Type Of Crime Research Articles

Proceeds Related to Illegal Arms Trafficking: Features of the Investigation in the New Subjects of the Russian Federation

The scientific article is devoted to the criminalistics features of the identification and investigation of crimes related to illegal arms trafficking committed in the new subjects of the Russian Federation. The article analyzes the ways of committing crimes related to illegal arms trafficking, and establishes measures to counteract this type of crime. Special attention is paid to proposals for improving measures used in the fight against crime.

A doubly stochastic point process approach for spatio-temporal dynamics of crime data

Crime, in general, is at the base of crucial issues for many societies living in large cities worldwide. Indeed, crime and neighbourhood disorder may negatively impact the health of urban residents. Thus, the crime rate reduction is at the core of many local policies driven by active plans supported by police action and local authorities. Considering crime reports as a spatio-temporal point pattern, we propose spatio-temporal log-Gaussian Cox processes as a modelling framework for crimes in space and time. We model the spatial and temporal variation through generalized parametric additive and linear models, and a Gaussian space-time process approximates the residual variation. The inference is performed via Markov chain Monte Carlo through MALA algorithms. We provide short-term forecasts of future crimes and suggest a surveillance system that operates by reporting predictive probabilities. Our data come from the reported crimes in the locality of Kennedy (Bogota) over several years and several types of crimes. The police department may use our method to help allocate police resources and design crime prevention strategies and policies, such as surveillance, in specific zonal planning units.

Comparative Analysis of the Telephone Fraud Liability in the Criminal Law of Russia and Foreign Countries Based on the Dynamics of Damage Example

Introduction. The telephone fraud is a serious problem faced both in Russia and abroad. With the development of digital technologies and Internet, the fraudsters find the new ways to deceive citizens by calling them on the phone, pretending to be the representatives of banks, law enforcement agencies or other official institutions. The dynamics of damage caused by such crimes is constantly growing, therefore, the efficient measures should be taken to prevent and suppress fraud. The aim of the article is to conduct a comparative analysis of the criminal law with respect to telephone fraud liability in Russia and foreign countries based on the dynamics of damage example.Materials and Methods. The methodological basis of the research included the general and specific scientific methods of cognition. Among the general scientific methods, the dialectical and legalistic methods were used. In addition, the method of historical analysis, data analysis and synthesis methods were applied, the legal acts regulating the public relations on countering the telephone fraud were investigated. Also, a comparative legal method was used to analyse and compare different legal provisions. For more complete understanding of the problem, the analysis of the judicial practices of the Russian courts was carried out, which made it possible to evaluate the existing law enforcement practices in the specific situations.Results. The analysis of the criminal law on fraud liability in Russia and foreign countries, as well as measures enforced to counteract fraud in the Russian Federation, the People's Republic of China and the United States of America, has been carried out. The consequences of fraud as a type of crime have been studied, and the general dynamics of damage from the registered and investigated telephone frauds in the Russian Federation has been analysed. The main trends and features of such cases have been revealed.Discussion and Conclusion. The analysis of the criminal law demonstrates that fraud liability in Russia and foreign countries has its own features. Studying these differences will help to identify the best practices in countering fraud and to develop the more efficient measures for preventing this type of crime and punishing the fraudsters.

Преступность мигрантов в России: реальность, вызовы и перспективы

This article examines the current situation with migrant crime in Russia, as well as the relationship between uncontrolled migration flows and criminal activity of migrants. It raises the question of the effectiveness of the current state migration policy in the light of increased public concern about this issue. The article presents current statistical data on the state of migrant crime in Russia. Despite the decrease in the overall crime rate, the author notes an increase in the number of certain types of crimes, as well as a high level of latency and social tension. There is a category of migrants who commit crimes more often. The article takes into account the personal practical experience of the author and forms a set of problems in the analyzed area. The role of the state and law enforcement agencies in combating migrant crime, as well as measures to counter it in modern conditions, is discussed. Migration crime and uncontrolled migration processes are considered as a threat to national security, which must be dealt with now in order to prevent serious negative consequences in the future.

Ta’dhir in Islamic Law : Types of Crimes and Punishments

This article analyzes the linguistic and terminological meanings of the term “ta'zir” and its application as a form of criminal punishment in Islamic law. The role of ta'zir in the Quran is examined, along with the different views expressed by various Islamic jurists, including Abu Yusuf, Imam Azam, and other legal scholars. The article discusses how ta'zir punishments are specific penalties assigned for various actions, such as insults, slander, and psychological harm, among others. It also outlines that ta'zir penalties are imposed for crimes that do not reach the level of hudud or expiation and can take various forms, such as warnings, lashes, or fines.

ECONOMIC CRIME AND ITS DYNAMICS, CASE STUDY SECTOR OF INTERNAL AFFAIRS TETOVO

Economic crime is the negative phenomenon that is encountered in all economic and political systems of countries regardless of their level of development. This is because in individuals and groups of individuals during the historical period there has always been a tendency to get rich in the easiest and shortest way, taking on themselves the risks that can result from those behaviours. Economic crime is considered one of the most serious forms that in the first order harms the state economy. Despite numerous attempts to give a comprehensive definition of economic crime, so far no such thing has been achieved, which shows the complexity of this phenomenon. In this paper, some definitions and characteristics of economic crime will be elaborated, then some states data on this type of crime in the Tetovo Internal Affairs Sector for 2021 and 2022 will be analyzed. In the course of the paper, the analysis method, statestic method, comparative method, observation method, etc. will be used. In conclusion, some concrete conclusions and recommendations will be made that should be taken into account in the fight against this type of crime.

THE SITUATION OF COMMITTING FRAUD UNDER EXTRAORDINARY LEGAL REGIMES

In the article, based on the analysis of forensic literature, the situation of committing criminal offenses is defined as a system of physical, material and social conditions of the environment chosen by the criminal or objectively surrounding him, in which the criminal offense occurs. It was noted that the quantitative and qualitative composition of the structural elements of the situation of committing criminal offenses depend on the types of criminal offenses. It is noted that fraudsters often adapt to typical factors in a similar environment, as a result of which a typical pattern of criminal activity appears. Regarding the situation and conditions of criminal offenses committed by fraud, it is noted that they are committed under the influence of certain economic, legal, social, political, psychological and other factors that create the basis for the unimpeded implementation of deception and contribute to the concealment of illegal actions. It was emphasized that the effectiveness of the entire investigation in the criminal proceedings as a whole often depends on how the investigator correctly analyzes the spatio-temporal characteristics and conditions in which the fraudsters operated.

DRUGS AND THEIR SPREAD, CASE STUDY OF THE REGION OF TETOVO

From year to year, drug abuse is growing at a high rate, slowly becoming a very disturbing phenomenon for man and society itself, perhaps their effects on all are quite harmful to human health. In this regard, local and international institutions must do their best to prevent this negative phenomenon, perhaps their negative effects are multideional. In this paper, some issues related to drugs will be elaborated, with special emphasis in the Tetovo region. Among other things, some statestic data obtained from the Tetovo Internal Affairs Sector, which belongs to the period 2021-2023, related to adequate submissions against persons involved in incriminating activities of this nature, types of drugs and their quantity. In the course of the paper, the analysis method, statestic method, comparative method, observation method, etc. will be used. In conclusion, some concrete conclusions and recommendations will be made that should be taken into account in the fight against this type of crime. Given the negative effects of the use of narcotics in society, this work aims to increase awareness among state officials especially those who are called to fight criminality to be more responsible in carrying out official authorizations and duties. Also this paper provides knowledge to ordinary citizens not to fall prey to manipulations that affect the use or distribution of narcotics. In this regard, we hope that the work in question, however little, represents a modest contribution to scientific and practical rafhs.

Проблемы противодействия хищению бюджетных средств, выделенных на строительство автомобильных дорог

The article touches upon the problems of the field of road construction in terms of embezzlement of public funds allocated for both construction and major repairs of roads and road infrastructure.. The article considers the main signs, types of violations and crimes in this area, which are often committed during the construction of highways. The issue of criminal liability and consequences for committing crimes related to embezzlement of budget funds has been raised. The article suggests ways to solve this problem, including improving control over the use of budget funds, improving the system of state and municipal procurement, tougher penalties for crimes and other measures.

The Influence of Weather Temperature on Crime Occurrence in Babylon Province

Objectives: This study investigates the influence of temperature fluctuation on specific types of crimes in Babylon in Iraq. It also analyzes how varying temperatures leave an impact on crime patterns and trajectories. Methods: The study uses quantitative analysis, descriptive statistics, and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) to examine temperature and crime data. Statistical techniques, including correlation and regression analysis, are applied to assess the relationships between temperature variables and crime rates. Results: The study results showed that there is a strong affinity between temperatures and crime rates. Murder crimes reach their peak in hot summer months. The study also showed that theft crimes, including burglary, increase during cold winter months. Statistical analysis validates these findings, highlighting a direct correlation between temperature and murder rates and an inverse correlation with theft rates. Conclusions: This study confirms the huge impact of temperature fluctuation on criminal behavior in Babylon, Iraq. Recognizing these seasonal variations may help construct effective crime prevention strategies. Additionally, the study explores multiple theoretical perspectives, underlining the importance of adopting a multidisciplinary approach to comprehensively grasp the intricate relationship between climate and crime.

Adverse effect of Abuse During Childhood on Criminal Behavior and Type of Crime among Prisoners at Forensic Mental Health Department

A quantitative approach using a descriptive-analysis design was used in the present study to find out the impact of child abuse on criminal behavior among prisoners in the forensic department. The period of the study was from 16th of October 2023 to 10th of June 2024. The study has been conducted at Al-Rashad Training Hospital which is located in of Baghdad City. Non-probability sampling techniques in which prisoners are selected because they have characteristics that we need in our sample. In other words, prisoners are selected “on purpose” as purposive sampling. Also the judgmental sampling, this sampling method relies on our judgment when identifying and selecting the prisoners that can provide the best information to achieve the study’s objectives. We choose purposive sampling because the researcher wants to focus in-depth on relatively small samples. A purposive sample of (110) prisoners was selected from Al-Rashad Training Hospital. The study sample in this research was selected from prisoners in the forensic department in the hospital. Results: Prisoners have moderate to high level of psychological abuse during childhood. They have moderate to high level of physical abuse during childhood. prisoners having moderate to high level of sexual abuse during childhood. Also they have moderate to high level of neglect during childhood. As overall prisoners have high level of abuse during childhood. prisoners having moderate to high level of criminal behavior subdomain (socialization). related to criminal behavior subdomain (Social conditions) among prisoners; the findings indicates that prisoners having moderate to high level of criminal behavior subdomain (Social conditions) among items. The findings indicates that prisoners having moderate to high level of criminal behavior subdomain (Personal and psychological circumstances) among items. Prisoners have high level of criminal behavior as overall. There is high significant relationship between Abuse during childhood and Criminal behavior at p-value= .004. There are significant relationships between (psychological, physical, sexual abuse) during childhood and criminal behavior at p-value= 0.05. There are no significant relationships between neglect during childhood and criminal behavior. There is no significant relationship between Abuse during childhood and type of crime at p-value= .05.

Lower social vulnerability is associated with a higher prevalence of social media-involved violent crimes in Prince George’s County, Maryland, 2018–2023

BackgroundSocial vulnerability may play a role in social media-involved crime, but few studies have investigated this issue. We investigated associations between social vulnerability and social media-involved violent crimes.MethodsWe analyzed 22,801 violent crimes occurring between 2018 and 2023 in Prince George’s County, Maryland. Social media involvement was obtained from crime reports at the Prince George’s County Police Department. Social media application types included social networking, advertising/selling, ridesharing, dating, image/video hosting, mobile payment, instant messaging/Voice over Internet Protocol, and other. We used the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s Social Vulnerability Index to assess socioeconomic status (SES), household characteristics, racial and ethnic minority status, housing type and transportation, and overall vulnerability. Modified Poisson models estimated adjusted prevalence ratios (aPRs) among the overall sample and stratified by crime type (assault and homicide, robbery, and sexual offense). Covariates included year and crime type.ResultsRelative to high tertile areas, we observed a higher prevalence of social media-involved violent crimes in areas with low SES vulnerability (aPR: 1.82, 95% CI: 1.37-2.43), low housing type and transportation vulnerability (aPR: 1.53, 95% CI: 1.17-2.02), and low overall vulnerability (aPR: 1.63, 95% CI: 1.23-2.17). Low SES vulnerability areas were significantly associated with higher prevalences of social media-involved assaults and homicides (aPR: 1.64, 95% CI: 1.02-2.62), robberies (aPR: 2.00, 95% CI: 1.28-3.12), and sexual offenses (aPR: 2.07, 95% CI: 1.02-4.19) compared to high SES vulnerability areas. Low housing type and transportation vulnerability (vs. high) was significantly associated with a higher prevalence of social media-involved robberies (aPR: 1.54, 95% CI:1.01-2.37). Modified Poisson models also indicated that low overall vulnerability areas had higher prevalences of social media-involved robberies (aPR: 1.71, 95% CI: 1.10-2.67) and sexual offenses (aPR: 2.14, 95% CI: 1.05-4.39) than high overall vulnerability areas.ConclusionsWe quantified the prevalence of social media-involved violent crimes across social vulnerability levels. These insights underscore the need for collecting incident-based social media involvement in crime reports among law enforcement agencies across the United States and internationally. Comprehensive data collection at the national and international levels provides the capacity to elucidate the relationships between neighborhoods, social media, and population health.

Examining Firearm Offenses: Social Disorganization, Proximity From Home, and Crime Type

Extent literature on social disorganization theory posits that offenses occur in disadvantaged neighborhoods where informal social controls are less effective. Further, research into the spatial dynamics of crime and offender decision-making shows that offenders choose to offend in neighborhoods where risk of apprehension is low, such as those where informal social control is weakened. This study examines whether social disorganization, measured as concentrated disadvantage and residential mobility, within offenders’ home neighborhood influences residence-to-crime distance in St. Louis City, using data from a sample of felony firearm arrests from 07-2015 through 06-2018. Findings show that concentrated disadvantage significantly influences the distance of residence-to-crime. In addition, crime specific analyses indicate that this relationship is significant for instrumental, but not expressive crime types.

The concept, characteristics and types of environmental crimes in international law

The concept, characteristics and types of environmental crimes in international law

Совершенствование методико-криминалистического обеспечения расследования преступлений против семьи и несовершеннолетних на основе методов прогнозирования

Introduction. The data of official statistics of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia for the last 5 years reveal the growth of criminal encroachments on the interests of the family and minors, whose protection is the duty of the state, fixed in the Fundamental Law of the Russian Federation. Despite the measures being undertaken, the effectiveness of some of them, including those to ensure inevitability of punishment for a committed act, raises questions and proves the urgency of improving the work of law enforcement agencies in the detection, investigation and prevention of crimes against the family and minors. Methods. The methodological basis of the research was formed by general scientific and private-scientific methods of cognition: dialectical, formal logic (analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction), historical, systemic, comparative study, hermeneutic one and others. Results. On the basis of the analysis of scientific literature and questionnaire data of the preliminary investigation bodies’ staff, the author comes to the conclusion that the methodological recommendations on the investigation of certain types (groups) of crimes that are currently available in the investigative practice often contain gaps, and in some cases do not keep up with the transformation of criminal activity and, unfortunately, do not fulfil their function of providing practical units with the necessary methodological and forensic support. In order to solve the existing problems on counteraction to crimes against the family and minors, the author substantiates the necessity of using the methods of criminalistic forecasting in order to develop new techniques and improve the existing private methods of investigating crimes against the group under consideration.

Residents’ willingness to pay to avoid crime

How much is a resident willing to pay to avoid a crime in the neighborhood? House price changes following a crime do not fully reflect the willingness to pay to avoid crime. Besides prices the market’s liquidity needs to be taken into account in this context. We detect market freezes following shootings, assaults, robberies, and burglaries. We propose a model, supported by empirical evidence, that combines the price and quantity dimensions into a single measure: economic welfare. The willingness to pay depends on the type of crime and averages between 7% and 18% of house valuations. These predictions are manifolds of the effect on prices estimated in this paper (0%–10%) and documented in the literature. Overall, our findings highlight the importance of considering market liquidity when examining the impact of crime on the real estate market.

Cyber offending in adolescence: The role of knowledge and experiences online on propensity to engage in unauthorised access

Cyber crime is a relatively new but quickly evolving crime type, and there is particular concern about the number of young people becoming involved in cyber crime, who may be at the start of a pathway into more serious and persistent cyber offending. The current study aimed to examine Computer Misuse Act (CMA) experiences and knowledge amongst secondary school pupils. Six-hundred-and-fifty-one pupils in secondary school years 10–13 (ages 14 to 18) took part in one of 29 outreach engagement sessions delivered by police officers. The sessions aimed to deter and divert young people from engaging or persisting in cyber offending and included information about the CMA and the potential consequences of committing CMA offences. Almost a third (30.6%) of pupils who took part reported that they had accessed another person's account without permission, two-thirds (62.5%) reported that they had been booted off a game previously, and 37.6% had experienced a data breech. As predicted, previous experience of online victimisation was associated with a greater likelihood of an individual going onto engage in unauthorised access themselves. Contrary to predictions, there was no association between pupils' online presence (as determined by their use of more than five online services) and engaging in authorised access. Surprisingly, better knowledge of the CMA was associated with an increased likelihood of engagement in unauthorised access. It may be that perceived risk, rather than awareness of illegality, is key, although further research is needed to confirm this. Empirical and policy implications of findings are discussed.

STATE, STRUCTURE AND DYNAMICS OF ECONOMIC CRIME IN THE PENITENTIARY SPHERE OF UKRAINE

The article is devoted to a comprehensive study of the status, structure and dynamics of economic crime in the penitentiary system of Ukraine. The study revealed that this type of crime is most often committed in medium-security penitentiaries (52.5%), pre-trial detention centres (30.0%) and correctional centres (10.3%). The study of the dynamics of crime in the penitentiary sphere showed that it fluctuates and has remained relatively stable over the past five years. The study of the causes and conditions of criminal behaviour in the penitentiary system showed that they can be divided into subjective (internal) and objective (external). Based on this, the authors have identified three main internal features related to the issue of determining criminal behaviour: criminogenic motivation, antisocial attitudes in a person's mind and a certain life situation. The authors argue that the main reason for committing criminal offences by the administration and staff of penal institutions of the SPS of Ukraine is the thirst for illegal profit, the development of which is influenced by various factors of both external and internal nature. A special role in this criminal process is played by the professional deformation of the administration and staff of penal institutions. The main reasons for latent crime in the penitentiary sphere are: the secrecy of penitentiary institutions from society; the presence of professional and organised crime in the penitentiary sphere; low legal awareness of prisoners; lack of proper material and technical support; and the reluctance of prisoners themselves to report facts of criminal offences they know.

Rethinking the association between green space and crime using spatial quantile regression modelling: Do vegetation type, crime type, and crime rates matter?

UN Sustainable Development Goals (e.g., Goal 16) have highlighted the importance of using policy tools (e.g., through urban planning) to prevent crimes. Existing evidence of the association between green space and crime is mixed. Some studies indicate that the inconsistencies may be due to the variance in types of vegetation and the rates of crime reported across regions and countries. This study aims to assess the conditional association between green space and crime by considering the influence of vegetation type (e.g., grassland, woodland), crime type (e.g., violence, theft) and rates of crime reported in Northern Ireland (NI), United Kingdom. Crime data were obtained from the Police Service NI and green space was determined by Land Cover Map at the Super Output Area (SOA) level provided by the UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology. Spatial quantile regressions were used to model the adjusted association between green space and crime across areas with different rates of crime. The results showed that more grassland may be associated with lower crime rates, but only in areas with relatively low crime rates. More woodland may also be associated with lower crime rates, but only for areas with relatively high crime rates. Also, we found that associations between green space and crime varied by type of crime. In summary, policymakers and planners should consider green space as a potential crime reduction intervention, factoring in the heterogeneous effects of vegetation type, crime type and crime rate.

Murder or manslaughter: the role of premeditation and associated behavioural characteristics

ABSTRACT Behavioural differences between murder and manslaughter have rarely been empirically assessed. By examining real-world data, assessment of this type helps ensure that the legal classification and sentencing framework aligns with the nuances of criminal behaviour and contributes to just outcomes. Additionally, empirical assessment of differences between offence types provides an inclusionary/exclusionary basis in the pooling of samples. This study examined the relationships between demographic and crime-scene behaviours with conviction outcome (i.e. either murder or manslaughter) in 253 New Zealand homicides. Premeditated intent to kill was highly associated with murder as the conviction outcome; however, lower levels of premeditation were not. Other significant predictors were primarily those of a mitigating nature; a victim provoking an attacker or an offender attempting to save the victim were observed to potentially reduce the likelihood of a murder conviction, while aggravating factors such as the use of a weapon increased this likelihood. Most variables did not significantly predict conviction outcome for either homicide type, indicating these types of crimes are perhaps more similar than they are different. Overall, this study helped reveal an intricate interplay of factors which impact on homicide conviction outcomes, shedding light on the decision-making process within the criminal justice system.