exercise type and environment can promote fat metabolism by stimulating hormonal changes that induce brown fat activity and browning.

Tailored exercise programmes for fibromyalgia: a clinical practical guide.

To evaluate the role of exercise in the management of fibromyalgia syndrome (FM) by addressing its complex pathogenesis involving central sensitisation, autonomic dysfunction, inflammation, and neurological irregularities, and examining how exercise impacts symptom exacerbation caused by external stressors and comorbid conditions. This review synthesises evidence from current literature focusing on the benefits of structured and personalised exercise programmes in FM management. It discusses the importance of specifying exercise type, intensity, frequency, duration, and progression tailored to individual patient needs and clinical objectives. Regular physical activity effectively mitigates core aetiopathogenetic mechanisms of FM and improves associated conditions such as stress and obesity. It also provides benefits for preventing other chronic diseases, enhancing well-being, and promoting healthy ageing. Structured and personalised exercise programmes that start with a low-demand protocol and gradually increase exercise volume are most beneficial, by improving patient compliance and reducing the risk of adverse effects. Effective management of FM requires a patient-centred approach integrating both pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatments, with exercise playing a pivotal role. Personalised exercise prescriptions that consider FM patients' specific needs and limitations are crucial for optimising treatment outcomes and enhancing quality of life.

THE IMPORTANCE OF EDUCATIONAL TASKS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF EDUCATION IN THE STATE LANGUAGE IN TECHNICAL AREAS OF HIGHER EDUCATION

The article describes the effective use of types of exercises when teaching the Uzbek language in the higher education system, the skills and qualifications established in the Uzbek language in the requirements of the technical direction, as well as training tasks for their formation, and suggestions-considerations. Exercises are also described, classified, and new textbooks and manuals contain recommendations and samples of what grammar and conversational exercises are like.

Evaluating inflammatory outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analysis of aerobic versus resistance exercise interventions

Chronic inflammation is widely recognized as a crucial contributor to the onset and progression of various diseases. Physical activity serves as a nonmedicinal intervention known to influence inflammatory dynamics. The specific effects of distinct exercise types, namely aerobic and resistance training, on inflammatory indices have not been fully delineated. This systematic review with meta-analysis seeks to clarify the relative impacts of these 2 forms of exercise on markers of inflammation. An exhaustive literature review was performed across several databases, including MEDLINE, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library, to identify randomized controlled trials that assess the impact of aerobic versus resistance training on inflammatory markers. The primary variables of interest were alterations in inflammatory indicators such as C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor–alpha. We synthesized the data employing a random-effect meta-analytical approach and evaluated heterogeneity using the I² statistic. The literature search culminated in 36 randomized controlled trial with a collective participant count of 3616. Data analyses revealed that aerobic training is associated with a notable decrease in levels of interleukin-6 [standardized mean difference (SMD): −0.13, 95% CI: −0.31 to −0.05] and C-reactive protein (SMD: −0.28, 95% CI: −0.47 to −0.09), whereas resistance training is linked to a significant reduction in tumor necrosis factor–alpha levels (SMD: −0.61, 95% CI: −0.87 to −0.34). The investigation indicates that both aerobic and resistance training modalities play roles in diminishing inflammatory markers, likely through different biological processes. These insights highlight the critical nature of selecting appropriate exercise modalities to manage inflammatory health issues effectively. It is imperative to conduct further studies to unravel the precise mechanisms at play and to refine exercise recommendations for tailored management of inflammation.

Differences in Postpartum Depression and Breast Milk Production in Postpartum Mothers After Implementing Postnatal Yoga

Breastfeeding is an important event for women that involves physical and psychosocial changes. One form of physical activity is yoga. Yoga is a type of exercise that is done during the postpartum period. It is hoped that it can help mothers improve their mental health, relax, stabilize their emotions, and be more confident in facing their new role as mothers. This research aims to determine the differences in postpartum depression and breast milk production in postpartum mothers after implementing postnatal yoga. The method in this research is a quasi-experiment with a pretest-posttest control group design. The sample size in this study was 32: 16 control and 16 intervention groups. The sampling technique uses a random sampling technique. The results of the paired sample T-test on postpartum depression during the pretest-posttest in the intervention group showed significant results, namely a p-value of 0.004 (p-value less than 0.05). Meanwhile, breast milk production in the intervention group showed significant results, namely a p-value of 0.000 (p-value less than 0.05). In the control group, postpartum depression showed a p-value of 0.090 (p-value more than 0.05), while breast milk production showed a p-value of 0.110 (p-value more than 0.05). The conclusion is that there are differences in postpartum depression and breast milk production in postpartum mothers after implementing postnatal yoga.

Role of Core-Based Exercises in Improving Proprioception among Individuals with Neurological Disorders: A Systematic Literature Review and Meta-Analysis

PURPOSE: This study aimed to validate the effect of core-based exercise on proprioception in individuals with neurological disorders through a systematic review and meta-analysis.METHODS: A systematic literature search was conducted using databases such as PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus for studies published up to October 10, 2023. The search yielded 1,945 articles, with seven studies ultimately included for in-depth analysis. Meta-analysis was performed using Review Manager 5.4 software. Standardized mean differences (SMDs) were calculated using Hedges’ g value using both random-effects and fixed-effects models.RESULTS: The meta-analysis revealed that core-based exercise significantly improved joint position sense (SMD = -1.33; 95% confidence interval [CI] = -2.09 to -0.57; I²= 0%; p &lt; .001) and kinesthesia (SMD = -0.33; 95% CI = -0.62 to -0.05; I²= 0%; p &lt; .05) in individuals with neurological disorders. In a sub-analysis by the type of neurological disease, core-based exercises were beneficial only for stroke patients (SMD = -1.05; 95% CI = -2.07 to -0.03; I²= 58%; p &lt; .05), but not for those with Parkinson’s disease or chorea. An analysis by the type of core exercise showed that core stability exercises had a significant benefit (SMD = -0.55; 95% CI = -0.97 to -0.14; I²= 0%; p &lt; .001), whereas yoga exercises did not demonstrate a significant effect.CONCLUSIONS: In this study, core-based exercises positively improved proprioception in patients with neurological disorders, and were particularly effective in stroke patients. Among various types of core exercises, only core stability exercises had a positive effect on proprioception in patients with neurological disorders.

A mini-review on influence of physical exercise in remodeling the immune mechanism

Exercising on a regular basis has been associated with delay in onset of many lifestyle disorders and chronic conditions. Different types of exercise have varied effects on our innate immune cells, both positively and negatively. Low-intensity exercises like yoga or brisk walking, medium-intensity exercises like swimming or cycling, and long-term high-intensity exercises like playing sports like volleyball or working out in the gym are some examples. The immune system's function is impacted differently by exercise training depending on the type, duration, intensity, and other factors. Exercise training is a double-edged sword that helps the body's immune system by changing the immune cells' post-exercise reaction mechanisms. Regular physical exercise is one of the lifestyle adjustments aimed at minimizing morbidity and mortality associated with contemporary illnesses such as obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and cancer. Regular leisure exercise training is regarded to be beneficial, but extreme exercise, such as that performed by professional athletes, is thought to have possibly detrimental consequences. This review summarizes current information in the field of exercise-associated alterations of infection susceptibility and indicates knowledge gaps for further investigation. It highlights that long term effects of physical activity shows a positive association with longevity and exercise.

Relationship Between Physical Exercise and Cognitive Function Among Older Adults in China: Cross-Sectional Population-Based Study.

The existing literature reveals several significant knowledge gaps that hinder health care providers in formulating exercise prescriptions for cognitive health. This study endeavors to elucidate the relationship between the level of physical activity and cognitive function in older adults in China. Moreover, it seeks to explore the associations between distinct exercise behaviors-such as exercise types, the purpose motivating engagement in exercise, the accessibility of exercise fields, and the inclination toward exercise-and cognitive function. Using data from the China Longitudinal Aging Social Survey (CLASS conducted in 2016, cognitive function was meticulously assessed through the modified Chinese version of the Mini-Mental State Examination, encompassing measures of orientation, memory, and calculation. Using self-report structured questionnaires, a myriad of information about physical activity during leisure time, exercise engagement, exercise intensity, primary exercise types, reasons for exercise participation, availability of sports facilities, and exercise willingness was diligently gathered. Robust ordinary least squares regression models were then used to compute coefficients along with 95% CIs. A discernible inverted U-shaped trend in cognitive scores emerged as the level of physical activity surpassed the threshold of 500 metabolic equivalents of task (MET) minutes per week. Notably, individuals with a physical activity level between 500 and 999 MET minutes per week exhibited a coefficient of 0.31 (95% CI 0.09 to 0.54), those with a physical activity level between 1000 and 1499 MET minutes per week displayed a coefficient of 0.75 (95% CI 0.52 to 0.97), and those with a physical activity level above 1500 MET minutes per week demonstrated a coefficient of 0.45 (95% CI 0.23 to 0.68). Older individuals engaging in exercise at specific MET levels showcased superior cognitive function compared to their inactive counterparts. Furthermore, individuals driven by exercise motivations aimed at enhancing physical fitness and health, as well as those using sports facilities or public spaces for exercise, exhibited notably higher cognitive function scores. The findings underscore the potential of exercise as a targeted intervention for the prevention and treatment of dementia or cognitive decline associated with aging in older individuals. Leveraging these insights to formulate informed exercise recommendations holds promise in addressing a significant public health challenge linked to aging populations.

Understanding and Involving the Perspective of Pregnant Women as Users When Designing the Framework of e-Health and Exercise Interventions during Pregnancy: Preliminary Study.

Health and exercise technology may promote a healthy lifestyle during pregnancy. The objective of this cross-sectional study was to understand and involve the perspective of pregnant women as users in the design of a framework for future e-health and exercise interventions during pregnancy. Pregnant women replied to a questionnaire aimed at understanding their physical activity patterns, needs, and preferences regarding the use of mobile applications (apps). The main results showed that one-third of the women did not practice any type of exercise during pregnancy. Women preferred to exercise in a gym, outdoors, or at home. The majority already had or were currently using a fitness app, but never used any pregnancy-specific app. Most women agreed that it was important to have a specific app for pregnancy to improve knowledge about recommendations on lifestyle, have direct contact with health and exercise professionals, have social interaction with other mothers, and have guidance on preparation for childbirth and postpartum recovery. Understanding and involving the perspective of pregnant women as users will allow researchers to improve the design of a pregnancy-specific app and future e-health and exercise interventions during pregnancy. These preliminary results will lead to the development of the "active pregnancy app" focused on the promotion of an active and healthy lifestyle during pregnancy and postpartum.

PERAN LATIHAN PREHABILITASI PADA OPERASI ELEKTIF TOTAL HIP REPLACEMENT PADA OSTEOARTHRITIS HIP : LITERATUR REVIEW

The increasing of elderly population, the prevalence of joint diseases including hip joints, and the need for a holistic approach to patient care have become major concerns in the development of prehabilitation exercise strategies that can be effectively applied. The length of stay, functional abilities, daily living activities, and post-total hip replacement (THR) quality of life are areas that need continuous improvement. This research aims to analyze the impact of prehabilitation exercises on post-operative outcomes in patients undergoing total hip replacement for hip osteoarthritis. A literature review study was conducted using PICO and MeSH search strategies in four databases, namely ProQuest, ScienceDirect, EMBASE, and MEDLINE. The screening process was performed according to criteria, and critical appraisal was conducted using a checklist. The literature search yielded a total of 20 articles meeting the criteria, indicating an impact on functional capacity in 12 articles and no impact in 4 articles. The length of hospital stay was discussed in 6 articles with the results of 3 significant articles and 3 insignificant articles. The most recommended type of exercise was strengthening/resistance exercise combined with endurance training. Although there is no guideline for prehabilitation exercises, it is recommended to perform exercises at least twice a week for a minimum of six weeks before surgery. Analysis indicates that prehabilitation exercises, especially strengthening and endurance exercises, are effective in improving functional capacity.

Factors Shaping Exercise Patterns and Health Status among the Elderly in Aging Nations: A South Korean Perspective.

The global phenomenon of population aging requires an understanding of the factors influencing the health of the elderly becomes imperative. We aimed to focus on South Korea, a nation set to become an aging society by 2025. The study examined the influence of regular exercise and exercise types on the health of the elderly with particular attention to South Korea's unique sociodemographic context. We targeted individuals aged 50 yr and above. The study was conducted through online surveys from August to September 2023. Utilizing Logistic Regression analysis and Chi-Square tests, the research explored correlations, trends, and influencing factors affecting elderly exercise behaviors, encompassing demographic variables, health status, and exercise types. The analysis of demographic characteristics revealed that marital status, education level, and financial status displayed diverse representations within the sample. Comparisons between health status and exercise groups suggested potential health benefits for the Regular Exercise group. Logistic Regression analysis identified significant influences of gender and financial status on regular exercise engagement. Additionally, a strong relationship between health status and exercise preferences, notably strength training, emerged. Regular exercise and exercise types benefit elderly individuals. Men and those with better financial status are more likely to exercise regularly. Strength training emerges as a significant contributor to better health across various health status categories. Policymakers and healthcare professionals should consider these insights to develop targeted interventions for promoting healthy aging, acknowledging the cultural and socioeconomic factors of South Korea's aging population.

A Review on the Effects of Physical Activity and Curcumin Supplementation on the Toxicity of Disease Caused by Anthracyclines with a Review of Doxorubicin

Introduction: Today, cancer is known as one of the biggest public health problems and the second cause of death in the world, and due to its high prevalence, it is considered as one of the main health problems all over the world. There are many treatment strategies, including chemotherapy, to treat cancer in patients. Chemotherapy is actually the use of antineoplastic drugs alone or in combination with other drugs. Of course, these drugs can also damage the function of healthy cells and cause many side effects. Anthracyclines are one of the most widely class of drugs used in cancer chemotherapy, doxorubicin, daunorubicin, and epirubicin are among the anthracycline drug group, the most widely used of which is doxorubicin, which causes cardiotoxicity in the patients undergoing chemotherapy, and unfortunately, there is no definite and reliable treatment for it. Various strategies have been used to reduce the toxic effects of doxorubicin on non-target tissues, including the use of medicinal plants, diet and various types of long-term exercises with the aim of increasing tissue antioxidant levels. Therefore, determining the appropriate exercise and nutrition program considering the physical conditions for cancer patients who are undergoing chemotherapy treatment is so important. Therefore, the current review study aimed to determine the effects of DOX cytotoxicity on heart tissue and the benefits of regular physical activity and curcumin supplementation were investigated and discussed. Conclusion: The use of curcumin with aerobic exercise is likely to be a potentially useful candidate to protect against the toxicity of blood cells caused by the drug doxorubicin, which is used to prevent the growth and progression of cancer cells in patients

The contribution of energy systems during 30-second lower body Wingate anaerobic test in combat sports athletes: Intermittent versus single forms and gender comparison.

Combat sports, encompassing a range of activities from striking and grappling to mixed and weapon-based disciplines, have witnessed a surge in popularity worldwide. These sports are demanding, requiring athletes to harness energy from different metabolic pathways to perform short, high-intensity activities interspersed with periods of lower intensity. While it is established that the anaerobic alactic (ATP-PC) and anaerobic lactic systems are pivotal for high-intensity training sessions typical in combat sports, the precise contribution of these systems, particularly in varied training modalities such as single (SMT) and intermittent (IST) forms of the 30-second Wingate test, remains inadequately explored. This study aims at comparing performance outputs, physiological responses and gender differences during the SMT and IST forms of the 30-second Wingate test. Thirty-three highly trained combat sports athletes (17 women, 16 men; 10 boxing, 8 wrestling, 8 taekwondo and 7 karate) randomly performed SMT and IST. The IST consisted of three 10-second all-out attempts separated by 30 seconds of passive recovery, whereas the SMT was a single 30-second maximal effort. Resting, exercise and post-exercise oxygen uptake and peak blood lactate value were used to determine the metabolic energy demands via the PCr-LA-O2 method. The findings showed that total metabolic energy expenditure (TEE), ATP-PCr system contribution and the output of mechanical variables were higher in the IST than in the SMT form (all p<0.001). In contrast, the contribution of glycolytic and oxidative systems was higher in the SMT form (all p<0.001). However, exercise form and gender interaction were not significant (p>0.05). In combat sports, performance is not only determined by physiological and technical skills but also by metabolic energy input and efficiency. Therefore, our results can provide a comparison regarding the effects of exercise type and gender on metabolic energy metabolism to design the training of combat sports athletes.

Chronic exercise effects on overall depression severity and distinct depressive symptoms in older adults: A protocol of a systematic and meta-analytic review.

There is high evidence that chronic exercise benefits overall depression severity in older adults. However, late-life depression is characterized by considerable heterogeneity in clinical manifestation emphasizing the need for more individualized exercise intervention programs. Therefore, the objective of the proposed review is to investigate the effects of chronic exercise on overall depression severity and on different symptoms of depression in randomized controlled trials (RCTs) including older adults with a mean age of at least 60 years, and by considering the moderating effects of intervention characteristics and individual characteristics. This protocol is guided by the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis Protocols (PRISMA-P). We will use the Population-Intervention-Comparator-Outcomes-Study design (PICOS) criteria for study inclusion and will search the following database sources for relevant RCTs: Web of Science, Academic Search Complete, CINAHL, APA Psycinfo, SPORTDiscuss, Cochrane. Two independent reviewers will conduct the study selection, data extraction, and quality assessment. Disagreement will be solved by a third reviewer. Primary outcome will be changes in overall depression severity and secondary outcomes will encompass changes in symptoms of depression as defined by the DSM-5, such as sleep quality, fatigue, anxiety, mood, apathy, changes in weight, information processing speed, and executive functions, from baseline until the end of the intervention and to any available intermediary measurement or follow up. Meta-analysis will be undertaken to synthesize the effects of chronic exercise on primary and secondary outcomes. Subgroup analysis will investigate the moderating effects of intervention characteristics (frequency, intensity, duration, type of exercise, cognitive demand, social interactions, exercise supervision, behavioral change techniques, compliance, study design, dropout-rate, type of control group) and individual characteristics (age, sex, education, functional capacity, global cognition, population) on primary and secondary outcomes. Additionally, we plan to assess quality of evidence and publication bias, and to carry out sensitivity analysis. The results of the proposed review are anticipated to have a substantial impact on research and clinical practice. On the one hand, the review's conclusions could form the foundation for developing evidence-based recommendations for individualized exercise programs that alleviate depression in older adults. On the other hand, by revealing research gaps, the review results could encourage the formulation of research questions for further RCTs. This protocol has been published in the Prospero repository (PROSPERO 2022 CRD42022361418, available from: https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?ID=CRD42022361418).

#2892 The role of physical activity in onco-nephrology; a new weapon in the management of urological malignancies

Abstract Background and Aims New clinical evidence demonstrated that Physical Activity (PA) brings numerous benefits both at the level of Health-RelatedQuality of Life (HRQoL), biological mechanisms and at the psychological level. Indeed, it is well known that cancer treatments results in a series of symptoms and side effects that debilitates the patients with cancer and can be counteracted with physical activity. PA has an effect on several aspects of biological mechanisms: sex hormones, metabolic hormones, inflammation and adiposity, and immune function. Furthermore, strong evidence shows that aerobic or combined (aerobic and endurance) training reduces symptoms of anxiety, depression and fatigue. Combined training also leads to improvements in HRQoL, preventing and improving muscle loss and sarcopenia. This study aims to assess the influence of physical activity on this improved scenario. Method A consecutive cohort of 82 pts was enrolled in the Urological Department at San Raffaele Scientific Institute between 2018-2021. The control group (CT) was composed of 31 patients affected by CKD alone (GFR &amp;lt; 60 ml/min/1.73 m2, K-DIGO 2012 classification) and 51 patients with CKD and a recent history of urological malignancies (within 12 months) represented the case group (CS). Inclusion criteria were: Age (&amp;gt;18 years old), eGFR (&amp;lt;60 ml/min/1.73), Malnutritional Screening Tool (MST&amp;lt;2), Urological Cancer aggressiveness (no metastatic process), Informed consent (signed). Each patient underwent an initial nephrological and nutritional evaluation during which a conventional CKD Mediterranean-like diet with a controlled protein intake (MCPD) (0.6-1 g total protein/kg body weight/die and 30-35 kcal/kg body weight/die) was prescribed together with physical activity recommendation according to The National Kidney Foundation (NKF) for a period of 6 months (±2 months). Physical activity recommendations included some aerobic exercise for 30 min on most days of the week, plus other activities to increase muscle strength (exercises with resistance bands) e/o to improve flexibility (such as stretching) once or twice a week. To assess the influence of physical activity within the collaborative nephrologist-nutritionist approach (NNCA) on enhanced kidney function, the Rapid Assessment of Physical Activity (RAPA) test was administered to each patient. The test consists of two indicators: RAPA 1 will indicate aerobic physical activity levels (from 0=sedentary to 7=physically active), while RAPA 2 will indicate other types of exercises (0=none; 1=strength; 2=flexibility; 3=both). Subsequently, Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis (BIA) was conducted on all participants in the cohort to collect data on Body Cell Mass per height squared (BCM/h2), Phase Angle (PA), Extracellular Mass (ECM)/BCM, and Extracellular to Intracellular water ratio (ECW/ICW). Statistical analysis: Linear regression and Pearson's Chi-Squared test; Data analysis: R programming language and RStudio integrated development environment. Results Table 1 shows the patient's baseline characteristics. Table 2 shows anthropometric indices and parameters at pre- and post-dietary and nephrological intervention. Table 3 underlines the poor condition prevalent in CKD patients with or without oncological history, also confirmed by the low level of usual physical activity detected by the RAPA test at T0. Sure enough, our population was mainly inactive and sedentary. Results show that, after the intervention, our patients became regularly active (RAPA 1 score T0: 2.47; RAPA 1 score T1: 3.17; Delta = + 0.7, p &amp;lt; 0.0001); the same trend was observed for RAPA 2 score (observed increase 14%, p &amp;lt; 0.002). Conclusion Based on these findings, it can be inferred that standard clinical care should incorporate thorough assessment of both nutritional status and PA. The adoption of a MCPD, coupled with exercise training within a collaborative nephrologist-nutritionist approach, emerges as a potential strategy to enhance the HRQoL of this particular kind of patient.