Type Of Chips Research Articles

Epiretinal vs. subretinal implant in surgical treatment of retinitis pigmentosa – a review

The purpose of this review is to present the development of retinal chips in the surgical treatment of retinitis pigmentosa. The technological opportunities, surgical techniques and results in terms of vision in conceptually different subretinal and epiretinal implants are reported, as well as technological developments and expected future progress on the basis of published results from the R&D centers producing this type of chips. At this stage in the development of medicine, inserting a retinal implant is the only way to regain vision for patients with retinitis pigmentosa at the end stage of the disease. It is still difficult to determine which of the implant types gives better results in the long run and which among them might give rise to less undesirable side effects. The information available in the literature provides encouraging outcomes for vision’s recovery in patients with late-onset pigment retinitis.

Neural network classification of surface quality after hard turning of 105WCr6 steel

The paper presents the results of a surface quality study after hard turning on a CNC lathe. Ring workpieces made of 105WCr6 steel and hardened to HRC 55 are used in this work. Data was obtained on surface quality and type of chips in a three-factor experiment for end face cutting. In order to assess the surface quality, it was photographed on an optical microscope with 4, 10, 40 times magnification. The surface quality was evaluated by traces of processing and divided into three types: the absence of moire, a clear moire, and an intermediate type of surface. The chip morphology was divided into the following categories: discontinuous, snarled and ribbon chips. To predict both parameters for different cutting conditions artificial neural networks (ANNs) were used. Different ANNs are applied to achieve the best classification results. In this work probabilistic neural network (PNN), feedforward network and learning vector quantization (LVQ) network are used. The results of modeling all networks are similar and can be used for technological preparation of production.

Research of Thermoplastics Turning after Workpiece Ultrasonic Treatment

The results of experimental studies of a new method for turning billets from thermoplastic polymers such as caprolon and fluoroplastic are presented. The technical essence of the method is in workpiece advanced processing by ultrasonic vibrations using preliminary machining. Experimental studies were carried out on a lathe which is equipped with an ultrasonic oscillatory system. Roughness level profilograms of the caprolon and fluoroplastic treated surfaces are used for visual and operational control of the turning process. The results of the experimental verification of the developed method confirmed the expediency of its implementation since the use of advanced ultrasonic treatment during turning of thermoplastics leads to a decrease in the roughness level of the treated surface of the part as evidenced by the values ​​of roughness parameters and the type of chips obtained.

On the analysis of chip shaping after finishing turning of Ti6Al4V titanium alloy under dry, wet and MQL conditions

Abstract The shape and type of chip give general information about the cutting process. This paper presents the results of testing the shape and type of chips of Ti6Al4V titanium alloy after it finishes turning. The process was carried out under dry, wet and MQL (Minimum Quantity Lubrication) conditions at variable cutting speeds and feed rates and a constant depth of cutting. For planning the tests, the PSI (Parameter Space Investigation) method was used, which allows the experiment to be carried out while minimizing the number of experience points. It was found that the cutting speed and feed affect the type and shape of the chip, and clear differences were observed between dry and wet cooling conditions, and MQL conditions. During turning, the intensity of the cutting speed and feed influence on the chip compression ratio was changed. It was similar for dry and wet cooling conditions but smaller for MQL conditions. The purpose of this research is to analyze the chip shaping when Ti6Al4V titanium alloy finishes turning under dry, wet and MQL cooling conditions.

Diagnostics of chip formation and surface quality by parameters of the main drive current in the hard turning

Abstract The paper presents the results of a hard turning of the ring workpieces made of 105WCr6 on a CNC lathe. The workpieces were hardened to HRC 55. In a three-factor experiment for end face cutting, data was obtained on surface quality, type of chips, and cutting force indicators in the form of current loads on the main motion drive. Variable technological parameters are cutting speed, feed and depth of cut. According to the obtained data analysis, a correlation is observed between the type of chips produced, main drive current parameters and the surface quality.

Effect of Caprolon Heat Treatment on Workpiece Turning Quality

Results are presented for an experimental study of surface layer quality for caprolon workpieces after turning. It is established that turning caprolon after preliminary heat treatment by the technology proposed leads to a reduction in machined surface roughness as indicated by values of roughness parameters and the type of chips obtained.

Simpler, Faster, and Sensitive Zika Virus Assay Using Smartphone Detection of Loop-mediated Isothermal Amplification on Paper Microfluidic Chips

The recent Zika virus (ZIKV) outbreak has prompted the need for field-ready diagnostics that are rapid, easy-to-use, handheld, and disposable while providing extreme sensitivity and specificity. To meet this demand, we developed a wax-printed paper microfluidic chip utilizing reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP). The developed simple and sensitive ZIKV assay was demonstrated using undiluted tap water, human urine, and diluted (10%) human blood plasma. Paper type, pore size, and channel dimension of various paper microfluidic chips were investigated and optimized to ensure proper filtration of direct-use biological samples (tap water, urine, and plasma) during capillary action-driven flow. Once ZIKV RNA has flowed and reached to a detection area of the paper microfluidic chip, it was excised for the addition of an RT-LAMP mixture with a pH indicator, then placed on a hot plate at 68 °C. Visible color changes from successful amplification were observed in 15 minutes and quantified by smartphone imaging. The limit of detection was as low as 1 copy/μL. The developed platform can also be used for identifying other flaviviruses, such as Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) and Dengue virus (DENV), and potentially other quickly transmitted virus pathogens, towards field-based diagnostics.

Comparative study of flank wear, tool life and type of chips for two similar turning inserts from different producers

The article describes the analysis of the durability and lifetime of selected interchangeable cutting inserts used for turning based on the wear measurement of the cutting tool, flank wear namely. The experiment was carried out on one type of material, such as stainless steel 1.4404 according to DIN EN 10088-3. The measurements were made on two turning inserts of the same type from two different manufacturers - Sandvik coromant and Pramet tools. Evaluation of turning inserts wear was performed at four different cutting speeds. The value that was observed was the flank wear VB of the tool until the critical value was reached. Other different analysis have been performed, such as the length and shape of the chips analysis according to ISO 3685. Based on the results of the measurements, it has been found that the Pramet insert, which has a thinner layer of coating, has reached a longer life and allows heat to flow out of the cutting area. It can be considered that thinner coating can positively contribute to better machining of stainless steels, which could be helpful for machining companies. Cutting inserts wear research is realized at the Faculty of Mechanical Engineering of Jan Evangelista Purkyně University in Ústí nad Labem.

ANALISIS ELASTISITAS PERMINTAAN KONSUMEN TERHADAP PRODUK DAN HARGA KERIPIK PADA UKM DI KECAMATAN BATURAJA TIMUR OGAN KOMERING ULU

This study aims to calculate the elasticity of consumer demand for changes in the price of SME chips in East Baturaja District, and calculate the elasticity of consumer demand for chips products in East Baturaja District. The study was conducted from March to May 2017 in 3 (three) small and medium enterprises. The research method used is survey method. Sampling method / sample using non probability sampling. The results show the demand for price changes for Rempeyek and banana chips on the changed prices is in elastic or (Ed <1) and the type of sweet potato chips to the changing price are elastic. demand for other products all types of chips have substitution properties similar to those seen in the above explanation are all positive substitutes but the difference is only the percentage of cross elasticity, or has the property (Eq> 0).

The Effects of Both Chewing Rate and Chewing Duration on Temporal Flavor Perception

Previous research showed that the number of chews has been shown to influence flavor perception in crispy potato chips. This study aimed to further determine how the number of chews modulates the temporal dynamics of flavor perception (i.e., flavor development) in potato chips. The number of chews was manipulated not only by changing chewing rate (40, 80, and 120 chews/min) for a fixed swallowing time (at 25 s after the onset of the first bite; experiment 1), but also by changing the time to swallow (10, 20, and 30 s after the onset of the first bite) for a constant chewing rate (80 chews/min; experiment 2). In experiment 1, the time-intensity (TI) analysis showed that the maximum flavor intensity (Imax) and the area under the curve (AUC) were significantly higher for the medium (80 chews/min) and fast (120 chews/min) chewing rates than for the slow (40 chews/min) chewing rate in both plain and spicy flavored chips. In experiment 2, the temporal flavor perception was altered by the interaction between the chewing duration before swallowing and the flavor type of the potato chips. More specifically, in the natural chewing rate, while the Imax and AUC of spicy flavored chips were the greatest when the bolus was swallowed after the natural chewing-duration (for 20 s), the AUC of plain flavored chips was significantly greater in the longer chewing-duration (for 30 s) than the natural chewing-duration. This study supports and extends the notion that the number of chews, and corresponding parameters such as chewing rate and duration, affect temporal flavor perception in the plain and spicy flavored potato chips. Our findings show that flavor intensity of plain and spicy potato chips can be reduced when people chew the chips slowly and/or swallow quickly.

Study of Chip Morphology, Flank Wear on Different Machinability Conditions of Titanium Alloy (Ti-6Al-4V) Using Response Surface Methodology Approach

Titanium alloy is having a widespread application in the field of aerospace, marine and automobile industries. However, its machining is still a challenging task for the manufacturing industries due to the chemical reactivity and poor thermal conductivity properties. In this study, machining of titanium alloy (Ti-6Al-4V) was carried out with WM25CT cutting inserts. The effects of cutting speed, feed and depth of cut on cutting force, surface roughness, chip-reduction coefficient and flank wear of the cutting tool were analyzed. The response surface methodology (RSM) approach with central composite design and face centered was used to carry out the experimentation. The second order quadratic equations were developed and compared with the experimented data sets. From the analysis of the chip morphology, it was observed that side flow of chips and gap between the lamella of the chips varied with respect to the change in the process parameters. The type of chip produced also varied according to the variation of the process parameters. Severe nose damage was observed at cutting speed 160 m/min, feed 0.14 mm/rev, depth of cut 0.75 mm. Due to this snarled ribbon type of chips were produced in place of occurrence of the serration in the chips.

Aluminium Machining Chips Formation, Treatment & Recycling: A Review

The recycling of alumium alloys has been growing in interest and applications during the last fourthy years and has become a cost effective, ecological and reliable way to produce aluminium parts. The aluminium scraps that can be recycled include cans and machining chips. The machining processes produce chips of various sizes and shapes, wet or dry, oxidised or not, depending on type of process and the machining conditions, parameters and tools used. Some processes produce metallic dusts and fine chips while other produce large or medium size chips. In some industries such as mould making and aeronautic industries, the chip removal can easily represent 80% of the initial workpiece mass. The type of chips produced during machining can have a great impact on chip management, on part quality, on machine and tool reliability and on part manufacturing costs. The machining chips can be recycled using casting, sintering or pressing and extrusion processes depending on the goal targeted. The selection of the recycling process must take into account the targeted applications, the chip (composition, sizes and cleanliness) and its mechanical properties. Depending on the nature of process to be used and the machining chip generation conditions, some treatments might be necessary prior to transportation and recycling. Parts made with recycled chips can either be bi-phase metal matrix composites materials or usual one phase material with mechanical properties and wear properties comparable or not to the parent alloys. Over the last decades, several chip recycling processes have been proposed for aluminium alloys. This article review the aluminium chips formation, treatement methods, the recycling processes and their impact on recomposed parts’ performance: strength, ductility, corosion and wear resistances.

A new hybrid model based on the radius ratio for prediction of effective cutting limit of chip breakers

Determination of accurate limit of cutting condition in order to obtain broken chips for various chip breaker geometries is essential to improve the machinability. This work presents a hybrid model based on the ratio of broken chip radius to the initial radius of chip to predict the type of chip regarding the characteristics of a chip breaker geometry and cutting parameters. An analytical geometrical model was developed to calculate the initial radius of chip. After running experimental tests for four types of chip breaker geometries and calculation of their chip ratio, type of chips and tool–chip contact were selected as two criteria for classifying chip ratio into three limits representing usable, acceptable, and unacceptable chips. Finally, the normalized data were used to train a neural network model to predict the type of chip which was verified by experiments carried out on a new chip breaker geometry. The trained network could predict the type of chip accurately by providing the geometrical details of the chip breaker and cutting parameters for the network.

Effect of aging time, dosage and toasting level of oak chips on the color parameters, phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity of red wines (var. Fetească neagră)

Alternative oenological practices are a key factor in sustainable winemaking. The influence of 6 types of chips with different toasting degrees on chromatic parameters, phenolic families and antioxidant activity of Fetească neagră wines has been studied. Brownish hue was highly influenced by the aging time and increased the most in wines treated with chips of high toasting degree. Color saturation was influenced by the type of chips but neither the aging time nor the dose of chips modifies significantly this parameter. Phenolic acids and catechins decreased with the aging time, whereas flavonols, anthocyanins and high molecular weight procyanidins increased; the antioxidant activity was related to the dosage of chips and the aging time. Chemometric analyses showed a clear difference among the wines aged for three months with chips of different degrees of toast, whereas the differences at 1.5 months of aging were irrelevant. The wines aged with chips of low toast degree showed the highest phenolic content, highlighting the phenolic families related to color properties (anthocyanins and colored pigments) and to astringency (tannin of high molecular weight). Therefore, these types of chips accelerated the aging process of the wine.

The effect of wear phenomena of grinding wheels with sol-gel alumina on chip formation during internal cylindrical plunge grinding of 100Cr6 steel

The article presents the results of experimental investigations to determine the effect of wear phenomena of grinding wheels with sol-gel alumina abrasive grains on chip formation during internal cylindrical plunge grinding of 100Cr6 steel. Basic wear phenomena conducted during the grinding process using microcrystalline sintered corundum abrasives are described. In order to expand our knowledge of this phenomena, experimental tests were conducted in two stages. In stage 1, only one opening was machined, which corresponded to the removal of 464 mm3 of workpiece material. In the second stage, the process was carried to machine 100 subsequent openings (material removal V w = 46,400 mm3). Such methodology allowed one to observe changes in the form of chips resulting from the progressive wear of the grinding wheel components. The form and size of the chips were identified by recording and analyzing the SEM micrographs of the chips for both grinding stages, respectively. Conducted studies have shown that the dominant type of chips, shaped in the initial period of the grinding wheel’s life, are large (several hundred μm in length) flowing-type chips resulting from material removal by sharp cutting edges of abrasive grain active vertices. At the end of the grinding wheel’s life, when active vertices of abrasive grains have clear signs of large fatigue and thermo-fatigue wear, only in the near-edge zones of the wheel can flowing-type and shearing-type chips (usually less than 100 μm in length) be observed, while knife-type and slice-type microchips were predominately registered on the whole grinding wheel surface.

Differentiation of Wines Treated with Wood Chips Based on Their Phenolic Content, Volatile Composition, and Sensory Parameters

The effects of both wood chips addition and contact time on phenolic content, volatile composition, color parameters, and organoleptic character of red wine made by a native Greek variety (Agiorgitiko) were evaluated. For this purpose, chips from American, French, Slavonia oak, and Acacia were added in the wine after fermentation. A mixture consisting of 50% French and 50% Americal oak chips was also evaluated. In an attempt to categorize wine samples, various chemical parameters of wines and sensory parameters were studied after 1, 2, and 3 mo of contact time with chips. The results showed that regardless of the type of wood chips added in the wines, it was possible to differentiate the samples according to the contact time based on their phenolic composition and color parameters. In addition, wood-extracted volatile compounds seem to be the critical parameter that could separate the samples according to the wood type. The wines that were in contact with Acacia and Slavonia chips could be separated from the rest mainly due to their distinct sensory characters.

양액재배용 목재고형배지의 이화학적 특성과 작물생육 특성

본 연구는 폐목재칩, 라디에타파인칩 그리고 폐목재칩을 매트타입으로 제조한 것을 이용한 양액재배용 고형배지에 대한 특성과 엽채류를 이용한 작물생육발달특성을 검토하였다. 가비중은 폐목재칩이 <TEX>$0.20g/cm^2$</TEX>, 라디에타 파인칩이 <TEX>$0.16g/cm^2$</TEX>였고, 수분보유율은 폐목재칩과 라디에타파인칩으로 제조한 목재고형배지가 대조구인 암면과 코코피트 배지보다 낮았고, 매트타입의 배지가 가장 낮았다. 폐목재 고형배지는 pH 6.59, 전기전도도 6.76 dS/m, 총질소함량 0.50%, 탄질율 113%, 인산(P)함량 10.1 ppm, 카리(K) 77 ppm, 칼슘(Ca)성분 531 ppm, 마그네슘(Mg) 49 ppm, 나트륨(Na) 96 ppm으로 구성되었다. 라디에타파인 고형배지는 pH 5.29, 전기전도도 4.49 dS/m, 총질소함량 0.32%, 탄질율 180%, 인산(P)함량 6.4 ppm, 카리(K) 83 ppm, 칼슘(Ca)성분 97 ppm, 마그네슘(Mg) 29 ppm, 나트륨(Na) 59 ppm으로 구성되었다. 매트형태의 배지를 제외한 목재고형배지의 작물생육발달특성은 암면배지와 코코피트 배지와 유사한 경향을 보여주었다. 이상의 결과에서 폐목재자원을 이용한 유기고형배지는 기존의 배지인 암면배지와 코코피트 배지를 대체할 수 있는 고형배지로서의 가능성을 시사하였다. This study examined the plant growth and development characteristics of leafy vegetables on the hydroponic substrates of waste wood chips, radiate pine chips, and mat type of waste wood chips. The bulk density of waste wood chips and radiata pine chips were <TEX>$0.2g/cm^3$</TEX> and <TEX>$0.16g/cm^3$</TEX>, respectively. The moisture retention properties of both the radiata pine chips and waste wood chips were found to be similar but not better than those of the control rock wool and coco peat hydroponic substrates. The moisture retention property of the mat type was found to be the lowest. The chemical analysis of waste wood hydroponic substrates (w/v) was as follows.; The pH was 6.59, electric conductivity was 6.76 dS/m, total nitrogen content was 0.5%, C/N ratio was 113%, phosphorus was 10.1 ppm, potassium was 77 ppm, calcium was 531 ppm, magnesium was 49 ppm, and sodium was 96 ppm. The results from the radiata pine chemical analysis showed that it had a pH of 5.29, electric conductivity of 4.49 dS/m, total nitrogen content of 0.32%, C/N ratio of 180%, phosphorus of 6.4 ppm, potassium of 83 ppm, calcium of 97 ppm, magnesium of 29 ppm, and sodium of 59 ppm. Except for the plants grown in mat type, the developmental characteristics of the plants grown in rock wool and coco peat hydroponic substrates were similar. Based on the results of the experiment, waste wood resources may possibly be used as an organic solid medium in place of the existing rock wool and coco peat medium.

주파수에 따른 단일세포의 임피던스 분석칩 및 암세포와 정상세포의 구별에의 적용

This paper presents a frequency-dependent cell impedance analysis chip for use in cancer and normal cell discrimination. The previous cell impedance analysis chips for flowing cells cannot allow enough time for cell-to-electrode contact to monitor frequency-dependent impedance response. Another type of the previous cell impedance analysis chips for the cells clamped by membranes need complex sample control for making stable cell-to-electrode contact. We present a new impedance analysis chip using the microchamber array, on which a PDMS cover is placed to make stable cell-to-electrode contact for the individual cell trapped in each microchamber; thus achieving frequency-dependent single-cell impedance analysis without complex sample control. Compared to the normal cells, the magnitude of NHBE cells is 60.07~97.41 kΩ higher than A549 cells in the frequency range of 95.6 kHz~2MHz and the phase of NHBE is 3.96°~20.8° higher than A549 cells in the frequency range of 4.37 kHz~2MHz, respectively. It is demonstrated experimentally that the impedance analysis chip performs frequency-dependent cell impedance analysis by making stable cell-to-electrode contact with simple sample control; thereby applicable to the normal cell and cancer cell discrimination.

Experimental Research on Energy Spectrum Analysis on Chips from Aeroengine Oil System

Inspection on chips from oil system is an important method for modern aeroengine condition monitoring. Energy spectrum analysis technique is the most widely used and effective method in inspection on metal chips. In this method, size and quantity of chips are observed by scanning electronic microscope and qualitative and quantitative analysis of element contents are finished by energy dispersive spectrometer. Through above experiments, material type of metal chips can be analyzed and material mark can be determined by comparison with the materials list used in the aeroengine. In this article, characteristics and advantages of energy spectrum analysis technology are systematically introduced and typical appearance feature and energy spectrum curve of common l chips are summarized in engineering practice. In addition, problems and prospects of energy spectrum analysis technique are proposed.

Tool Condition Monitoring in Microturning of Aluminium Alloy Using Multiple Sensors

In the present work, an attempt has been made to monitor the tool condition status during microturning of aluminium alloy (AA 6061) using multiple sensors such as cutting force dynamometer, acoustic emission (AE) and accelerometer. The tool wear (nose wear) is correlated with surface roughness (Ra), chip width, thrust force (Fx), tangential force (Fy), feed force (Fz), AERMS and vibration signals. It is observed that Ra, chip width and cutting forces are increased with increase in the tool wear. Among the cutting forces, the tangential force (Fy) is found to be more sensitive to the tool wear status compared to that of the thrust force (Fx) and feed force (Fz). From the signal analysis, it is observed that during machining with good tool condition, the dominant frequency of the AERMS and vibration signals are found to be 81 kHz-110 kHz and 2.07 kHz-3.84 kHz respectively, whereas with the worn out tool the dominant frequencies are shifted to higher levels. Chip morphological studies indicated that favourable type of chips are formed upto 40th minute and unfavourable chips are observed from 41st minute to 60th minute.