Types Of Cybercrimes Research Articles

A Study on Types of Cyber Crimes and Cyber Attacks Today

Abstract: With the increasing number of COVID-19 cases in the world and deaths worldwide has given a very worse condition to the whole world besides this covid pandemic there is also increase in number of Cyber-crimes and Cyber-attack of different types in the whole world. As Technology is advancing everyday there is a rise in Cyber-crime problem today, however security measures and prevention to protect this technology and the users of the technology is not advancing as quickly. So, the aim of this study is to understand and learn different types of Cybercrimes and Cyberattacks today in the world. It is important to prevent and to put awareness about the types of crimes and attacks. There are some protective procedures such as keep your software Up to date, Using of Anti-Virus Protection and also the use of Firewall, Continuously Changing Passwords and keep it as strong as can be, and also two step or multi step authentication should be done whenever necessary. Keywords: Cyber-crimes, Cyber-attacks, Types of Cyber-crimes, Prevention Measures, Threats

Fight against cybercrime

Cybercrime problems are gaining relevance every year. The spread of home computer equipment in Russia began in the 90s. XX century At that time, only a small part of the population had personal computers, electronic payment systems had just appeared, and the word «hacker» was more familiar from science fiction literature than from real collisions with the consequences of the activities of such persons. Currently, the situation has changed dramatically. «Combating cybercrime» is an interdisciplinary discipline that includes certain elements of such sciences as criminal law, criminology, forensics, public and private international law, criminal procedure, administrative law, and civil law. The multicomponent content of the discipline is due to the complexity and multidimensionality of the studied object. This article examines the concept of cybercrime, the reasons for its occurrence, as well as the types of cybercrime using information technology.

Cyber-Crime and Cyber Security Perception in Nigeria

As the Internet came into widespread commercial use, the nature of computer crimes began to shift. ‘While in some crimes, one component of the crime may have been committed using an electronic instrument, in other crimes, the crime as a whole is committed in the online or electronic environment. These crimes, known as cybercrimes, generally occur in the virtual community of the Internet or in cyberspace. As a result of this, all innocent internet users should inculcate the habit of continuously updating their knowledge about the ever changing nature of information technologies. We explore the various types of cybercrimes in Nigeria, their causes, effects and perception of cyber crimes and cyber security among users of the cyberspace Keywords: Cyber-crime, Countermeasures, Fraud, Cyber Criminals, Perception, Cyberspace

Understanding the Types of Cyber Crime and Its Prevention

In the era of social media and online provisions, there are also a lot of crimes happening these days. Cyber-crime is linked to the online or crime committed over internet. Such types of attacks are done intentionally due to which they are classified as crime. There are many hackers who has the capability of hacking even the banking details of the user. This paper will explain the meaning of cyber-crime, different types of cyber-crime and also gives the reason as why crime can take place even in the world of internet. There are many tools available which helps to identify the nature of the security attack and helps to avoid it.

Feature Selection Technique for improving classification performance in the web-phishing detection process

Web phishing is a type of cybercrime that occasionally threatens the online activities of website visitors. Web phishing uses a phoney website page that closely mimics the legitimate Website in order to fool its target into providing crucial information. Web phishing attacks also continue to grow in popularity year after year. As a result, it is vital to design a web phishing detection system in order to reduce the number of victims and financial losses caused by web phishing attacks. The development of a web phishing detection system continues to this day, with machine learning being the most often used model. Unfortunately, the construction of a machine learning-based web phishing detection system frequently employs only a single classification step; however, the feature selection process enables an increase in the performance of the resultant classification. Thus, an experiment was conducted in this paper by using a feature selection procedure based on the Pearson correlation algorithm prior to doing machine learning modelling utilizing popular algorithms such as Naive Bayes, Decision Tree, and Random Forest. As a result, using a web phishing dataset from the UCI Machine Learning Repository, it was determined that the addition of the feature selection process based on the use of decision tree and random forest algorithms resulted in an increase in accuracy of up to 94.60 percent and 95.50 percent, respectively, and a slight decrease in accuracy of 0.4 percent when implemented in the Naive Bayes algorithm.

Bitcoin Ransomware Detection Employing Rule-Based Algorithms


 Cryptocurrencies have completely altered the digital transaction process all over the globe. Almost a decade after Satoshi Nakamoto generated the first Bitcoin block; many cryptocurrencies have been established. The Ransomware attack is a type of cybercrime and a class of malware that encrypts the files and prevents users from accessing their data or systems and demands payment for decrypting and retrieving access to their files. Ransomware data classification using present data mining and machine learning methods is difficult because predictions aren't always correct. We aim to build two models that effectively address these challenges and can diagnose and classify Ransomware attacks accurately, then compare the performance of the models. In this paper, we investigated the use of Rule-Based algorithms for mining Bitcoin Ransomware Data to classify Ransomware attacks in Bitcoin transactions. Employing Rule-Based techniques in detecting Bitcoin data is beneficial because the algorithms effectively classify non-linear datasets. The analysis was done on a Bitcoin dataset for 61,004 addresses selected from 29 Ransomware families and contained ten descriptive and decision attributes. Both Rule-Based algorithms were illustrated and compared on the dataset employing 10-fold cross-validation. Experimental results show that classification under partial decision tree (PART) algorithm performed better in different metrics than the Decision Table algorithm. It provides an accuracy of 96.01%, a recall of 96%, a precision of 95.9%, and an F-Measure of 95.6%. Experimental results propose that it is beneficial to further investigate the application of PART to predictive modelling tasks in Ransomware studies.

Co-Occurrence of Online and Offline Victimization: A Latent Class Analysis in University Students

Most people are exposed to risks both in the online and offline world. Several studies have provided definitions and measures of cybervictimization based on different theoretical approaches and most of them have focused on specific forms of cybercrime, depicting a limited portrayal of victimization. The current study explored victimization configurations in a sample of 749 university undergraduates from Spain (61.6% women; M age = 26.9), utilizing latent class analyses to account for the nature and frequency of various types of online and offline victimization along their life span. Among them, 35.9% were victims of a cyberattack, 24.4% reported being victims of cyberfraud and 49% of property crime. The analysis uncovered two classes of cybervictims—consisting of economic cybervictimization (victims of economic cybercrimes only) and cyber-polyvictimization (victims of various types of cybercrimes)—and allowed us to compare them with a group of non-victims. Younger respondents (15 to 25 years old), conventional university students, women, people with lower incomes and LGBTQI+ individuals have a higher representation in the cyber-polyvictimization class. In addition, members of this class have suffered more offline victimization in all the areas analyzed. The present study has found co-occurrence between online and offline victimization, thus reinforcing the relevance of simultaneously studying both areas and the interaction between them. From this empirical ground, prevention strategies should not be focused merely on opportunity factors related to the online interactions and behavior of potential victims, without facing the deep human and social roots of victimization.

Cybercrime and legal support of information security of China in the XX century

The legal protection of computer and information systems, prevention and counteraction to cybercrimes becomes a relevant problem for society and the state. In one or another way, the computer-related crimes, infringement of the interests of users, and intentional distribution of false or harmful information, pose a serious threat to the information system security, as well as interests of the state, rights and freedoms of citizens. The dependence of people and society as a whole on computer and information systems is higher with each year. Generation Y cannot imagine their life without digital technologies. Cybercrime (intellectual crime) implies the unauthorized access to computer systems and databases, infliction of damage, and commission of criminal offense via computer. Such crimes are characterized by being difficult to detect, intellectualism, wide variety, duration and serious threat to the society. The scholars distinguish two types of cybercrimes: in the first instance, computer is viewed as the object of crime, while in the second — the instrument of crime. The first case suggest theft of the computer and its parts, hacker attacks and various types of sabotage, spread of computer viruses, etc.; the second case suggests the distribution of pornography and pirated software, Internet fraud for the purpose of embezzlement, as well as money laundering.

A Novel Model for Distributed Denial of Service Attack Analysis and Interactivity

A Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attack is a type of cybercrime that renders a target service unavailable by overwhelming it with traffic from several sources (attack nodes). In this paper, we focus on DDoS attacks on a computer network by spreading bots throughout the network. A mathematical differential equation model is proposed to represent the dynamism of nodes at different compartments of the model. The model considers two levels of security, with the assumption that the recovered nodes do not return to the same security level. In previous models, the recovered nodes are returned to be suspect on the same security level, which is an unrealistic assumption. Moreover, it is assumed that the attacker can use the infected target nodes to attack again. With such epidemic-like assumptions of infection, different cases are presented and discussed, and the stability of the model is analyzed as well; reversing the symmetry transformation of attacking nodes population is also proven. The proposed model has many parameters in order to precisely describe the infection movement and propagation. Numerical simulation methods are used to solve the developed system of equations using MATLAB, with the intention of finding the best counteraction to control DDoS spread throughout a network.

When do businesses report cybercrime? Findings from a UK study

Although it is known that businesses report cybercrime to public authorities at a low rate, and this hinders prevention strategies, there is a lack of research on companies’ decisions to report cyber victimisation. This paper analyses the UK Cyber Security Breaches Survey to explore factors associated with cybercrime reporting by businesses. Results indicate that the type of cybercrime is relevant to the reporting decision, and that the likelihood of reporting increases when cybersecurity incidents generate negative impacts and when the company places high priority on cybersecurity. However, we find no association between having cybersecurity insurance and reporting. Finally, while having outsourced cybersecurity management is associated with reporting to anyone outside the organisation but not to public authorities, in-house cybersecurity teams seem more inclined to report to public authorities. Findings are discussed in relation to the role of the private cybersecurity sector and the criminal justice system in combatting cybercrime.

Zero Identity — The New Cybersecurity Paradigm

Abstract Global cybercrime is exploding geometrically. The traditional methods of securing cyber systems via complex passwords frequently fail, exposing the computer systems to many types of cybercrimes. Cybercrime of all kinds is a growing concern for individuals, government and business organizations, and society. Zero Identity is a new technology that “bubbles, cloaks, and hides” computers and their contents from cybercriminals. Zero Identity is a mature and proven military-based technology with over a 20-year history. Cylentium, a cybersecurity startup, is adapting Zero Identity technology to consumers and civilian organizations. Market and technological acceptance of Zero Identity may lead to a cybersecurity paradigm shift in the next decade. This paper explores the history of Zero Identity, what it does, how it works, and its future prognosis. One of the original developers (Rob Langhorne) of the Zero Identity concept was interviewed, as was the concurrent entrepreneur (Wayne Ronhaar). Both Langhorne and Ronhaar became coauthors of this article to contribute their first-hand historical perspectives, challenges, and insights to transform technology into a commercial product in a series of articles.

Cybercrime and subculture of cybercriminals

Unlike traditional types of crime, such as murder or theft, that have a long history, cybercrime is a relatively young phenomenon and a new one that emerged with the advent of the Internet. It should be noted that the very nature of the Internet is quite favourable for committing crimes. Its properties such as globality, cross-border nature, the anonymity of users, wide audience coverage, distribution of main network nodes, and their interchangeability create advantages for cybercriminals who use the Internet at all stages of crime and also allow them to effectively hide from law enforcement agencies. An important aspect of cybercrime that contributes to its spread and hinders the fight against it is the subculture of cybercriminals. This subculture needs to be given special attention, so this issue is discussed in detail in the article. Therefore, the purpose of the article was to analyse cybercrime as one of the youngest types of crime in the modern world. The history of the emergence of cybercrime and cyber-security was considered, the types of cybercrime were characterized, and the functions of cybercrime were analysed.

A Comprehensive Overview on Cybersecurity Threats and Attacks

In the world of evolving technologies, we are being driven by online transaction, AI technologies and automated processes. With the increased use of technologies in our life, the cybercrimes have amplified. Various new attacks, tools and techniques have been developed which allow the attackers to access more complex and well-managed systems, creating damage and even remain untraceable. The statistics about cyber crime tell that as of 2021 January, google has registered around 2 million phishing websites. In 2019 around 93.6% of observed malware was polymorphic, which means it changes the code continuously to evade detection. According to FBI and internet crime complaint center 2020crime report has doubled compared to 2019. International Data Corporation predicts that global spending on cybersecurity solutions will reach $133.7 billion by 2022 as cyber threats continue to increase. Governments around the world have acknowledged to growing cyber-attacks by providing directions to organizations implementing efficient cybersecurity practices. Cybersecurity protects computer systems and networks from creating damage to hardware and software, information disclosure, theft and from the interference or misdirection of the services they provide. The need to understand different kinds of cybercrime. In order to develop necessary measures against cybercrime, we need to understand different kinds of cybercrime. Our paper gives you an overview of various types of cyber-crime like malware, phishing, zero-day exploit, Advanced Persistent Threat (APT). The study provides an overview to different preventive existing solutions proposal and methods to detect attack. A strong understanding of such attacks would benefit us to be cautious and develop effective solutions.

Features of the initial stage of investigating fraud with financial resources in cyberspace

The article aims to characterize the forensic features of the initial stage of investigating fraud with financial resources in cyberspace, its significance, analysis, and justification as a type of cybercrime that is dangerous for everyone, and prove the need for urgent measures to prevent and combat such criminal offenses. The authors used several methods of scientific cognition: logical-semantic, system-structural, analytical, formal-legal, forecasting, dialectical, interpretation, and hermeneutics. The article focuses on the general provisions of the forensic characteristics of Internet fraud with financial resources; analysis of the information model of the mechanism of committing fraud with financial resources in the field of computer information; coverage of the tactical features of individual investigative actions at the initial stage of the investigation of fraud with financial resources in cyberspace. It was concluded that the effectiveness of combating Internet fraud and the level of cybersecurity in Ukraine is very low. Therefore, the investigation of fraud with financial resources in cyberspace requires in-depth specific knowledge from the subjects of the investigation.

Cyber Crimes and Cyber Laws : A Perspective of Women Victimization

Women from all the parts of society are facing cybercrime against them. Being a victim of cyber crime, women experiences several psychological impact which deeply effects their life. Sometimes they even commit suicide. The National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB) has reported increased rate of cyber crime against women in the last few years. Cyber crime against women takes place in the form of cyber defamation, sexual harassment and abuse, email-misrepresentation and so forth . Cyber crime itself is traumatic for women to deal with and on the other side the challenges that are encountered by a women to proceed for a legal action against the culprit is also matter of concern for them. This research paper is an attempt to discuss upon the various types of cybercrimes that are inflicted upon women in India. It is also brief analysis of the legal rights of women to protect against cyber crime, its application and challenges that are experienced by women to get those rights.

The Problems Of Sending Spam E-Mails To People In Indonesia

The Internet is part of the development of technology, where the internet provides many impacts, both positive and negative. Currently, privacy issues on the internet have also become a complicated legal issue, this is due to quite several privacy-related issues, but not all countries in the world manage privacy issues on the internet. As a means of communicating the Internet has introduced e-mail that provides convenience and practicality. But in its development e-mail has an adverse impact on its users in the form of e-mail spam. In terms of its actions, sending spam e-mail is quite a disadvantage, even violate privacy. Some countries have also set it to one type of cybercrime (cybercrime). This article will discuss e-mail spam in Indonesia, how the legislation in Indonesia sees the action of this spam e-mail, is there any possibility of spam e-mail is criminalized as a cybercrime. The article will also look at how spam e-mails violate privacy and review and analyze internet privacy settings in Indonesia in relation to the criminalization of spam e-mail.

CRIMINAL OPPORTUNISM OF CYBER CRIME AS A THREAT TO NATIONAL SECURITY OF UKRAINE

Purpose: to analyze the issues of combating cybercrime during the COVID-19 pandemic and to suggest ways to strengthen cybersecurity in Ukraine. Methods: general philosophical, comparative and phenomenological methods are used in the research process. Results: some types of cybercrimes that should be considered during a coronavirus pandemic have been identified; special attention is paid to social engineering, cyber-fraud, APT-attacks on critical infrastructure; proposals for improving the current legislation, and proposals for combating fraud. Discussion: the need to strengthen international cooperation and improve the current legislation, in particular on electronic evidence, in the conditions of increasing the number and complexity of cybercrimes is substantiated, methods of protection against cybercriminals are proposed. The researchers believe that given that the coronavirus pandemic will not disappear in the near future and the number of remote users will increase, the number of cybercrimes will increase accordingly. The authors conclude that the problem of fraud, particularly in cyberspace, due to its dynamics poses a threat to the development of the information society in Ukraine. In this regard, this trend needs to be covered in the new Cyber Security Strategy of Ukraine. Professional training of relevant specialists of cybercrime units is highly important, as well as the implementation of a system to improve the detection of cybercrime. It will also be useful to provide educational information on cyber hygiene in schools and information campaigns, to combat payment fraud. In addition, the authors recommend detecting and combating fraud: 1) use only proven resources and make sure the name of the required site is correct. One inconspicuous character in the site name in the address bar may indicate that you are on a phishing site; 2) do not pass on your bank card details (especially CVV-code and pin-code) to anyone, because bank employees never ask for such information; 3) it is recommended to always use cash on delivery to eliminate the chances of fraudsters seizing your funds.

Distributed intrusion detection scheme using dual-axis dimensionality reduction for Internet of things (IoT)

The immense growth in the cyber world has given birth to various types of cybercrimes in the Internet of things (IoT). Cybercrimes have breached the multiple levels of cybersecurity that is one of the major issues in the IoT networks. Due to the rise in IoT applications, both devices and services are prone to security attacks and intrusions. The intrusion breaches the data packet extracted from different nodes deployed in the IoT network. Most of the intrusive attacks are very near variants of previously marked cyberattacks containing many repetitive data and features. And to detect the intrusion, the data packet needs to be analyzed. This article presents a novel scheme, i.e., dual-axis dimensionality reduction, that utilizes Kalman filter and salp swarm algorithm (coded as KF-SSA) for analyzing and minimizing the data packet. The proposed data reduction scheme is utilized with KELM-based multiclass classifier to efficiently detect intrusion in the IoT network (KF-SSA with KELM). The proposed method’s overall results are evaluated using standard intrusion detection datasets, i.e., NSL-KDD, KYOTO 2006+ (2015), CICIDS2017, and CICIDS2018 (AWS). The result from the proposed data reduction technique obtains highly reduced data, i.e., 70.% for NSL-KDD and 86.43% for CICIDS2017. The analyzed result shows high detection accuracy of 99.9% for NSL-KDD and 95.68% for CICIDS2017 with decreased computational time.

Slowloris DoS Attack Based Simulation

Denial of Service (DoS) attack is a type of cybercrime when an internet site is unavailable to be accessed by the user. The DoS attack is one of the popular attacks which can be launched by using a single machine and could take down many web servers by sending a lot of request to the server until it is disconnected. The objective of this paper is to simulate the launch and prevention against the DoS attack towards the website. The simulation of DoS attack is implemented by using ActivePerl Language and tested by using Slowloris DoS Attack. Both software shows a good combination of simulation program because it supports each other to exhaust the available connections on the servers. The result shows that the website connection is successfully unavailable to be accessed by legitimate user. In addition, the website still could not be served even clearing the cache of the browser. Finally, this paper discusses about future solution of DoS attack and recommendation for secure environment architecture.

A Criminological Outlook of Cyber Crimes in Sexual Violence Against Children in Indonesian Laws

The purpose of this study is to analyze the cybercrimes in sexual violence against children in Indonesian laws. Act Number 11 of 2008 concerning Information and Electronic Transactions, concerning cybercrime specifically regulated in Indonesia. Of the various types of cybercrime that occur in Indonesia, it is interesting to study the vacuum norms governing cyber pornography carried out on children in Act Number 11 of 2008 concerning Information and Electronic Transactions. The crime can be said as violence against children whose punishment can be aggravated as stipulated in the Child Protection Act. This research is a normative legal study by examining the absence of norms in the ITE Law regarding sanctions imposed on perpetrators of child abuse in cyberspace. The study was conducted by using normative research methods so that utilizing primary legal materials such as the Criminal Code, Child Protection Act, Pornography Law, and Electronic Information and Transaction Law. Based on the collection and analysis of the legal material, the results showed that there is a need for criminal penalties for cyber pornography against children. This is done by considering the impact of the crime on the development of children and aims that the perpetrators deter and prevent similar crimes. The results practically contribute that the government is expected to play an active role in continuing to provide protection and assistance for psychological recovery from victims.