Type Of Crime Research Articles

DIGITALIZATION CHANGES CRIMINAL PROTECTION OF CITIZENS' RIGHTS AND FREEDOMS

The widespread use of modern digital technologies has raised a number of complex issues related to the investigation and resolution of criminal cases before law enforcement specialists. The mechanism for bringing to criminal liability by introducing a new crime related to the use of digital technologies into the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, proposed by legal theorists, turned out to be an unsuccessful solution. This is due to the fact that there is an increase in the number of crimes related to digital technologies in one way or another. In this regard, this study becomes especially relevant. The purpose of the study is to determine how digitalization affects the protection and defense of public relations within the framework of criminal law. To achieve this goal, it is necessary to solve the following tasks: identify the signs of crimes committed using digital technologies; determine the most effective ways to counter such crimes; point out the mistakes that cybercriminals most often make when committing crimes. The following methods are used in the work: determinism, systemic, logical, comparative legal and functional. Conclusions: Digitalization transforms the methods of committing crimes, increases their latency and complicates the investigation and resolution of criminal cases. However, this process can be facilitated by involving highly qualified specialists (experts) in the field of high technology. The most vulnerable point in the process of committing a crime by a cybercriminal is the exchange of digital currency for regular money, which occurs through a bitcoin exchanger. Having studied it, you can identify the owner of the crypto wallet. The use of digital technologies (including cryptocurrency) as a method or instrument of crime should be recognized as an aggravating circumstance under Article 63 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation. This is due to the increased public danger of this type of crime.

Examining Firearm Offenses: Social Disorganization, Proximity From Home, and Crime Type

Extent literature on social disorganization theory posits that offenses occur in disadvantaged neighborhoods where informal social controls are less effective. Further, research into the spatial dynamics of crime and offender decision-making shows that offenders choose to offend in neighborhoods where risk of apprehension is low, such as those where informal social control is weakened. This study examines whether social disorganization, measured as concentrated disadvantage and residential mobility, within offenders’ home neighborhood influences residence-to-crime distance in St. Louis City, using data from a sample of felony firearm arrests from 07-2015 through 06-2018. Findings show that concentrated disadvantage significantly influences the distance of residence-to-crime. In addition, crime specific analyses indicate that this relationship is significant for instrumental, but not expressive crime types.

The concept, characteristics and types of environmental crimes in international law

The concept, characteristics and types of environmental crimes in international law

Совершенствование методико-криминалистического обеспечения расследования преступлений против семьи и несовершеннолетних на основе методов прогнозирования

Introduction. The data of official statistics of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia for the last 5 years reveal the growth of criminal encroachments on the interests of the family and minors, whose protection is the duty of the state, fixed in the Fundamental Law of the Russian Federation. Despite the measures being undertaken, the effectiveness of some of them, including those to ensure inevitability of punishment for a committed act, raises questions and proves the urgency of improving the work of law enforcement agencies in the detection, investigation and prevention of crimes against the family and minors. Methods. The methodological basis of the research was formed by general scientific and private-scientific methods of cognition: dialectical, formal logic (analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction), historical, systemic, comparative study, hermeneutic one and others. Results. On the basis of the analysis of scientific literature and questionnaire data of the preliminary investigation bodies’ staff, the author comes to the conclusion that the methodological recommendations on the investigation of certain types (groups) of crimes that are currently available in the investigative practice often contain gaps, and in some cases do not keep up with the transformation of criminal activity and, unfortunately, do not fulfil their function of providing practical units with the necessary methodological and forensic support. In order to solve the existing problems on counteraction to crimes against the family and minors, the author substantiates the necessity of using the methods of criminalistic forecasting in order to develop new techniques and improve the existing private methods of investigating crimes against the group under consideration.

Residents’ willingness to pay to avoid crime

How much is a resident willing to pay to avoid a crime in the neighborhood? House price changes following a crime do not fully reflect the willingness to pay to avoid crime. Besides prices the market’s liquidity needs to be taken into account in this context. We detect market freezes following shootings, assaults, robberies, and burglaries. We propose a model, supported by empirical evidence, that combines the price and quantity dimensions into a single measure: economic welfare. The willingness to pay depends on the type of crime and averages between 7% and 18% of house valuations. These predictions are manifolds of the effect on prices estimated in this paper (0%–10%) and documented in the literature. Overall, our findings highlight the importance of considering market liquidity when examining the impact of crime on the real estate market.

Cyber offending in adolescence: The role of knowledge and experiences online on propensity to engage in unauthorised access

Cyber crime is a relatively new but quickly evolving crime type, and there is particular concern about the number of young people becoming involved in cyber crime, who may be at the start of a pathway into more serious and persistent cyber offending. The current study aimed to examine Computer Misuse Act (CMA) experiences and knowledge amongst secondary school pupils. Six-hundred-and-fifty-one pupils in secondary school years 10–13 (ages 14 to 18) took part in one of 29 outreach engagement sessions delivered by police officers. The sessions aimed to deter and divert young people from engaging or persisting in cyber offending and included information about the CMA and the potential consequences of committing CMA offences. Almost a third (30.6%) of pupils who took part reported that they had accessed another person's account without permission, two-thirds (62.5%) reported that they had been booted off a game previously, and 37.6% had experienced a data breech. As predicted, previous experience of online victimisation was associated with a greater likelihood of an individual going onto engage in unauthorised access themselves. Contrary to predictions, there was no association between pupils' online presence (as determined by their use of more than five online services) and engaging in authorised access. Surprisingly, better knowledge of the CMA was associated with an increased likelihood of engagement in unauthorised access. It may be that perceived risk, rather than awareness of illegality, is key, although further research is needed to confirm this. Empirical and policy implications of findings are discussed.

STATE, STRUCTURE AND DYNAMICS OF ECONOMIC CRIME IN THE PENITENTIARY SPHERE OF UKRAINE

The article is devoted to a comprehensive study of the status, structure and dynamics of economic crime in the penitentiary system of Ukraine. The study revealed that this type of crime is most often committed in medium-security penitentiaries (52.5%), pre-trial detention centres (30.0%) and correctional centres (10.3%). The study of the dynamics of crime in the penitentiary sphere showed that it fluctuates and has remained relatively stable over the past five years. The study of the causes and conditions of criminal behaviour in the penitentiary system showed that they can be divided into subjective (internal) and objective (external). Based on this, the authors have identified three main internal features related to the issue of determining criminal behaviour: criminogenic motivation, antisocial attitudes in a person's mind and a certain life situation. The authors argue that the main reason for committing criminal offences by the administration and staff of penal institutions of the SPS of Ukraine is the thirst for illegal profit, the development of which is influenced by various factors of both external and internal nature. A special role in this criminal process is played by the professional deformation of the administration and staff of penal institutions. The main reasons for latent crime in the penitentiary sphere are: the secrecy of penitentiary institutions from society; the presence of professional and organised crime in the penitentiary sphere; low legal awareness of prisoners; lack of proper material and technical support; and the reluctance of prisoners themselves to report facts of criminal offences they know.

Rethinking the association between green space and crime using spatial quantile regression modelling: Do vegetation type, crime type, and crime rates matter?

UN Sustainable Development Goals (e.g., Goal 16) have highlighted the importance of using policy tools (e.g., through urban planning) to prevent crimes. Existing evidence of the association between green space and crime is mixed. Some studies indicate that the inconsistencies may be due to the variance in types of vegetation and the rates of crime reported across regions and countries. This study aims to assess the conditional association between green space and crime by considering the influence of vegetation type (e.g., grassland, woodland), crime type (e.g., violence, theft) and rates of crime reported in Northern Ireland (NI), United Kingdom. Crime data were obtained from the Police Service NI and green space was determined by Land Cover Map at the Super Output Area (SOA) level provided by the UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology. Spatial quantile regressions were used to model the adjusted association between green space and crime across areas with different rates of crime. The results showed that more grassland may be associated with lower crime rates, but only in areas with relatively low crime rates. More woodland may also be associated with lower crime rates, but only for areas with relatively high crime rates. Also, we found that associations between green space and crime varied by type of crime. In summary, policymakers and planners should consider green space as a potential crime reduction intervention, factoring in the heterogeneous effects of vegetation type, crime type and crime rate.

Murder or manslaughter: the role of premeditation and associated behavioural characteristics

ABSTRACT Behavioural differences between murder and manslaughter have rarely been empirically assessed. By examining real-world data, assessment of this type helps ensure that the legal classification and sentencing framework aligns with the nuances of criminal behaviour and contributes to just outcomes. Additionally, empirical assessment of differences between offence types provides an inclusionary/exclusionary basis in the pooling of samples. This study examined the relationships between demographic and crime-scene behaviours with conviction outcome (i.e. either murder or manslaughter) in 253 New Zealand homicides. Premeditated intent to kill was highly associated with murder as the conviction outcome; however, lower levels of premeditation were not. Other significant predictors were primarily those of a mitigating nature; a victim provoking an attacker or an offender attempting to save the victim were observed to potentially reduce the likelihood of a murder conviction, while aggravating factors such as the use of a weapon increased this likelihood. Most variables did not significantly predict conviction outcome for either homicide type, indicating these types of crimes are perhaps more similar than they are different. Overall, this study helped reveal an intricate interplay of factors which impact on homicide conviction outcomes, shedding light on the decision-making process within the criminal justice system.

What Determines the Crime Rate? A Macroeconomic Case Study

This study examines the relationship between economic indicators and crime rates in six European countries: Lithuania, Germany, Greece, Portugal, Finland and Sweden. By examining macroeconomic factors such as GDP, security spending and per capita consumption, the study aims to understand how these variables affect crime dynamics. Using robust econometric techniques, including panel regression with fixed effects, the study identifies significant correlations and patterns. The findings reveal that the crime rate has a high degree of inertia and is significantly influenced by the previous level. Contrary to expectations, increased per capita consumption is associated with higher crime rates, which may indicate that wealthier societies are experiencing an increase in economic crime. Furthermore, higher spending on security does not necessarily reduce crime, suggesting that types of crime evolve as detection capabilities improve. This study highlights the complexity of the nexus between crime and the economy, highlighting the need for multifaceted, long-term policies to effectively combat crime and increase public safety. The results offer valuable insights for policymakers to develop comprehensive crime prevention and economic development strategies.

Investigating the Implementation of the Rules of Islamic Criminal Law in Afghanistan

The rules of Islamic Criminal Law, as the most obvious and complete ruling rules in Afghanistan, play an important role in ensuring real justice, continuity and order of society. Since criminal behaviour is a violation of Allah’s authority and justice, it requires that it be recognized first, the perpetrators identified, and then the perpetrators be punished. In the rules of Islamic Criminal Law, taking into account the verses of the Quran and the Prophetic tradition, various types of punishments, including monetary penalties, have been considered for all types of crimes. This article examines the rules of Islamic Criminal Law and how it is implemented. In the same way, it is reasonable to punish the offenders and violators of Islamic rules in a society. But the main goal of this article is to apply punishment based on Islamic Criminal Law in Afghanistan to ensure better justice. The findings of the research also show that the rules of Islamic Criminal Law in the country are applied to the perpetrators of various crimes (from hudud, qisas, and dowry to punishment). To prepare and research this subject, the library research method was used, in the data collection section, the descriptive-analytical research method was used.

Controlling embezzlement in Kuwait through situational crime prevention

The literature on the causes of corruption has been preoccupied with the corrupt individual or the socio-political and economic contexts in which corruption occurs. This has resulted in macro-level counter-corruption approaches that focus on the root causes of corruption. In the last few decades, however, new Western criminological theories and approaches have been developing. Environmental criminology – and its family of theories – is one example of theories that provide a different perspective on crime prevention by focusing on the crime rather than the criminal. In this context, situational crime prevention (as part of environmental criminology) brings in micro-level preventive techniques, such as the immediate manipulation of the criminogenic situations, rather than focusing on the distant causes of crime. The Western literature on criminology abounds in successful experiences of the ability of situational crime prevention to prevent several types of crime, including white-collar crime. In the Arab world, nevertheless, there is a dearth of studies, if any, that apply situational crime prevention in terms of crime prevention. This paper furthers another area of research where it has been argued that criminology in the Arab world is still dominated by modern criminology theories where the individual criminal is the centre of attention. As a result, environmental criminology has notably been absent in the Arab criminological discourse. Taking Kuwait as an example of an Arab country, and embezzlement as a unit of analysis, this paper argues that situational crime prevention is also a promising crime prevention approach in the Arab world.

Restoring Public Trust: Analyzing Corruption Cases and Their Impact on Governance in Indonesia

Public trust in state administrators is being torn apart by corruption scandals. The public can see how corrupt behavior occurs sporadically at almost all levels of government. This article presents the results of research in the form of the phenomenon of criminal acts of corruption, which is closely related to the emergence of a level of public trust in Indonesia’s law and government. This study is a qualitative research using the literature review method. The approach used in this paper is a review and analysis of the case along with all relevant laws and regulations. The results of this research are that the criminal corruption case that ensnared Firli Bahuri included two types of crimes, namely, extortion, which involves the abuse of power to force civil servants or state administrators to provide personal benefits, as defined in Article 368 of the Criminal Code, which can lead to a prison sentence of up to nine years. The implication of this research is the need to strengthen supervision and consistent implementation of the law and restore the integrity of law enforcement institutions to prevent corruption and restore public trust.

The drop in worry about crime and its gender gap: Trends in England and Wales from 1998 to 2019/2020

Using data from the Crime Survey for England and Wales, this research explores trends in worry about crime and its gender gap between 1998 and 2019/20. Worry about different types of crime follows a downwards trajectory, with worries about car-related crimes showing the strongest decline. Although both men’s and women’s worries decline over time, the gender gap in worry about crime reveals a narrowing trend for crimes that involve physical interaction with the offender (e.g. assault or rape) due to women’s worries decreasing more rapidly than men’s. Potential reasons for the general downwards trend include the steady decline in crime rates, the rise in security standards and a shift in worry from traditional to newer forms of crime (e.g. cybercrime). Rising gender equality and women’s empowerment over the last few decades may explain the narrowing trend in the gender gap in worry about personal crime.

Understanding the role of street network configurations in the placement of illegitimately operating facilities

AbstractThe role of street networks in shaping the spatial distribution of crime has become a foundational component within environmental criminology. Most studies, however, have focused on opportunistic crime types, such as property offenses. In this study, we instead research a theoretically distinct phenomenon by examining the placement of venues that host criminal activity. In particular, we study the relationship between network structure and the placement of illicit massage businesses, which operate on the intersections of illicit and legitimate activity by hosting illicit commercial sex under the guise of legitimate massage. We model their placement as a function of two network metrics: betweenness, which measures a street's usage potential, and a variant called “local betweenness,” which measures the potential of nearby streets. Multilevel models are used to examine the importance of these street‐level metrics while accounting for tract‐level covariates. Our findings demonstrate that, unlike property crimes, illicit massage businesses tend to be located on streets that are themselves quiet but that are close to areas of high activity. Such locations seem to combine accessibility and discretion, and therefore, represent ideal conditions for such businesses to thrive. Our findings can inform problem‐oriented approaches to prevent the harms associated with illegitimately operating businesses.

Causes of Increasing White-Collar Crime in Different Sectors of Bangladesh and its Impact on Society: A Feasible Reform

White-collar crime is a type of nonviolent crime that typically involves deception or concealment to acquire or protect assets or to achieve a personal or business benefit. It is on the rise in various sectors of Bangladesh due to its challenging identification, the prevalence of upper-class perpetrators, and their complex techniques. The previous laws and regulations were inadequate in addressing the increasing criminal activity and its negative impact on social and State life due to upper-class society's financial and professional dominance. This research paper examines the causes of the increase in white-collar crime in different sectors and its impact on Society in Bangladesh and finds a feasible reform for preventing it. The researcher also tries to provide a legal framework for preventing white-collar crime, especially in various sectors of Bangladesh.

Assessment of Social Damage from Crime and Proportionality of Punishment to Damage: Legal Economics Approach

The article considers the principle of proportionality of the severity of punishment to public damage from an offense in terms of law and economics and criminology. It presents an overview of various criminological approaches to assessing social damage from different types of crimes, concluding that it is not possible to measure this damage precisely in each specific case. The methodology proposed by Sellin and Wolfgang (Sellin & Wolfgang 1964), which rates the severity of crimes based on sociological surveys, is highlighted as an effective basis for determining the severity of punishment proportional to public damage, though it has its drawbacks. The conclusion offers proposals for synthesizing all the approaches considered in the article to assess public damage from crime and establish the socially optimal severity of punishment for offenses.

THE CRIME OF MURDER OR THREATENING VIOLENCE AMONG YOUTH

This article discusses the problems of distinguishing violent robbery crimes committed by young people from other related crimes, the types of crimes that are increasing among young people and strategies for their prevention.

Investigating crimes against the foundations of national security: analysis of the content of new articles of the Criminal Code

It is indicated that in the context of the russian invasion of Ukraine, there is an urgent need to modernize the forensic methodology of investigating crimes against the foundations of national security. Full-scale aggression has led to the emergence of new forms of such crimes, including treason, sabotage and collaborationism, which pose a serious threat to the sovereignty and territorial integrity of the state. The updated methodology should take into account the peculiarities of the state of war, the difficulty of gathering evidence in the occupied territories, and the need to counter cybercrimes and information sabotage. It should ensure effective detection, documentation and investigation of crimes in conditions of limited access to the places of their commission, taking into account the risk of loss of evidence due to hostilities. In addition, the methodology should facilitate rapid response to new threats to national security, including hybrid forms of aggression, and improve coordination between various law enforcement agencies and special services. An important aspect is also the consideration of international cooperation in the investigation of war crimes. The author notes that the analysis of the draft Law «On Amendments to the Criminal and Criminal Procedure Codes of Ukraine on Improving Liability for Collaborative Activities and Related Criminal Offenses gives reason to say that it offers an innovative approach to the wording of Article 111-1 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine, clearly defining the types activities that qualify as criminal offenses. However, some aspects of the new edition need clarification and refinement. The main problem lies in the insufficient specificity of individual wording of actions classified as collaborative activities. This creates the risk of an overly broad interpretation, which can lead to difficulties in the practical application of the law during the investigation of this type of crime, ambiguity in law enforcement, the risk of unjustified prosecution, and difficulties in distinguishing between legal and illegal activities under the occupation.

On the practical application of the provisions establishing liability for corruption crimes in official activities committed by officials of legal entities under public law

The article explores the major criminological indicators that illustrate the practical application of criminal law provisions establishing liability for corruption crimes in official activities that are committed by officials of legal entities under public law. By analyzing the provisions of the notes to Articles 45 and 364 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine, along with the features characterizing the perpetrators of crimes in the sphere of official activities, the author outlines the range of criminal offenses in the area under study. These offenses include, in particular, abuse of power or official position (Article 364 of the CC of Ukraine); acceptance of an offer or promise, or receipt of an undue benefit by an official (Article 368 of the CC of Ukraine), and unlawful enrichment (Articles 3681, 3682, 3685 of the CC of Ukraine). Based on official statistical sources (the Office of the Prosecutor General and the State Judicial Administration of Ukraine), the author conducted a long-term criminological analysis of the situation with the crimes under study and determined the absolute, average, and relative values in the period from 2016 to 2023, as well as the indicators reflecting the correlation between the number of recorded criminal offenses and the number of detected and convicted persons for each type of crime in this category. The calculated indicators revealed a dramatic gap between the number of recorded criminal offenses and the number of detected persons, as well as the number of detected and convicted persons. This discrepancy suggests that the criminal justice system has low efficiency in combating crimes of the studied category, with the real scale of these offenses, given their significant latency, far exceeding the officially recorded indicators. The study conducted by the author holds an independent value both for scientific purposes and for law enforcement activities and provides the relevant basis for information support in combating corruption crimes in official activities that are committed by officials of legal entities under public law; most importantly, it provides a clear understanding and assessment of the efficiency of the relevant criminal law provisions and serves as a prerequisite for developing the measures to improve the efficiency of criminal justice authorities in this area.