Type Of Diluent Research Articles

Effect of Three Diluent Types and Equilibration Times on the Quality and Fertility of Buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) Semen

Effect of Three Diluent Types and Equilibration Times on the Quality and Fertility of Buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) Semen

Sperm cryopreservation in an Australian skink (Eulamprus quoyii).

Assisted reproductive technologies for population and genetic management for threatened herpetofauna have grown substantially in the past decade. Here we describe experiments to optimise sperm cryopreservation in a model squamate, the eastern water skink Eulamprus quoyii . Small, concentrated volumes of highly motile spermatozoa were reliably collected from adult male E. quoyii by non-lethal ventral massage. Samples were used to: (1) test whether protein-rich diluents, namely Beltsville poultry semen extender (BPSE) and TES and Tris (TEST) yolk buffer (TYB), improve post-thaw quality metrics compared with Dulbecco's phosphate-buffered saline (DPBS); and (2) compare the efficacy of these diluents in combination with either 1.35M glycerol or 1.35M dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) at two freezing rates, fast (approximately -20°C min-1 ) versus slow (-6°C min-1 ). Glycerol and DMSO performed equally well in preserving spermatozoa under slow freezing rates. Under these conditions, the use of the complex diluents BPSE and TYB significantly improved post-thaw total motility compared with DPBS. Complex interactions occurred between cryodiluent type, cryoprotectant and freezing rate when testing fast versus slow freezing rates among treatment groups. Under slow freezing rates, DMSO was better at preserving membrane integrity and motility, regardless of diluent type, but successful fast freezing required complex diluents to support motility and membrane integrity, which has implications for implementation in a field setting.

Effect of diluents type and preservation periods on some sheep semen characteristics

The present study aimed to evaluate three seminal diluents and three conservation periods (0, 48 and 96 hours) on quality of Barki rams. The three diluents tests were citrate-egg yolk , tris – egg yolk and skim milk – egg yolk. The dilution ratio was 1 diluent:10 semen. Semen was collected from barki rams using artificial vagina ram one time monthly in the morning during September, October and November. Semen samples after dilution with the tested diluents were conserved for 48 and 96 hours, then semen quality was evaluated. The results obtained are summarized as following : 1- tris –egg yolk diluent showed the best sperm movement and the livability of the sperm was better compared to the skim milk diluent. 2- tris + skim milk showed the lowest abnormality percentage compared to citrate. 3- The conservation periods had significant effects where the tris- diluent was the best in semen conservation using cooling compared to citrate.

Motility characterization of albumin sexed spermatozoa in two different diluents and additional antioxidant

The purpose of this study was to characterize spermatozoa motility of sexed semen (X and Y) using albumin by diluents and antioxidant treatments. The material used in this study was fresh semen of Ongole Crossbreed (OC) bull with progressive motility >70%. The sperm sexing methodology used albumin gradient of 5%, 10%, and 15%. The diluents used were CEP-2 and andromed with or without the addition of 1mM Glutathione as an antioxidant. The sexed semen was made into liquid semen and stored at 3-5°C. The motility was observed at day 0 (H0) and day 5 (H5). Motility was analyzed using SCA v.2.1. The parameters measured were total motility, progressive motility, VCL, VSL, VAP, LIN, STR, WOB, ALH, BCF and sperm hyperactive. The experimental applied was the factorial pattern 2 x 2. The first factor was the type of diluents (CEP-2 and Andromed), and the second factor was additional glutathione (with or without). Data was analyzed by general linear model of SPSS-IBM 24 program. Sexed semen with CEP-2 diluents showed better motility of spermatozoa than andromed in the upper layers (spermatozoa X) and lower layers (spermatozoa Y). The CEP-2 diluent had a big role to maintain motility, progressive motility and velocity spermatozoa during cold storage. The addition of Glutathione 1mM could support the motility of sexed spermatozoa at cold storage, especially for LIN, STR, and WOB values.

Design, Development and Optimization of Glibenclamide Sustained Release Matrix Tablet by Using Natural Polymers

Background: Tablets being the conventional dosage forms can be modified for providing the desired therapeutic effect to the patients. The network of matrix in the tablet allows the drug release to be slowed down considerably. Objective: The prime objective of the study was to formulate sustained release glibenclamide matrix tablets using locust bean gum and karaya gum as a matrix polymer. Methods: Tablets were formulated by optimization using 32 factorial designs by direct compression method using different drug: polymer concentrations. The dependent variables selected were % cumulative drug release (Y1) and % drug content (Y2). The independent variables are the amount of locust bean gum (X1) and karayagum (X2). Drug-polymer compatibility studies were confirmed by FTIR and DSC. The pre-compression properties of powder were assessed indicating a good flow property. The evaluation results of the tablets were found to be within the Indian Pharmacopoeial limit. In this work, the effect of diluents type and polymer type was studied on the drug release with its increase in concentration. Results: All the formulations showed retarded drug release as the concentration of the polymer was increased. Formulation F8 was selected as the best-optimized formulation with about 100.56% drug release within 12 h. Release kinetics was carried out and it was found to be zero-order release and from assay, drug content was found to be in limits. Conclusion: ANOVA analysis indicated that the studied variables affected the response variables significantly. The optimized formulation was stable. Hence, it is concluded that the Glibenclamide sustained release matrix tablet containing natural polymers were successfully formulated by using 32 factorial design.

Bovine in vitro embryo production using media prepared with Milli-Q® Water or nanowater

The aim of this study was to compare the efficiency of in vitro embryo production (IVP) following the collection of bovine ovaries and 22-h in vitro maturation (IVM) of oocytes in media prepared with Milli-Q® Water (n = 509 oocytes) or nanowater (NW; n = 304 oocytes). The mean cleavage (63.8 ± 4.6 % vs. 63.6 ± 6.1 %, respectively; mean ± SEM) and blastocyst formation rate (16.3 ± 3.4 % vs. 16.7 ± 6.7 % of presumptive zygotes, respectively) did not vary (P > 0.05; Student t-test) between the two types of media diluents. NW is a safe substitute for Milli-Q® Water for IVM of bovine oocytes.

Antimicrobial activity of Ficus exasperata (Vahl) leaf extract in clinical isolates and its development into herbal tablet dosage form

Background: Ficus exasperata (Vahl) from the family Moraceae is a herb of ethnobotanical importance with antimicrobial properties. The past studies have been on the phytochemistry and pharmacological activities of the plant, but there is a need to formulate this valuable herb into tablet dosage form to offer standardisation. Aim: The aim of this study was to assess the antimicrobial activity of F. exasperata leaf extract (extract) and formulate it into herbal tablet dosage form. Setting: The experiments were performed at the laboratories of the Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria. Methods: The extract was obtained by maceration and assessed for antimicrobial activity using agar cup diffusion method. Tablets were prepared by direct compression using Avicel ® , Lactose and Emcompress ® at a drug–diluent ratio of 1:4 and 1:9. The flow properties of the powder mixtures were determined using compressibility index, Hausner’s ratio, angle of repose and density measurements. The mechanical properties of the tablets were assessed using crushing strength (CS), friability (FR) and the crushing strength–friability ratio (CSFR) and release properties with disintegration times (DT), disintegration efficiency ratio and dissolution times. Analyses were carried out using two-way analysis of variance on Prism 5.0. Results: The results showed that the extract had concentration-dependent antimicrobial activity. The flow properties of the powder mixtures were in the rank order of Avicel ® > Lactose > Emcompress ® . Tablet CS and CSFR increased, whilst FR decreased with increase in compression force and diluent concentration. All tablets passed the DT test. The ranking of dissolution times was Avicel ® < Lactose < Emcompress ® < no diluent. Conclusion: Ficus exasperata extract demonstrated antimicrobial properties dependent on type of organism and extract concentration. The herbal tablets have acceptable mechanical and release parameters, which varied with diluent type, drug–diluent ratio and compression pressure.

Application of Emulsion Liquid Membrane Process for Cationic Dye Extraction

In the present work studies were carried out to extract a cationic dye (Methylene Blue MB) from an aqueous solution using emulsion liquid membrane process (ELM). The organic phase (membrane phase) consists of Span 80 as emulsifier, sulfuric acid solution as stripping agent and hexane as diluent. &#x0D; In this study, important factors influencing the extraction of methylene blue dye were studied. These factors include H2SO4 concentration in the stripping phase, agitation speed in the dye permeation stage, Initial dye concentration and diluent type.&#x0D; More than (98%) of Methylene blue dye was extracted at the following conditions: H2SO4 concentration (1.25) M, agitation speed (200) rpm, dye concentration (10) ppm and the diluent type was hexane.

Rare Earth Extraction using Solvent Extraction: Which Factor Has the Most Significant Impact?

Using a two-level factorial design, a study was undertaken to change the parameters impacting the recovery of rare earth from rare earth mixture. The experimental design was used to screen and identify the major contributing aspects to rare earth recovery. The experiment aims to isolate samarium from a mixture of samarium, europium, and gadolinium. Factors involved consist of pH (pH 1 and pH 6), acid type (nitric acid and hydrochloric acid) and concentration (1.0M and 5.0M), mixing duration (30 min and 120 min), feed composition (20% samarium and 80% samarium), type of diluent (hexane and chloroform), temperature (room temperature and 60°C) and organic to aqueous phase ratio (1:1 and 2:1). The results showed that the samarium recovery was in the range of 0.98% to 90.88%. Based on analysis variance (ANOVA), five factors significantly affect the samarium recovery out of eight factors explored. The five factors according to the most significant order are pH&gt; feed composition&gt; organic to aqueous phase ratio&gt;acid concentration&gt;acid type&gt;mixing duration&gt;type of diluent&gt; temperature. Statistical analysis shows that the linear model is significant, with the value of R2 is 0.9886. Based on the statistical data, five significant variables influence the separation of samarium. This research shows that two-level factorial design can anticipate significant variables impacting rare earth separation, particularly samarium, in the solvent extraction process.

Comparative analysis of the stability and structure of premixed C3H8/O2/CO2 and C3H8/O2/N2 flames for clean flexible energy production

The study compares the macrostructure and stabilization parameters of premixed oxy-propane (C3H8/O2/CO2) and oxygen-enriched air-propane (C3H8/O2/N2) flames at fixed inlet velocity of 5.2 m/s and under similar conditions of oxygen fraction (OF= 21%–70%) and equivalence ratio (ϕ=0.1−1.0) in a model dry-low-emissions (DLE) gas turbine combustor. The combustor stability maps were plotted within the ϕ-OF domain against background contours of constant adiabatic flame temperature (AFT), to quantify the blowout and flashback limits. It was found for both CO2- and N2-diluted flames that the blowout and flashback limits followed constant AFT contours on the stability maps. The blowout limit of both types of flames roughly followed the same AFT contour of about ∼1580 K, while the flashback limits followed the constant AFT contour of 2350 K. This implies that C3H8/O2/N2 flames blow out at leaner conditions compared to C3H8/O2/CO2 flames. The effect of diluent type on blowout limit diminishes at higher OF; above 55% both flames blow out at ϕ∼0.2. All flames of the same AFT exhibited considerably identical shapes despite having different OF and ϕ. Based on that, the design and operation of future oxy-fuel turbines is recommended to be AFT-based rather than OF or ϕ.

High-Performance Recovery of Cobalt and Nickel from the Cathode Materials of NMC Type Li-Ion Battery by Complexation-Assisted Solvent Extraction

The annual global volume of waste lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) has been increasing over years. Although solvent extraction method seems well developed, the separation factor between cobalt and nickel is still relatively low—only 72 when applying conventional continuous-countercurrent extraction. In this study, we improved the separation factor of cobalt and nickel by complexation-assisted solvent extraction. Before solvent extraction procedure, leaching kinetic of Li, Ni, Co and Mn was studied and can be explained by the Avrami equation. Leached residues were also investigated by SEM and XRD. Operation parameters of complexation-assisted solvent extraction were examined, including volume ratio of extractant to diluent, types of diluent, type of complexing reagent, extractant saponification percentage and volume ratio of organic phase to aqueous phase. The optimal separation factor of complexation-assisted solvent extraction could be improved to 372, which is five times that of conventional solvent extraction. The separation tendency would be interpreted by the relationship between extraction equilibrium pH and log distribution coefficient.

The Effect of Oxetane as Active Diluent on Cationic UV Curing System of Fluorine-Containing Epoxy Prepolymer

A series of fluorine-containing polyacrylic epoxy (FPAE) prepolymers with different fluorine content and molecular weight are synthesized by solution free radical polymerization of hexafluorobutyl methacrylate (HFBMA), butyl acrylate (BA), and glycidyl methacrylate (GMA). The synthesized prepolymers show high conversion and low volume shrinkage. The effect of different types of active diluent for the cationic UV curing of FPAE was investigated, among which oxetane exhibits better comprehensive property than epoxy and vinyl ether. The formulations with the optimal ratio of different functionality oxetane combination show good flexibility, adhesion, hydrophobicity, and antistain property.

Formulation, development, and in-vitro/ex-vivo evaluation of vaginal bioadhesive salbutamol sulfate tablets for preterm labor

Preterm labor is the main cause of death and serious illness of both infants and pregnant women in Africa and worldwide. Parenteral and oral salbutamol sulfate as a B2 antagonist has been used for the treatment of preterm labor. The study aims are to formulate salbutamol sulfate non-invasive vaginal bioadhesive tablets to avoid the side effects of conventional formulations. Full factorial design 41 ×31 ×21 was used for the preparation of 24 vaginal bioadhesive tablet formulations. The independent factors were polymer type (Carbopol 934, HPMC 4000, HEC, and PEG 6000), polymer to drug ratio (1:1, 2:1, and 3:1), and diluent (lactose and mannitol). Vaginal bioadhesive tablets were evaluated for residence time and time required for release 50% of salbutamol sulfate T50% as dependent variables. The formulations were evaluated in terms of drug content, mass variation, hardness, friability, swelling index, residence time, and in-vitro drug release. Results revealed that polymer and diluent types are the most significant factors in both residence time and T50%. A strong positive correlation (0.91) between in-vitro and ex-vivo permeation was observed, which predict the best in-vivo performance of salbutamol vaginal bioadhesive tablet. Thus, salbutamol sulfate vaginal bioadhesive tablets could be a successful remedy for preterm labor.

Preparation, Thermal, and Mechanical Characterization of UV-Cured Polymer Biocomposites with Lignin.

The preparation and the thermal and mechanical characteristics of lignin-containing polymer biocomposites were studied. Bisphenol A glycerolate (1 glycerol/phenol) diacrylate (BPA.GDA) was used as the main monomer, and butyl acrylate (BA), 2-ethylhexyl acrylate (EHA) or styrene (St) was used as the reactive diluent. Unmodified lignin (L) or lignin modified with methacryloyl chloride (L-M) was applied as an ecofriendly component. The influences of the lignin, its modification, and of the type of reactive diluent on the properties of the composites were investigated. In the biocomposites with unmodified lignin, the lignin mainly acted as a filler, and it seemed that interactions occurred between the hydroxyl groups of the lignin and the carbonyl groups of the acrylates. When methacrylated lignin was applied, it seemed to take part in the creation of a polymer network. When styrene was added as a reactive diluent, the biocomposites had a more homogeneous structure, and their thermal resistance was higher than those with acrylate monomers. The use of lignin and its methacrylic derivative as a component in polymer composites promotes sustainability in the plastics industry and can have a positive influence on environmental problems related to waste generation.

Functionality evaluation of co-processed excipients as diluents in tablets manufactured by wet granulation

Abstract Diluents are essential components of a tablet formulation. The type of diluent used in a formulation influences the quality of tablets produced from that formulation. The aim of this study was to evaluate the tableting properties of co-processed excipients (C-PEs) incorporated as diluents in tablet formulation by wet granulation. Metronidazole tablets were prepared by wet granulation incorporating different diluents that were either single component excipients (SCEs) (lactose and microcrystalline cellulose) or C-PEs (Ludipress®, StarLac®, Prosolv® and AVICEL®HFE). The granules obtained for each formulation were evaluated for particle size analysis, flow properties and compression properties. Tablets weighing 500 mg were compressed from the metronidazole granules on a Single Station Tablet Press using a 12 mm punch and die tooling system. The tablets were kept for 24 h post-production, and the properties of weight uniformity, thickness, tensile strength, friability, disintegration time and dissolution profile evaluated subsequently. Results of granule properties showed that variations in parameters evaluated was as a result of differences in the type and composition of diluent used in formulation. Compactibility and tabletability profile of metronidazole granules revealed a better performance with granules processed with C-PE based diluents compared to SCE-based diluents. Tablets formulated with C-PEs as diluents were uniform in tablet weight, disintegrated faster and yielded a faster drug release compared to tablet formulations containing SCEs as diluent. This study reveals the performance advantage of C-PEs as diluents in tablets manufactured by wet granulation and highlights the importance of rational selection of excipients during tablet formulation.

Applicability of Hollow Fiber Strip Dispersion for the Removal of Metal Ions from Aqueous Streams

The present paper focuses on the working and application of hollow fiber strip dispersion system for the removal of metal ions from aqueous streams. Conventional separation methods like chemical precipitation, adsorption, ion exchange and solvent extraction are in use to eliminate and recover heavy metals from aqueous solutions, but suffer from their inherent limitations like less efficiency, high operating costs, secondary sludge production and disposal. Liquid membrane in comparison with these methods offers little investment, high flux, less solvent and energy consumption. Supported liquid membrane is preferred for the removal and reclamation of metal ions as this technique offers simultaneous extraction and stripping. Hollow fiber supported liquid membrane is being used successfully for the separation of various metal ions, but instability and extended functioning are the concerned issues for industrial usage. Pseudo-emulsion hollow fiber strip dispersion system solves the instability issue by maintaining uninterrupted supply of organic membrane phase in pores and successfully removes the metal ions. This paper mainly focuses on the effect of various parameters like concentration of metal, carrier and type of diluent on the removal of metal ions from aqueous streams. Permeation model development and evaluation of mass transfer coefficients are also discussed here.

Research of the activity and viability of spermatozoa at different concentrations and proportions of diluents after incubation

The results of studies of the viability of spermatozoa with different incubation time at different concentrations and using different diluents are highlighted in the article. (Un) concentrated spermatozoa were diluented: 1) with their native plasma; 2) medium 199; 3) a mixture of equal volumes of plasma and medium 199. The experiment was designed to generate experimental samples with spermatozoa concentrations prepared according to the method, namely: 0.2; 0.1; 0.05; 0.025 billion / ml. The sperm was evaluated after 2, 4, 6 and 8 hours. The perspective of such a study is significant and makes it possible to research various aspects of the subject in a wide range. In this regard, a series of experiments were conducted in this area. The data obtained are statistically processed and allow us to highlight the results that relate to each stage of the study. In particular, in this article it was found out some regularities between the viability of sperm, the type of diluent and the rate of rarefaction, as evidenced by the data presented in the tables. As a result of sperm incubation, the viability of spermatozoa remains at least the highest trend when sperm are diluted to a concentration of 0.1 billion / ml, regardless of the type of diluent used. To maintain the viability of sperm using this concentration of medium 199 is not better than its native plasma, and its mixture with an equal volume of plasma through any length of time incubation of such sperm. Most often it is at this concentration of sperm that their viability is characterized by the lowest coefficient of variation, regardless of the type of diluent used, which may indicate the greatest stability of the result under these conditions. The viability of spermatozoa with a concentration of 0.1 billion / ml is statistically significantly reduced only after 6 or even 8 hours of incubation. If the sperm are incubated for only 2 hours, regardless of the type of diluent used, the sperm concentrations tested do not affect the viability of the sperm. Key words: boar, spermatozoa, sperm plasma, concentration, incubation, medium 199, activity, viability, rarefaction.

The Influence of Breed and Type of Extender on the Quality of Bull Semen

This study aimed to determine the influence of breed and type of extenders on frozen semen quality of cows at BIB Lembang. The experimental study was conducted in a Factorial Randomized Block Design (RBD) with two factors. The first factor was four cow breeds, i.e. Ongole Cross (PO), Brahman (BR), Simmental (SM) and Limousin (LM), and the second factor was two types of extender, i.e. Skim-Egg Yolk (SKT) and AndroMed® (AND), all repeated four times. The observed variables were percentage of spermatozoa motility and intact plasma membrane (IPM). All data obtained were analyzed using a general linear model (IBM SPSS ver. 23). The results demonstrated an interaction between breed and the type of diluent to motility. Breeds showed significantly different motility but non-significantly different intact plasma membrane (MPU) of semen. The type of diluent did not significantly affect motility and intact plasma membrane (MPU) of the frozen semen. The effect of the breed on BR motility was lower and significantly different from PO, LM and SM. The types of diluent did not significantly affect motility, MPU. The results showed that SKT was lower than AND, it was indicative effect of breed on intact plasma membrane (MPU) PO was lower than BR, LM and SM and the effect of the type of diluent on whole plasma membrane (MPU) AND is lower than SKT. It can be concluded that breed influences the motility of semen. The lowest motility reduction in frozen semen is Brahman cattle by using skim-egg yolk extender.

Measuring the fate of different diluted bitumen products in coastal surface waters

Diluted bitumens are produced by adding lower viscosity diluent to highly viscous bitumen to enable it to flow through pipelines and thus may behave differently than conventional oils when spilled into coastal seawater. Simulated surface spills using three different diluted bitumen products were carried out in May, July and November and water column hydrocarbons were monitored over a 14 day period. Volatile and total petroleum hydrocarbons varied in the water column depending on season and type of diluent. In summer, products diluted with synthetic crude or a mixture of condensate and crude released droplets into the water column. Diluted bitumen did not sink to the bottom of the enclosures with surface slicks showing a range of weathering after 14 d. With most of the diluted bitumen product remaining on the surface for 14 d, a rapid conventional clean up response may be effective in low energy, coastal waters.

Modification of Nylon 6,6 with Trioctylphosphine Oxide for Uranium Removal from Aqueous Solution

The study deals with the uranium removal from a raffinate solution (nitric acid waste solution from the production of uranium yellowcake) using an extractant-impregnated material. A polyamide sheet (Nylon 6,6) was impregnated with trioctylphosphine oxide and tested for uranium removal. The factors affecting the impregnation process, namely, extractant concentration, impregnation time, volume/mass ratio, impregnation temperature, and diluent type were studied. The effect of the initial uranium concentration, adsorption temperature, contact time, and pH on the uranium adsorption on the prepared sheet was also studied. The uranium adsorption behavior was described using adsorption isotherms.