Types Of Crude Oil Research Articles

Prices

Assessed or estimated prices and values for the major types of crude oils traded on spot markets. Updated on a monthly basis.Official sales prices (except as otherwise noted) and are generally market‐related, subject in some cases to retroactive adjustment. Updated on a monthly basis.

A multivariate grey prediction model based on energy logistic equation and its application in energy prediction in China

The energy consumption problem is an important issue in the development process of various countries, and scientific methods for predicting energy consumption can assist governments in making decisions. The energy consumption trend usually shows a saturated S-shaped curve, and the mathematical model of the Logistic function can be used to fit this trend. Based on the Energy Logistic equation, a novel multivariable grey prediction model of energy consumption is proposed in this paper. The least square method is used to estimate the parameters of the model, and the approximate time response formula of the model is obtained. The degree of correlation between several energy consumptions is calculated by the grey correlation analysis. Then, from the angle of the three main energy sources to establish the energy consumption prediction model respectively, and the validity of the model is verified by selecting the data of three typical coal, crude oil and natural gas consumption provinces in China (Shandong Province, Heilongjiang Province and Guangdong Province). Compared with the other six multivariate grey models, the results show that the new model is superior to the other models according to five test indexes. Finally, based on the modelling of three provinces in China, the model predicts the consumption of three kinds of energy in the next five years, and a correlation analysis is performed according to the prediction results.

Risk Assessment of Hydrocarbons’ Storing in Different Textured Soils in Small-Scale lysimeters

The objectives of this study are to test the penetration depth and determine the soil content in hydrocarbons’ components BTEX, PAHs, and TPH, after vertical movement of crude oil through undisturbed soils of different textures, and to assess their risk. The experiment simulates the fate of oil spills in the cold season. Three soil types were investigated: a sandy-textured eutric Arenosol, AR-eu; a loamy-textured haplic chernozem, CH-ha; and a clayey-textured, swell-shrink, Luvic Chernic Phaeozem, PH-ch-lv. Undisturbed small-scale lysimeters, 0.3 m in diameter and 1 m in length, were used. Crude oil was first applied and then water. TPH, BTEX, and PAH retention in the soils depends on soil texture. PH-ch-lv soil stored most of them in the upper horizons. TPH, BTEX, and PAH were found in different amounts as percentage from the applied ones, TPH as 48% (PH-ch-lv), and > 76% in the other two soils. BTEX was stored as 1.6% from the applied in PH-ch-lv, 5.1–5.1% in CH-ha and AR-eu soils, while PAH ranged from 15.1% in AR-eu soil to 24.8% in PH-ch-lv and 31% in CH-ha. Though subject to volatilization, chemical transformation, and bioremediation, TPH, BTEX, and PAH stored in soils present a health risk if they reach the groundwater. PH-ch-lv appears to be the most resilient soil to oil pollution. The results concern different soil textures and might be used in various countries. Future experimentation should focus on soil behavior in relation to crops, water, and certain crude oil types.

Ultra-sound assisted nano Y- zeolite /Mn adsorbent to removed sulfur from crude oil

There are some types of crude oil that contains large quantities of various sulfur compounds that have great harm on the environment, oil economy, oil sector facilities such as fields and refineries.So developing ways to get rid of it is one of the most important goals of researchers in this sector. In this study, nanotechnology was used for environmentally friendly and available industrial materials (nano-zeolite Y), which can adsorb sulfur from crude oil, especially when it impregnated with manganese metals with ultrasound to increase the adsorption efficiency. The effect (temperature, adsorbent dose, Samples PH) was studied with ultrasound and without ultrasound.On the efficiency of removal had best results with ultrasound andit was found that this material is highly efficient in removing sulfur compounds, especially at a temperature of 100 C, and at a dose of 13 g, and PH 7 it found the best adsorption efficiency about 99 %. The change in the properties of the adsorbent material is almost non-existent, with a change in the surface area and pore size.

Prices

Assessed or estimated prices and values for the major types of crude oils traded on spot markets. Updated on a monthly basis.Official sales prices (except as otherwise noted) and are generally market‐related, subject in some cases to retroactive adjustment. Updated on a monthly basis.

Long term simulations of potential oil spills around Cuba

Simulations over eight years of continuous surface oil spills around Cuba are carried out to identify the most likely stranding (beaching) locations. The open source Lagrangian oil drift model OpenOil is applied with high resolution hydrodynamic forcing. The actual fraction of the released oil mass reaching different regions is calculated, revealing small differences between a light and a heavy crude oil type. Similar stranding rates for the two oil types are found. Another important conclusion is that, due to the high temporal variability in stranding rates, short term simulations of a few weeks are not suitable to assess environmental risk. The highest stranding rates are simulated in winter in Northern Cuba. It is also found that oil could reach Northern Cuba, Yucatan or Florida in about 3–5 days after a spill.

Treating Drill Cuttings Waste with Oil Contamination by Microwave Treatment then by Earthworms Technique

In this research paper, two techniques were used to treat the drill cuttings resulting from the oil-based drilling fluid. The drill cuttings were taken from the southern Rumaila fields which prepared for testing and fixed with 100 gm per sample and contaminated with two types of crude oil, one from Rumaila oilfields with Sp.gr of 0.882 and the other from the eastern Baghdad oilfield with Sp.gr of 0.924 besides contamination levels of 10% ​​and 15% w/w in mass. Samples were treated first with microwave with a power applied of 540 & 180 watts as well as a time of 50 minutes. It was found that the results reached below 1% w/w in mass, except for two samples they reached below 1.5% w/w in mass. Then, the sample of 1.41% w/w in mass, which has the highest contamination level after microwave treatment, was treated on three groups of earthworms. After the appropriate conditions, samples were prepared for treating by earthworms and for an incubation period of 21 days, the results highlighted the effectiveness of the succession process by reaching concentrations below 0.92%, 0.65%, and 0.42% w/w in mass.

Measurements of Linear and Nonlinear Optical Properties for Iraqi Heavy Crude Oil Samples

In this work, linear and nonlinear optical properties of two types of Iraqi heavy crude oil extracted from fields in southern Iraq were determined. The nonlinear optical properties were measured utilizing Z-scan technology with He-Ne laser at 632.8 nm. It was found that nonlinear refractive index (NLR) values for the Basra and Kut heavy crude oil samples are 6.34381×10-4 and 8.25108×10-4 cm2/mW, respectively, while those for the nonlinear absorption coefficient (NLA) are 2.68942×10-5 and 2.58874×10-5 , respectively. These results showed that the two samples with linear and nonlinear optical properties can be used in optics field applications as optical limiter devices at a wavelength of 632.8 nm.

Multivariate statistical study of technologically enhanced naturally occurring radioactive materials and radiation hazards in crude oil and petroleum products of Ma’rib refinery, Yemen

Crude oil and oil products are among the significant sources of technologically enhanced naturally occurring radioactive materials (TENORMs). Thirty-one samples of eight types of crude oil and petroleum products were collected from the Ma’rib Refinery, located in the Ma’rib Governorate, central Yemen. These samples were analyzed using a gamma-ray spectroscopy system with a high purity germanium detector (HPGe). The specific radio-activities of 40K, 232Th, and 226Ra for crude oil samples ranged 5.943–32.252, 1.711–12.646, and 2.445–15.520 Bq L−1, respectively. Oil products ranged 8.333–40.355, 1.556–12.812, and 3.014–17.024 Bq L−1. Potential environmental and health risks were assessed by calculating radiation hazard indicators of radium equivalent activity (Raeq) Bq L−1, absorbed gamma dose rate (AGDR) nGy h−1, annual effective dose rate (AEDR) mSv, external hazard index (Hex), internal hazard index (Hin), annual gonadal dose equivalent (AGDE) mSv, activity utilization index (AUI), excess lifetime cancer risk (ELCR), activity concentration index (Iy), and alpha index (Iα) that ranged 5.614–33.291, 2.636–15.589, 0.003–0.019, 0.016–0.093, 0.022–0.135, 0.018–0.106, 0.045–0.285, 0.011–0.067, 0.041–0.239, and 0.012–0.078 for crude oil and 9.453–36.067, 4.475–16.837, 0.005–0.021, 0.026–0.101, 0.037–0.147, 0.031–0.114, 0.019–0.072, 0.076–0.314, 0.069–0.258, and 0.015–0.085 for oil products. The estimated average values of these indicators were compared with global averages and were below the recommended limits. The relationship between TENORMs and radiation hazard indicators and their maximum activity contributions were determined by applying multivariate statistical methods. This study is important to provide an overview of activity concentrations of natural radionuclides in the petroleum industry of Yemen. Therefore, the results are useful for assessing the radiological hazards of petroleum products in humans.

Prices

Assessed or estimated prices and values for the major types of crude oils traded on spot markets. Updated on a monthly basis.Official sales prices (except as otherwise noted) and are generally market‐related, subject in some cases to retroactive adjustment. Updated on a monthly basis.

Prices

Assessed or estimated prices and values for the major types of crude oils traded on spot markets. Updated on a monthly basis.Official sales prices (except as otherwise noted) and are generally market‐related, subject in some cases to retroactive adjustment. Updated on a monthly basis.

Solvent treatment on cloud point for dewaxing in crude oil industries

Dewaxing condition of all type of crude oil controlled by the cloud point temperature; the temperature where dissolved solids are no longer completely soluble, precipitating as a second phase giving the fluid a gloomy appearance. Ultrasound techniques was applied in Indian crude oil to confirm an optimum blended chemical which changes the thermo dynamical equilibrium with a suitable operating environment capable to decrease the cloud point temperature to improve the quality of crude oil analysis. Experiments were conducted on three solvent to crude oil ratios (10: 1, 15: 1 and 20: 1) for temperature range of 10°C to 50°C, with ultrasonically determined blended chemicals for appearance of bright spots on a black background for better separation. The dewaxing process was compared with two different diluents in a common extractant in terms of the efficiency of extraction and microscopic observation for wax appearance in crude oil. The results of dewaxing compared in terms of the efficiency of extraction and microscopic image visualization on crude oil. The data recorded with diluents of low carbon chain was found more suitable as compared to immediate higher carbon chain and discussed in terms of different influencing factors like oil solvent ratio, effect of temperature, settling time and influence of ultrasonic wave.

Study on the Kinetic Process of Asphaltene Precipitation during Crude Oil Mixing and Its Effect on the Wax Behavior of Crude Oil.

As an important component of crude oil, asphaltene precipitation and deposition are harmful to petroleum production and processing. In previous research, the impacts of asphaltene precipitation on crude oil characteristics were preliminarily explored. In this paper, by mixing different types of crude oil, the dynamic process of asphaltene precipitation and its effect on the crystallization and gelation behaviors of mixed crude oil were in-depth analyzed and discussed using the high-speed centrifugation technique, microscopic observation, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) thermal analysis, and rheological test. The results showed that the asphaltene precipitation mainly occurred in the early stage of crude oil mixing and was influenced by crude oil composition. As the precipitation time increased, the driving force for asphaltene precipitation was gradually weakened until a dynamic equilibrium between asphaltene precipitation and dissolution was reached. Meanwhile, once the asphaltene precipitation occurred, the crystallization and gelation processes of crude oil were significantly affected. It was discovered that the change in the existing state of asphaltenes due to their precipitation is an important factor affecting the interaction of asphaltenes and waxes, which is critical for the technological development of oil and gas flow assurance.

Energy consumption and atmospheric emissions from refined petroleum in Mexico by 2030

One of the basic needs for a country’s economic development is to cover the major fuel demand, and both energy consumption and environmental impacts resulting from the production of such fuels need to be fast and reliable. The purpose of this paper is to contribute to an estimate of energy consumption and atmospheric emissions of some of the pollutant species reported by Pemex Refinacion under different projections. The predictive estimate model was applied considering four different gasoline demand scenarios, as well as different refining technology options to satisfy fuel consumption needs, based on production yields: four different types of refineries, three types of crude oils and eight different processes. Emission estimates were determined applying emission factors, both for the type of fossil fuel energy source used in the direct heating processes for vapor generation, as well by using electric energy. Results show that the equivalent energy consumption relative to the total processes crude is greater in complex refineries (full conversion); however, a greater conversion efficiency allows a smaller volume of crude consumption needed to satisfy the fuel demand with lower emissions relative to other types of technologies. Mexico’s possible refineries need to adapt themselves to different operation scenarios, such as changes in the crude’s yield, the quality of the product, variations in the prices of the crude and of the refined products. Therefore, is important to develop and apply perspectives than maximize productivity and minimize energy consumption, reducing air emissions, in constant change scenarios. Finally, the problem would then be evaluating which would be more convenient to obtain a greater socio-economic benefit: reduce emissions to the atmosphere or to lower operation costs of the refinery.

Tail Risk Connectedness in the Refined Petroleum Market: A First Look at the Impact of the COVID Pandemic

We use the conditional autoregressive value at risk (CAViaR) model in combination with the time-varying parameter vector autoregressive (TVP-VAR) based connectedness approach to study the systematic tail risk transmission considering two types of crude oil (Brent and WTI) and also four refined petroleum products prices (gasoline, heating oil, jet fuel and propane) from January, 17, 1997 to December 11, 2020. For robustness purposes, we utilise three commonly used VaR probability cut-off points; that is, 10%, 5% and 2.5%. The selected sample period covers the first stage of the recent COVID-19 pandemic crisis. Results show that, both heating oil and kerosene are persistent net transmitters of uncertainty episodes in the network, signifying the importance of liquidity in the relevant markets. In addition, the role of the two measures of crude oil appears to shift around 2009 following developments in the energy market. Overall, findings suggest that, connectedness rises with major crisis episodes and that the recent COVID-19 pandemic appears to have the potential to propel tail risk and exposure to losses to levels akin to those of the Global Financial Crisis of 2007.

Geochemical investigation of tar balls collected on a beach on Žirje Island (Croatia) using petroleum biomarkers

Tar balls are frequently reported as indicators of the extent of marine pollution owing to spill incidents of crude oil or petroleum products. Representative tar ball samples collected on a beach on Žirje Island, Croatia, were geochemically characterised by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC/MS) in order to identify correlations between them and investigate potential sources. The chemical analysis of petroleum biomarkers, hopanes, and steranes, detected by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) generates information of great importance to environmental forensic investigations in terms of determining the source of spilled oil, differentiating and correlating oils, and monitoring the degradation process and weathering state of oils under a wide variety of conditions. The chromatographic signatures of hopane and sterane biomarkers in tar ball samples from Žirje Island were compared. Characteristic hopane and sterane fingerprints show that all the tar ball samples originated from crude oil spills. This study indicates that, the major source of tar balls was likely to be the same type of crude oil as evident from the petroleum biomarker fingerprints.

Определение хлорорганических соединений в нефтях различного состава хроматографическим методом с использованием парофазного пробоотборного устройства

There are researches has been carried out on real objects (crude oils with a high content of paraffins, asphaltenes, naphthenes and resins) in order to determine the correctness and boundary conditions for the applicability of the gas chromatographic vapor-phase method for determining the concentration of organic chlorides in crude oil for performing in-line analysis. The application of this technique, regardless of the type and composition of crude oil, will make it possible to quickly determine the presence of organic chlorides in crude oil, which, in turn, prevents contaminated oil from entering pipelines and refineries.

Prices

Assessed or estimated prices and values for the major types of crude oils traded on spot markets. Updated on a monthly basis.Official sales prices (except as otherwise noted) and are generally market‐related, subject in some cases to retroactive adjustment. Updated on a monthly basis.

Evaluation and Characterization Parameters of Crude Oils and Petroleum Fractions

Characterization of crude oil has always been an area of interest in the refining field; However, the need to define the properties of crude oil has gained importance in the production and distribution processes, and this is done simply by measuring the properties of crude oil, as the properties of these properties change according to the geological nature in which the oil is found in the traps and thus the physical and chemical properties must be studied and defined for this type Oil or so, from these physical and chemical properties such as API° (American Petroleum Institute), specific weight, pour point, viscosity, total sulfur content, vapor pressure, distillation, initial boiling point (IBP), final boiling point (FBP), were evaluated. The hydrocarbon residue and contents of crude oils were collected from the various oil fields in the Masala, Sarir, and Al Fountain fields using standard ASTM procedures. The results of crude oils in the three oil fields were compared with each other and with other international crude oils. The standards and specifications of their petroleum products were also examined. This study was conducted on the crude oil of the obelisk, bed, and fountain in 2017 that are mixed together to feed the oil refinery in Tobruk. The standards and specifications of the mixture and petroleum products of the refinery, including light Naphtha, heavy Naphtha, Kerosene, and Diesel, were measured and compared with other types of crude oil. According to the evaluation criteria, the examined crude oils can be classified as light sweet crude oil due to the high API value and low sulfur content in it, the percentage of Diesel oil is low and the (K) factor was low. It was also found that light crude oil has a high percentage of light fracture and that the pour point of light crude oil is higher than that of heavy crude oil. The salt content was also shown to be low in the mixture compared to other types. An increase in the boiling point of the distillate was observed with an increase in the percentage of the fraction volume. Moreover, Diesel has a higher boiling point than kerosene which has a higher boiling point than naphtha for all of the combined fractions. It was also found that the water content had few effects on the crude oil.

Mimicking the Crude Oil and Heavy Fuel Oil (HFO) Demulsification Process in Power Plants for Preparing a New Demulsifiers

Water–in–oil emulsions are a big challenge in the production and processing of crude oil due to its bad influence on the fundamental and practical aspects of industrial facilities. Researches for decades gave this phenomena a great deal in the planning to construct power plants, refineries, oil companies and other industrial facilities that uses crude oil as a raw material. In order to overcome the disadvantages and hazards of water–in–oil emulsions researchers used chemical, electrical, thermal and mechanical methods individually or in combination. The chemical method has gained the main interest due to its ease of use and economic feasibility. Demulsifiers have been used extensively to solve the problem of water in oil emulsions. The choice of using the right combination of chemicals had been reached after studying many factors such as cost and safety. This research addresses many fundamental and practical aspects regarding demulsifiers and oil demulsification aiming to find the best selection of chemicals that can be used to treat crude oil before using, refining or transporting it. The crude oil in this research had been demulsified and tested by the spectroil test method while the bottle test method had not been used to mimic the demulsification process used in power plant. The work was carried out using two types of oil, crude oil (containing 7 ppm Na and K salts concentration) and heavy fuel oil HFO (containing 12 ppm Na and K salts concentration). The crude oil samples were taken from Al – Hilla 2 power plant while the HFO samples were taken from South Baghdad 2 power plant. The results showed that the water miscible chemicals and chemicals with sufficient solubility that used as a demulsifiers like the acrylic derivatives gave the best demulsification when using more wash water percentage. While the combination of water miscible chemicals and chemicals with sufficient solubility and oil soluble chemicals gave the best results in treating heavy fuel oil while using less wash water percentage.