Types Of Energy Storage Devices Research Articles

Synthesis and characterization of Pd-doped perovskite/Vulcan XC-72 carbon nanocomposite for sustainable supercapacitor technology

Due to the lower equivalent series resistance compared to other types of energy storage devices, supercapacitor electrodes can therefore be an ideal choice for energy storage. In this study, a perovskite-based metallic compound, La0.6Sr0.4Fe0.9Pd0.1O3 was synthesized by the sol-gel method and combined with carbon Vulcan XC-72 to create an effective nanocomposite-based modifier for the development of mini supercapacitor. Morphological studies of the obtained compounds were carried out using a variety of characterization techniques including X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDX), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FE-SEM) and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy analysis (XPS). On the other hand, the electrochemical feasibility of the synthesized nanocomposite and the developed La0.6Sr0.4Fe0.9Pd0.1O3/Vulcan XC-72 -based supercapacitor was demonstrated by applying various approaches including cyclic voltammetry (CV), galvanostatic charge/discharge (GCD), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The La0.6Sr0.4Fe0.9Pd0.1O3/Vulcan XC-72 shows the highest specific capacitance (329 F/g) with a power density of 750 W/kg and an energy density of 4.8 Wh/kg at a current density of 0.01 mA/g. In order to evaluate the stability of the designed supercapacitor, long charge/discharge cycles were also carried out. After 5000 charge/discharge cycles, the specific capacity reached about 76.47% of its original value. The present results show that the La0.6Sr0.4Fe0.9Pd0.1O3/Vulcan XC-72 nanocomposite can be efficiently used as a potential material for energy storage, which may be promising for the future.

Regulation of asymmetric bimetallic NiFe sites boost fast desolvation kinetics for long-cycling ammonium-ion storage

Aqueous ammonium ion battery (AAIB) is a new type of energy storage device with non-metallic ion (NH4+) as the carrier, possessing the apparent advantages of low cost, high safety, and long-term sustainability. However, the sluggish kinetics of the electrolyte-electrode interface often results in a slow NH4+ transport within the host structure, leading to poor cycling stability, especially in the type of cathode material with open frameworks represented by Fe-based Prussian blue analogues (PBAs). In this work, a NiFe-PBA (NiFe) cathode material with asymmetric bimetallic sites is purposely designed to regulate and improve the NH4+ desolvation kinetics at the electrolyte-electrode interface. Theoretical simulations first reveal that regulating the asymmetric bimetallic site effectively reduces the energy barrier of NH4+(H2O)4 desolvation at the electrolyte-electrode interface, and thus the NH4+(H2O)4 can be desolvated into NH4+ into host material. The electrochemical study results further show that the successful introduction of asymmetric bimetallic sites largely improves the diffusion kinetics and structural stability of FeFe-PBA (FeFe), realizing stable cycling performance (97 % retention after 700 cycles at 0.25 A g−1) and high-rate capability. Finally, in-situ characterizations in combination with theoretical calculations demonstrate that the insertion/extraction of NH4+ is attributed to the charge storage mechanism of reversible interactions in association with the coordination of N atoms in the NiFe-PBA.

Advanced electrocatalysts for fuel cells: Evolution of active sites and synergistic properties of catalysts and carrier materials

AbstractProton exchange‐membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) is a clean and efficient type of energy storage device. However, the sluggish reaction rate of the cathode oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) has been a significant problem in its development. This review reports the recent progress of advanced electrocatalysts focusing on the interface/surface electronic structure and exploring the synergistic relationship of precious‐based and non‐precious metal‐based catalysts and support materials. The support materials contain non‐metal (C/N/Si, etc.) and metal‐based structures, which have demonstrated a crucial role in the synergistic enhancement of electrocatalytic properties, especially for high‐temperature fuel cell systems. To improve the strong interaction, some exciting synergistic strategies by doping and coating heterogeneous elements or connecting polymeric ligands containing carbon and nitrogen were also shown herein. Besides the typical role of the crystal surface, phase structure, lattice strain, etc., the evolution of structure‐performance relations was also highlighted in real‐time tests. The advanced in situ characterization techniques were also reviewed to emphasize the accurate structure‐performance relations. Finally, the challenge and prospect for developing the ORR electrocatalysts were concluded for commercial applications in low‐ and high‐temperature fuel cell systems.

On the performance of carbon fiber structural batteries with temperature

Carbon fiber structural batteries, which combine structural and functional properties, have good energy storage capacity while bearing loads have received attention from scholars at home and abroad in recent years as a new type of energy storage device. However, in the process of use, temperature changes will lead to the occurrence of thermal stresses, which may cause structural failure under multiple cycles. In this paper, the thermal-stress coupled model of structural batteries was established first using the temperature and thermal stress models of structural batteries, considering the heat exchange with the external environment of structural batteries. Then based on the coupled model, the thermal stress in the structural battery was simulated and analyzed in COMSOL considering different charge and discharge rates and ambient temperatures of the structural batteries. The results show that: (1) The higher the charging and discharging rates, the higher the temperature of the structural battery, resulting in greater thermal stress. (2) The higher the ambient temperature of the structural battery, the longer its discharge time and the lower the voltage at which discharge terminates, which is beneficial for the electrochemical performance of the battery. But the higher the ambient temperature, the greater the temperature change inside the structural battery, which is not conducive to the mechanical performance of the structural battery. This study can provide reference for the safety analysis of structural batteries in thermal environments.

Ultralow charge–discharge voltage gap of 0.05 V in sunlight‐responsive neutral aqueous Zn–air battery

AbstractRechargeable neutral aqueous zinc−air batteries (ZABs) are a promising type of energy storage device with longer operating life and less corrosiveness compared with conventional alkaline ZABs. However, the neutral ZABs normally possess poor oxygen evolution reactions (OERs) and oxygen reduction reactions performance, resulting in a large charge–discharge voltage gap and low round‐trip efficiency. Herein, we demonstrate a sunlight‐assisted strategy for achieving an ultralow voltage gap of 0.05 V in neutral ZABs by using the FeOOH‐decorated BiVO4 (Fe‐BiVO4) as an oxygen catalyst. Under sunlight, the electrons move from the valence band (VB) of Fe‐BiVO4 to the conduction band producing holes in VB to promote the OER process and hence reduce the overpotential. Meanwhile, the photopotential generated by the Fe‐BiVO4 compensates a part of the charging potential of neutral ZABs. Accordingly, the energy loss of the battery could be compensated via solar energy, leading to a record‐low gap of 0.05 V between the charge and discharge voltage with a high round‐trip efficiency of 94%. This work offers a simple but efficient pathway for solar‐energy utilization in storage devices, further guiding the design of high energy efficiency of neutral aqueous ZABs.

Joint estimation of state-of-charge and state-of-power for hybrid supercapacitors using fractional-order adaptive unscented Kalman filter

As a new type of energy storage device, hybrid supercapacitors have the advantages of both lithium-ion batteries and supercapacitors. State of charge and state of power estimation are crucial for system operation and energy management. This work proposes a joint estimation method for the state-of-charge (SoC) and state-of-power (SoP) of hybrid supercapacitors based on a fractional-order model and unscented Kalman filter algorithm. Firstly, a parameter identification method for second-order fractional-order models is proposed using a competitive learning-based particle swarm optimization algorithm. On this basis, a SoC estimation method is designed based on the fractional-order adaptive unscented Kalman filter. Then, a SoP estimation method considering multiple constraint conditions is proposed. Finally, the proposed parameter identification and state estimation algorithms are validated under different operating dynamic conditions and environmental temperatures. The experimental results show that the error of model voltage is lower than 100 mV and the SoC estimation error is lower than 2% in the vast majority of cases, which proves the proposed algorithms have good accuracy and robustness in different environments.

Machine learning in clarifying complex relationships: Biochar preparation procedures and capacitance characteristics

Supercapacitors as a new type of energy storage device play an important role in the development of renewable energy. Activated biochar-based electrode materials has good energy storage potential because of useful physicochemical properties and renewability. The optimal preparation method for biochar-based electrodes for supercapacitors is difficult to determine experimentally due to the complexity of influencing factors. Therefore, three machine learning models were developed to describe the relationship between the preparation process and the energy storage characteristics of activated biochar. The Gradient Boosting Regression (GBR) model provided the best prediction, with an R2 value of 0.93. Interestingly, the heating rate was the most important factor affecting the specific capacitance of activated biochar and showed a significant negative correlation, with a feature importance of 35.08 %. In addition, Micropore volume proportion and specific surface area showed a significant positive correlation with specific capacitance, with feature importance of 15.39 % and 9.23 %, respectively. Significantly, the specific capacitance could be improved by increasing the added amount of N source and activator and a higher activation temperature, as well as using a shorter activation time and slower heating rate during preparation. This study provides new insights into the applications of activated biochar for energy storage through data analysis.

Asymmetric Supercapacitors-New Power Sources for Electric Vehicles: Nanomaterials in Electrodes

With the gradual increase in demand for new energy, new types of energy storage devices have rapidly developed in recent years. Currently, new energy batteries led by lithium-ion batteries have begun to be applied in the automotive field. However, lithium-ion batteries suffer from issues such as low energy density, slow charging rates, and short operational lifespans. To mitigate and address the drawbacks of lithium-ion batteries, researchers have begun developing supercapacitors. This article first categorizes and compares some common energy storage devices, concluding that supercapacitors have significant advantages in charging rates and stability. Then, based on the dimensionality of nanomaterials, it categorizes and compares electrode materials used in supercapacitors, discussing three ways of constructing electrodes using 1D, 2D, and 1D-2D combined materials. Through classification, comparison, and discussion, it ultimately concludes that growing nanomaterials on a millimeter-scale structural substrate effectively increases material specific surface area and stability, thereby greatly enhancing the performance of supercapacitors.

СОВРЕМЕННЫЕ ТЕХНОЛОГИИ ХРАНЕНИЯ ЭЛЕКТРОЭНЕРГИИ ДЛЯ ЭНЕРГОСИСТЕМ БУДУЩЕГО

Modern technologies for storing electricity are a key element for ensuring the reliability and sustainability of energy systems of the future, especially in the context of a growing share of renew-able energy sources (RES). This article discusses the main types of energy storage devices, such as elec-trochemical, mechanical, thermal and electromagnetic systems, their advantages, disadvantages and im-plementation prospects. Particular attention is paid to the development of new materials and technologies to improve the efficiency and economic feasibility of these solutions.

Developments in conducting polymer-, metal oxide-, and carbon nanotube-based composite electrode materials for supercapacitors: a review.

Supercapacitors are the latest development in the field of energy storage devices (ESDs). A lot of research has been done in the last few decades to increase the performance of supercapacitors. The electrodes of supercapacitors are modified by composite materials based on conducting polymers, metal oxide nanoparticles, metal-organic frameworks, covalent organic frameworks, MXenes, chalcogenides, carbon nanotubes (CNTs), etc. In comparison to rechargeable batteries, supercapacitors have advantages such as quick charging and high power density. This review is focused on the progress in the development of electrode materials for supercapacitors using composite materials based on conducting polymers, graphene, metal oxide nanoparticles/nanofibres, and CNTs. Moreover, we investigated different types of ESDs as well as their electrochemical energy storage mechanisms and kinetic aspects. We have also discussed the classification of different types of SCs; advantages and drawbacks of SCs and other ESDs; and the use of nanofibres, carbon, CNTs, graphene, metal oxide-nanofibres, and conducting polymers as electrode materials for SCs. Furthermore, modifications in the development of different types of SCs such as pseudo-capacitors, hybrid capacitors, and electrical double-layer capacitors are discussed in detail; both electrolyte-based and electrolyte-free supercapacitors are taken into consideration. This review will help in designing and fabricating high-performance supercapacitors with high energy density and power output, which will act as an alternative to Li-ion batteries in the future.

Biomass derivatives self-assembled into multiple heteroatoms doped carbon sphere for aqueous Zn-ion hybrid capacitors

Zinc ion hybrid capacitors (ZHCs) as a new type of energy storage device, possess high power density, low cost, and safety. However, the unsatisfactory energy density of ZHCs caused by low output voltage and small specific capacitance restricts its practical application. Herein, a novel multiple heteroatoms doping carbon sphere is achieved from the mixture precursors of glucosamine hydrochloride and sodium lignosulfonate via chemical activation strategy. High specific surface area, rich O/N/S-containing functional groups, and good electric conductivity endow the resultant carbon sphere with a superior specific capacity of 233 mAh g−1 at 1 A g−1 and outstanding capacity retention of 83 mAh g−1 at 50 A g−1. Remarkably, as-assembled ZHC exhibits a conspicuous energy density of 209.7 Wh kg−1 at 900 W kg−1, and its energy density still maintains 74.7 Wh kg−1 at 45,000 W kg−1. Furthermore, after 10,000 cycles, the resultant carbon sphere achieves 100% capacitance retention. This work offers a feasible strategy for carbon cathode materials with enhancing energy density and rate capability, and concurrently reasonable cycling stability.

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE EFFICIENCY OF VARIOUS ENERGY STORAGES

Research relevance This article presents a mathematical solution to the issue of a comparative analysis of various types of energy storage devices and determining the most efficient type of energy storage device for use on an industrial scale. The subject of the study in the article is the most important parameters of seven types of energy storages, the use of which is spreading in the world. The purpose of the work is to obtain an answer to the following question: which of the ubiquitous different types of energy storages is most likely to be the most efficient for the future industrial energy supply? The following tasks are solved in the article: 1) generalization of the collected data; 2) analysis (evaluation) of data using mathematical methods of data analysis. The following research methods are used: comparison, abstraction, axiomatic, analysis, synthesis, formalization and induction. The following results were obtained: among the analyzed energy storages, the best result was shown by a mechanical potential (gravitational) energy storage. Conclusions: If it is planned to use energy storages on an industrial scale in various fields, it should be recognized as expedient to give preference to gravitational devices.

Synthesis and electrochemical performance of CoWO4 and CoWO4/MWCNT nanocomposites for highly efficient supercapacitor applications

Electrochemical supercapacitor is valid and as an innovative type of energy storage device in the recent years. In this study, we successfully produced the CoWO4 nanoparticles and CoWO4/MWCNT nanocomposites using a straightforward hydrothermal method and an annealing procedure. The created nanocomposites are evaluated using high-resolution field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Additionally, the electrical conductivity is determined using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) further, the specific capacitance is determined using cyclic voltammetry (CV) and galvanostatic charge-discharge (GCD) techniques. Higher electrochemical behavior is exhibited by the CoWO4/MWCNT composite electrode, delivers the capacitance of 543 F/g at 5 mV/ s. The CoWO4/MWCNT composite electrode demonstrates the exceptional 93 % cycle stability and 98 % coloumbic efficiency, showing better ion storage behavior in their huge electroactive areas. A possible source of electrode materials for supercapacitor applications has been found in this CoWO4/MWCNT composite due to its charge-storing capabilities.

Facial synthesis of reduced graphene oxide – Amorphous nickel tungstate composite for flexible hybrid asymmetric solid state supercapacitor application

Supercapacitors are crucial as an additional type of energy storage device assisting various types of energy storage systems for high power requirement. Herein, using successive ionic layer adsorption and reaction (SILAR) method, thin films of reduced graphene oxide (rGO) composited with nickel tungstate (NiWO4) were synthesized with different rGO content. The synthesized material showed spherical morphology with rGO sheets and a specific surface area in the range of 85 to 107 m2 g−1. The three-electrode method was used, and the electrochemical performance of rGO-NiWO4 films was assessed in 2 M KOH electrolyte. A composite film deposited at 12 mg mL−1 concentration of rGO (CNW3) film exhibited a specific capacitance of 779 F g−1 at a current density of 2 A g−1. At a current density of 4 A g−1, CNW3 film showed outstanding electrochemical stability with 95 % capacitance retention after 5000 galvanostatic charge-discharge (GCD) cycles. This study emphasizes the usage of rGO-NiWO4 (CNW3) thin films deposited using SILAR method as a cathode in solid-state asymmetric supercapacitors (ASC). The rGO-NiWO4/PVA-KOH/AC ASC device exhibited a specific capacitance of 94.2 F g−1 at 5 A g−1, a specific energy of 33.5 Wh kg−1 and a specific power of 12.37 kW kg−1 with 83 % capacitance retention after 5000 GCD cycles. This suggests that rGO-NiWO4 thin film produced using SILAR method is a suitable candidate for supercapacitors.

Effect of Electric Properties according to Volume Ratio of Supercapacitor and Battery Capacitor in Hybrid Energy Storage System

The development of technology that combines supercapacitors and lithium-ion batteries by externally connecting them in parallel is ongoing. This study examines the correlation between the volume ratio and electrical characteristics of a cell made by internally connecting a battery capacitor with Li4Ti5O12 as the anode active material and a supercapacitor in parallel. It was found that increasing the volume occupied by the battery capacitor in the cell led to increased cell energy and resistance, resulting in decreased output characteristics. Conversely, increasing the volume occupied by the supercapacitor in the cell led to a decrease in the IR drop during discharge and the cell temperature when evaluating cycle characteristics with a current of 20C. This study also examined the behavior of the current distributed during the charging and discharging process based on the volume ratio of the supercapacitor and the battery capacitor. Analyzing the correlation between the volume ratio and electrical characteristics of supercapacitors and battery capacitors could potentially lead to the development of a new type of energy storage device.

Development of Pd@MWCNT-Co3O4 Electrode Sensors Using Cobalt Recovered from Spent Lithium Ion Batteries

The rampant use of various types of energy storage devices for different applications poses a great threat to the environment as most of the materials after their usage are not recycled properly. Battery materials that are exposed to the environment without proper recycling or recovery protocol are of more concern. In the present work, the chemical components recovered from spent lithium batteries were processed through suitable methods and were utilized for the fabrication of electrode materials for sensor application. The present work demonstrates a highly sensitive and cost-effective method for fabricating disposable non-enzymatic glucose sensors based on Pd functionalized MWCNT-Co3O4 electrode using cobalt recovered from a spent Li-ion battery. The incorporation of palladium onto the multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) and further deposition of this composite onto the Co3O4 substrate greatly enhanced the glucose sensing characteristics. The sensing behavior of the Co3O4 electrode and Pd@MWCNT-Co3O4 electrode towards glucose electro-oxidation were compared using Cyclic Voltammetry (CV) and Chrono- amperometric (CA) techniques. A very low detection limit of 0.6 μM was obtained by the Pd@MWCNT-Co3O4 electrode towards glucose sensing. The sensor fabrication process was economical and possessed excellent stability, selectivity and good reproducibility.

Recent advances in PEDOT:PSS integrated graphene and MXene-based composites for electrochemical supercapacitor applications

Considering the power consumption by the electronics of the future, it is important to design state-of-the-art energy storage devices with flexible and lightweight structures, which would enable the devices to operate uninterruptedly for a longer time. Supercapacitors (SC), a hybrid type of energy storage device, have gained much attention from the scientific community, compared to their counterparts (batteries and capacitors) because of their high energy and power output to power up devices, mostly for flexible electronics. In addition, the recent breakthrough in materials chemistry research, mainly the invention of novel 2D materials such as graphene and MXene opens a wide window for more research in SC because of their inspiring properties compared to other nanomaterials. Consequently, these 2D nanomaterials have been extensively studied to integrate with other materials like intrinsic conducting polymers (ICP) to improve the performance of fabricated energy storage devices. Among different ICPs, commercially successful PEDOT:PSS is one of the materials that have been integrated with both the graphene and MXene to boost up the capacitive behaviors of the SC by taking advantage of ICP and 2D nanomaterials. As a result, a huge success (in terms of lab scale materials design as well as device performance) has been seen in the last decade, although there is still room for developing SC for next-generation applications. Thus, this article has summarized the recent advancement of electrochemical supercapacitors constructed by incorporating PEDOT:PSS with graphene and MXene.

Performance and sustainability assessment of PEMFC/solar-driven CCP systems with different energy storage devices

The rise in cloud computing has promoted the rapid development of the data center industry. Proton exchange membrane fuel cells have high energy conversion efficiency and the potential to be applied in data center applications. In this study, by considering different energy storage devices and multienergy complementarity, four types of proton exchange membrane fuel cell-driven cooling-power systems were designed for data center applications. The effects of different types of energy storage devices and combination of solar energy on the operation characteristics were systematically analyzed. The results indicate that among the four cooling-power systems, the one with heat storage and solar thermal collector provides the best matching between cooling/power supplies and demands. The systems with a heat storage device consumed more hydrogen (3.6%) than those with a power storage device because of the larger requirement of heat (3.8%) and higher current density in the proton exchange membrane fuel cell. Results of emergy analysis show that the cooling-power system with power storage and solar thermal collector reached a maximum environmental sustainability index of 57.610 and a minimum environmental load ratio of 0.018, which imply strong sustainability potential while releasing the lowest pressure to the environment compared to the other systems.

A Review of Mathematical Models of Energy Storage Systems for Electric Power Systems Simulation. Part II

Currently the energy storage system (ESS) has become the development focus in the electric power systems (EPS) with the renewable energy power generation. At the same time, high penetration levels of ESS leads to a change the dynamic properties of the EPS. Accordingly, the analysis of the specifics of ESS operation becomes necessary for effective solution the problems of designing and operating EPS with ESS. Since mathematical simulation level is the main way to obtain the indicated information, the task of the adequacy of approaches and methods for modeling a processes in the ESS as part of the EPS becomes relevant. In the first part of the article, detailed mathematical models of the main elements of the ESS were considered. An analysis of mathematical models of ESS with different detailization level, depending on the type of energy storage device and a number of other factors, are presented within the framework of the second part of the article. The article also provides an overview of the approaches used to simplify the ESS models and their mathematical description. The areas of application of these models are considered. In addition, an analysis of the limitations and disadvantages associated with the simplification of models are presented. The article is an overview and can help in choosing an appropriate mathematical model of the ESS for solving a required designing and operating tasks.

ENERGY STORAGE DEVICES. MAIN TYPES AND PROSPECTS OF APPLICATION

The article considers energy storage equipment as a key element of the power supply chain. The need to accumulate energy arose at the beginning of the creation of energy networks and, with the development of technologies for the production, transmission and consumption of energy, the relevance of the creation and rational use of storage devices is growing. Quite a few types of storage devices have already been created, some of them are quite widely used, many are still at the testing stage, but have good chances for development and integration into power systems of various types. The article attempts to analyze the main types of energy storage devices, which differ from each other in the way of accumulation, energy, type of energy, storage time, accumulated power, etc. and summarizes their main characteristics in order to compare them with each other. 
 The results obtained in this article will allow us to pre-select a certain type of energy storage device depending on the power system that is being designed, which will make it possible to most rationally manage energy flows in the process of transmission, energy storage and its supply to the grid.