Types Of Cargo Research Articles

Optimizing Berth Allocation in Maritime Transportation with Quay Crane Setup Times Using Reinforcement Learning

Maritime transportation plays a critical role in global trade as it accounts for over 80% of all merchandise movement. Given the growing volume of maritime freight, it is vital to have an efficient system for handling ships and cargos at ports. The current first-come-first-serve method is insufficient in maintaining operational efficiency, especially under complicated conditions such as parallel scheduling with different cargo setups. In addition, in the face of rising demand, data-driven strategies are necessary. To tackle this issue, this paper proposes a mixed-integer model for allocating quay cranes, terminals, and berths. It considers not only cargo types, but also the time required for a quay crane setup. The proposed model features a greedy-insert-based offline algorithm that optimizes berth allocation when vessel information is available. In situations where vessel information is uncertain, the model utilizes an online optimization strategy based on a reinforcement-learning algorithm that is capable of learning from feedback and of adapting quickly in real time. The results of the numerical experiments demonstrate that both the offline and online algorithms can significantly enhance cargo handling efficiency and overall harbor operation. Furthermore, they have the potential to be extended to other complex settings.

A systems approach to biosecurity pays off: a case study investigating introduction pathways and interceptions of non-indigenous species at a biosecurity border

Introduction pathway studies generally describe the diverse routes by which non-indigenous species (NIS) can be introduced but rarely consider multiple introduction pathways occurring simultaneously. In this study, multiple pathways of NIS introduction were investigated during an industrial development on a remote island off the Australian coast. Fifteen introduction pathways were categorized in association with importing locality and the type of cargo they transported. The number and types of detection events for each introduction pathway were recorded during biosecurity inspections, cargo clearances, and surveillance conducted between 2009 and 2015. In total, more than 600,000 biosecurity inspections were completed, with 5,328 border detection events recorded constituting less than 1% of the biosecurity inspections. The border inspection events were classified as animals, plant material, soil, and organic matter, with 60% identified as dead or non-viable and 40% as alive. Of those detections, 2153 were classified as NIS, consisting of 659 identified species. Live NIS detected at the border constituted only 2% of the detections. Cargo vessel and inward-bound passenger numbers peaked during the major construction period and were associated with an increase in the number of live NIS detections. All introduction pathways have complexities, unique structural aspects, and niche areas that supported NIS in surviving the effects of treatment and evading detection during the mandatory compliance inspection. This study highlights that biosecurity incursions can be minimized if a systems approach is adopted to complement traditional and other biosecurity surveillance measures.

АНАЛІЗ РИЗИКІВ ПРИТАМАННИХ КОНТЕЙНЕРНОМУ ФЛОТУ У КОНТЕКСТІ ПІДВИЩЕННЯ БЕЗПЕКИ МОРСЬКИХ ОПЕРАЦІЙ

Nowadays container transportation occupies more than 90% of the non-bulk cargo market. At the same time, the growing demand for the transportation of this type of cargo contributes to the replenishment of the container fleet with extra-large container ships. It was determined that between 2011 and 2019, the volume of the container fleet had increased by about 15% with the respective part of the vessels over 10,000 TEU by approximately 500%. On the other hand, despite the advantages of containerized cargo transportation, the intensification of maritime transport flows, the increase in the number of cargoes, the growth of ship sizes, constant changes in the maritime industry, as well as human errors are the factors that increase the risks of maritime accidents. The present study is aimed at analyzing the risks inherent to the container fleet to determine ways of safety improvement in the industry. Since the formulated direction covers a wide range of tasks, this article attempts to focus on the issue of navigational safety, sea container transportation and the influence of the human factor. In the course of the study, the grouping of various types of emergency situations on the container fleet was carried out in accordance with the appropriate categories for the further determination of cause-and-effect relationships and the formation of a fault tree for the purpose of maritime operations' analysis in general. The formation of the specified model provides an opportunity for the determination of independent factors contributing to the development of emergencies at the first approximation. Within the framework of the established goal, the work presents the relevant risk matrix, scales for assessing the probability and consequences of a potentially dangerous situation, the risk assessment in accordance with the identified factors, and the pre-formulated means of control and minimization of such risks. Keywords: safety of cargo transportation, navigational safety, containerized cargo, risk analysis, human factor.

Lipid Nanoparticle Delivery of Small Proteins for Potent In Vivo RAS Inhibition.

Mutated RAS proteins are potent oncogenic drivers and have long been considered "undruggable". While RAS-targeting therapies have recently shown promise, there remains a clinical need for RAS inhibitors with more diverse targets. Small proteins represent a potential new therapeutic option, including K27, a designed ankyrin repeat protein (DARPin) engineered to inhibit RAS. However, K27 functions intracellularly and is incapable of entering the cytosol on its own, currently limiting its utility. To overcome this barrier, we have engineered a lipid nanoparticle (LNP) platform for potent delivery of functional K27-D30─a charge-modified version of the protein─intracellularly in vitro and in vivo. This system efficiently encapsulates charge-modified proteins, facilitates delivery in up to 90% of cells in vitro, and maintains potency after at least 45 days of storage. In vivo, these LNPs deliver K27-D30 to the cytosol of cancerous cells in the liver, inhibiting RAS-driven growth and ultimately reducing tumor load in an HTVI-induced mouse model of hepatocellular carcinoma. This work shows that K27 holds promise as a new cancer therapeutic when delivered using this LNP platform. Furthermore, this technology has the potential to broaden the use of LNPs to include new cargo types─beyond RNA─for diverse therapeutic applications.

Extracellular Vesicles as Potential Therapeutic Messengers in Cancer Management.

A deeper understanding of the communication mechanisms of tumor cells in a tumor microenvironment can improve the development of new therapeutic solutions, leading to a more personalized approach. Recently, the field of extracellular vesicles (EVs) has drawn attention due to their key role in intercellular communication. EVs are nano-sized lipid bilayer vesicles that are secreted by all types of cells and can function as intermediators of intercellular communication with the ability to transfer different cargo (proteins, nucleic acids, sugar…) types among cells. This role of EVs is essential in a cancer context as it can affect tumor promotion and progression and contribute to the pre-metastatic niche establishment. Therefore, scientists from basic, translational, and clinical research areas are currently researching EVs with great expectations due to their potential to be used as clinical biomarkers, which are useful for disease diagnosis, prognosis, patient follow-up, or even as vehicles for drug delivery due to their natural carrier nature. The application of EVs presents numerous advantages as drug delivery vehicles, namely their capacity to overcome natural barriers, their inherent cell-targeting properties, and their stability in the circulation. In this review, we highlight the distinctive features of EVs, their application as efficient drug delivery systems, and their clinical applications.

Abstract 322: Electron microscopy using electron dense genetic tag elucidates novel extracellular vesicle biogenesis in non-small cell lung cancer

Abstract Extracellular vesicles (EVs) act as key mediators of cell-to-cell communication in several pathophysiological processes including cancer. EVs inherit a cocktail of molecular cues (mRNAs, miRNAs, ncRNAs, proteins, metabolites, etc.) from cancer cells that mediate tumor microenvironment changes to facilitate cancer progression and metastasis. The heterogenous EV populations and their content dynamically change during cancer, which is why, there has been great progress in utilizing them as prognostic and diagnostic biomarkers. However, harnessing EVs for therapeutic applications requires greater understanding of the fundamental EV biology such as their origin, intracellular trafficking, cargo loading, and export mechanisms. Here, we utilized a genetically-encoded electron dense tag, APEX2 (an engineered peroxidase derived from soybean ascorbate peroxidase) and electron microscopy to elucidate that EVs, in the form of multivesicular bodies, can also originate at the trans-Golgi interface. We also identified a novel subpopulation of EVs, which expressed a classic trans-Golgi network protein (referred as TGNP) on their surface. While EVs of late endosomal origin are well known, and there are reports of mitochondrial origin as well, a trans-Golgi EV biogenesis pathway has not been reported before. Intriguingly, we determined that certain cells hijack the trans-Golgi pathway for EV biogenesis, which we hypothesize contributes to differential cancer cell EV cargo and phenotypic consequences. Initially, using confocal microscopy in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells, we identified that some of the tetraspanins historically thought to be involved in late endosomal trafficking were instead enriched in the trans-Golgi compartments. We found that this colocalization pattern was conserved in several other NSCLC cell lines. To further elucidate this phenomenon at the trans-Golgi interface, we tagged TGNP to APEX2. After verifying the expression and localization of TGNP-APEX2 by immunostaining, we performed electron microscopy. TGNP-APEX2 was found to be present on the membrane of intraluminal vesicles inside multivesicular bodies. Interestingly, the multivesicular bodies containing TGNP-APEX2 vesicles were not of late endosome origin. Furthermore, TGNP was also found to be present in EVs of all NSCLC cell lines tested. Inhibiting Golgi trafficking using small molecule inhibitors (Brefeldin A) significantly reduced EV secretion and levels of trans-Golgi-enriched tetraspanins in the EV lysates. The data elucidates that EVs can also originate from trans-Golgi interface and identified novel subpopulation that expresses TGNP. The broader questions regarding the functional relevance of trans-Golgi-mediated EV biogenesis, the type of cargo exported, and mediators of loading and export in the context of cancer are currently under investigation. Citation Format: Ikjot Singh Sohal, Sydney N. Shaw, Andrea L. Kasinski. Electron microscopy using electron dense genetic tag elucidates novel extracellular vesicle biogenesis in non-small cell lung cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2023; Part 1 (Regular and Invited Abstracts); 2023 Apr 14-19; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2023;83(7_Suppl):Abstract nr 322.

The role of tumor-derived extracellular vesicles containing noncoding RNAs in mediating immune cell function and its implications from bench to bedside

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membrane-encapsulated vesicles released by almost all cell types, which participate in intercellular communication by delivering different types of molecular cargoes, such as non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs). Accumulating evidence suggests that tumor-derived EVs act as a bridge for intercellular crosstalk between tumor cells and surrounding cells, including immune cells. Tumor-derived EVs containing ncRNAs (TEV-ncRNAs) mediate intercellular crosstalk to manipulate immune responses and affect the malignant phenotypes of cancer cells. In this review, we summarize the double-edged roles and the underlying mechanisms of TEV-ncRNAs in regulating innate and adaptive immune cells. We also highlight the advantages of using TEV-ncRNAs in liquid biopsies for cancer diagnosis and prognosis. Moreover, we outline the use of engineered EVs to deliver ncRNAs and other therapeutic agents for cancer therapy.

FORMALIZATION OF MULTIMODAL TRUCK TRANSPORTATION AS A MULTI-STAGE AND MULTI-OBJECTIVE TRANSPORT PROBLEM

The article examines the transport model of costs for transportation on multimodal routes for the movement of goods, depending on the time in transit, because this approach to the optimization of multimodal transportation of goods in modern conditions is called for their development in the transport market of Ukraine and the world. The analysis of the latest research and publications showed that the process of transportation under the control of a multimodal transportation operator is not considered, the use of this approach in the interaction of modes of transport is not taken into account, that the goal of synchromodal optimization is to determine a synchronized uninterrupted transportation system, and this study was developed for this purpose. In order to set the problem, a research principle scheme was formed, which includes a set of sources of material flows, a set of points of movement of material flows, a set of destination points of material flows and a set of multimodal transportation routes. According to the central limit theorem, taking into account a large number of transport units, customers of multimodal transportation services and consignees, the distribution of the sum of independent identically distributed random variables converges to the normal distribution law. The implementation of the developed model in the conditions of the organization of multimodal routes on the territory of Ukraine with the participation of railway transport showed that for the averaged initial data it is possible to obtain an optimal solution for optimizing the costs of moving transport loads and optimizing the time spent on the multimodal route. The developed model can be considered quite universal in its structure, while only the parameters of the model will change, which depends on the specifics of the performed cargo operations with individual types of cargo upon arrival or departure.

Economic assessment of transporting refrigerated cargo between West-Africa and Europe: a chain cost analysis approach

Determining which ports to call at in a maritime loop is considered as an important determinant factor for shipping companies which impacts not only on efficiency, and productivity but also on transportation costs. The port selection process becomes more challenging and sensitive if the market is for perishable goods such as fruits and vegetables. Specifically, this paper aims to develop an efficient maritime supply chain for reefer cargo. A case study of refrigerated cargo trade between West-Africa and West-Europe is investigated for which the main objective is to minimize the trade route's supply chain costs. To do so, the paper analyzes various scenarios based upon the different types of cargo (transshipment and non-transshipment), commodity types (dry and reefer), and a combination of different (un)loading ports in and the Rotterdam–Gibraltar range. Four African ports, namely Tema (Ghana), Douala (Cameroon), Abidjan (Ivory Coast), and Dakar (Senegal), are considered for the outbound leg (Africa–Europe), while several ports in the E.U. and the U.K. are selected as inbound leg. The analysis is initiated by applying a data-gathering strategy to get the relevant container flow from European ports to West-African ports. Then, a chain cost modelling approach is used to determine what the sailing schedule of the vessel should be. By performing the import/export cargo volume and maritime and supply chain costs are calculated, which can be used by the involved stakeholders to decide which ports are the best to call on a specific route.

The value of time and the impact on the air freight product portfolio - A study of the South Korean market 2017–2021

Traditionally, time was a crucial factor in determining competitiveness in the air cargo market. This study demonstrates that products whose value changes drastically over time could increase the air transport demand. This study represents that the shipper having products with enormous time sensitivity is more willing to endure the higher fare, indicating the possibility that time-sensitive products will drive the air cargo market's growth. This study also provides empirical evidence for the influence of time factors by showing that time-sensitive products are being transferred from sea to air transport based on ICN and South Korean data. The analysis results are as follows. First, an emerging type of cargo, not a traditional type of cargo, has a significant effect on increasing air transport share. The emerging type of items appeared before Covid-19, and Covid-19 has accelerated their growth. Second, even if airfares increase relatively, the proportion of air transportation does not decrease. It seems to be the result that an emerging type of cargo with higher time sensitivity significantly affects the recent increase in air freight volume. Demand increases in an emerging type of cargo, more sensitive to time, can affect the rise in the air transport share, restricting the negative effect from a relative increase in air freight rates. Last, Covid-19 significantly affects the increase in air transport share. In this regard, this study provides practical implications for the recent growth drivers of the air cargo market. Especially in addition to variables traditionally considered to impact air freight volumes, such as income and price, this study suggests changes in transport items as a growth driver for the recent air cargo market.

Solid Lipid Nanoparticles: Multitasking Nano-Carriers for Cancer Treatment.

Despite all the advances seen in recent years, the severe adverse effects and low specificity of conventional chemotherapy are still challenging problems regarding cancer treatment. Nanotechnology has helped to address these questions, making important contributions in the oncological field. The use of nanoparticles has allowed the improvement of the therapeutic index of several conventional drugs and facilitates the tumoral accumulation and intracellular delivery of complex biomolecules, such as genetic material. Among the wide range of nanotechnology-based drug delivery systems (nanoDDS), solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) have emerged as promising systems for delivering different types of cargo. Their solid lipid core, at room and body temperature, provides SLNs with higher stability than other formulations. Moreover, SLNs offer other important features, namely the possibility to perform active targeting, sustained and controlled release, and multifunctional therapy. Furthermore, with the possibility to use biocompatible and physiologic materials and easy scale-up and low-cost production methods, SLNs meet the principal requirements of an ideal nanoDDS. The present work aims to summarize the main aspects related to SLNs, including composition, production methods, and administration routes, as well as to show the most recent studies about the use of SLNs for cancer treatment.

Concise review: Current understanding of extracellular vesicles to treat neuropathic pain.

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) including exosomes are vesicular vesicles with phospholipid bilayer implicated in many cellular interactions and have the ability to transfer multiple types of cargo to cells. It has been found that EVs can package various molecules including proteins and nucleic acids (DNA, mRNA, and noncoding RNA). The discovery of EVs as carriers of proteins and various forms of RNA, such as microRNAs (miRNA) and long noncoding RNAs (lncRNA), has raised great interest in the field of drug delivery. Despite the underlying mechanisms of neuropathic pain being unclear, it has been shown that uncontrolled glial cell activation and the neuroinflammation response to noxious stimulation are important in the emergence and maintenance of neuropathic pain. Many studies have demonstrated a role for noncoding RNAs in the pathogenesis of neuropathic pain and EVs may offer possibilities as carriers of noncoding RNAs for potential in neuropathic pain treatment. In this article, the origins and clinical application of EVs and the mechanism of neuropathic pain development are briefly introduced. Furthermore, we demonstrate the therapeutic roles of EVs in neuropathic pain and that this involve vesicular regulation of glial cell activation and neuroinflammation.

An empirical study of China–Singapore International Land–Sea Trade Corridor: Analysis from supply and demand sides

The China–Singapore International Land–Sea Trade Corridor (C-S-ILSTC) was officially proposed in 2018, under the government-to-government framework of the China–Singapore (Chongqing) Demonstration Initiative on Strategic Connectivity. C-S-ILSTC is expected to play an important role in the international trade and connectivity between Western China and Southeast Asia, where Chongqing serves as the logistics hub in Western China, and Singapore is a transshipment hub for Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) region. This paper aims to analyse the newly formed intermodal freight container transport network in the context of C-S-ILSTC and China–Singapore/ASEAN region quantitatively from both supply and demand sides, and investigate C-S-ILSTC’s advantages and disadvantages. For the demand side analysis, the results show that the trade volume between China and ASEAN countries is forecasted to consistently increase in recent years, and the most commonly traded cargo types between China and ASEAN have also been identified. For the supply side analysis, we examine the infrastructure and development status of the essential nodes along C-S-ILSTC. In addition, we also compare C-S-ILSTC with the conventional intermodal container transport routes connecting Western China and Southeast Asia, and discuss the development prospect of C-S-ILSTC. The results of this study could provide policy implications for the development of C-S-ILSTC and the cooperation between China and ASEAN region.

Assembly of Fillable Microrobotic Systems by Microfluidic Loading with Dip Sealing.

Microrobots can provide spatiotemporally well-controlled cargo delivery that can improve therapeutic efficiency compared to conventional drug delivery strategies. Robust microfabrication methods to expand the variety of materials or cargoes that can be incorporated into microrobots can greatly broaden the scope of their functions. However, current surface coating or direct blending techniques used for cargo loading result in inefficient loading and poor cargo protection during transportation, which leads to cargo waste, degradation and non-specific release. Herein, a versatile platform to fabricate fillable microrobots using microfluidic loading and dip sealing (MLDS) is presented. MLDS enables the encapsulation of different types of cargoes within hollow microrobots and protection of cargo integrity. The technique is supported by high-resolution 3D printing with an integrated microfluidic loading system, which realizes a highly precise loading process and improves cargo loading capacity. A corresponding dip sealing strategy is developed to encase and protect the loaded cargo whilst maintaining the geometric and structural integrity of the loaded microrobots. This dip sealing technique is suitable for different materials, including thermal and light-responsive materials. The MLDS platform provides new opportunities for microrobotic systems in targeted drug delivery, environmental sensing, and chemically powered micromotor applications.

ANGOLAN PORT INFRASTRUCTURE AND THE COMPETITIVENESS IN THE SOUTHERN AFRICAN DEVELOPMENT COMMUNITY

<p>Africa has nine transit corridors, two intra-regional corridors and two main east-west corridors. Africa accounts for about 13% of the world´s population and includes 54 countries, of which 38 have coastline access along the continent´s 30,490 Km of coastline and 16 are landlocked. However, 90% of the volume of cargo between Africa and the world is transported by sea, which typifies the importance of port infrastructure in economic development. This research presents a comparative analysis of the port infrastructures in the Southern African Development Community (SADC) based on the weight capacity that the ports support, waiting time for ships in ports, the connection of infrastructure networks, the growth of GDP per capita and the entry of ships in the country during the year by type of cargo. Similarly, determinant factors of port infrastructure management were identified. The objective is to characterize the competitive position of Angolan’s port infrastructure in the SADC context. The results show that Angola’s port infrastructure is not the worst in SADC. However, the lack of good roads and railroads reduce its competitiveness in relation to Namibian and South African port infrastructure.<br /> <br /><strong>JEL:</strong> R40; R41</p><p> </p><p><strong> Article visualizations:</strong></p><p><img src="/-counters-/soc/0022/a.php" alt="Hit counter" /></p>

Unraveling the significance of exosomal circRNAs in cancer therapeutic resistance.

Exosomes are nanoscale extracellular vesicles secreted by a variety of cells, affecting the physiological and pathological homeostasis. They carry various cargoes including proteins, lipids, DNA, and RNA and have emerged as critical mediators of intercellular communication. During cell-cell communication, they can internalize either by autologous or heterologous recipient cells, which activate different signaling pathways, facilitating malignant progression of cancer. Among different types of cargoes in exosomes, the endogenous non-coding RNAs, such as circular RNAs (or circRNAs), have gained tremendous attention for their high stability and concentration, playing promising functional roles in cancer chemotherapeutic response by regulating the targeted gene expression. In this review, we primarily described the emerging evidence demonstrating the important roles of circular RNAs derived from exosomes in the regulation of cancer-associated signaling pathways that were involved in cancer research and therapeutic interventions. Additionally, the relevant profiles of exosomal circRNAs and their biological implications have been discussed, which is under investigation for their potential effect on the control of cancer therapeutic resistance.

A dynamic DNA tetrahedron framework for active targeting.

An active targeting strategy-enabled DNA tetrahedron delivery vehicle could facilitate stable drug encapsulation and stimuli-responsive on-demand release, building a universal platform for different drug delivery requirements. Owing to the excellent biocompatible nature, programmability and remarkable cell and tissue permeability, the tetrahedral DNA nanostructure (TDN) has proven its value in the delivery of various bioactive molecules. We previously described this as a static multifunctional complex in our earlier protocol. However, static structures and passive targeting behavior might introduce off-target effects under complicated biological conditions. Therefore, in this Protocol Extension, we present a major update of the TDN delivery vehicle enabling an active targeting strategy to be used for stimuli-sensitive conformation changes and on-site cargo release, which could avoid drawbacks, including complex and time-consuming fabrication processes and undetermined cell penetration ability of other DNA-based delivery vehicles. Upon exquisite design of TDN size based on cargo type, one-pot annealing is applied to fabricate the Tiamat-designed TDN exoskeleton. Then the design of the dynamic DNA apparatus can be based on the target and environmental stimuli, including DNA strand hybridization-based and pH-sensitive DNA apparatus, and careful titration of strand lengths and mismatches is achieved using polyacrylamide and agarose gel electrophoresis, or fluorophore modifications. Finally, cargo loading strategies are designed, including site and stand titration and cargo encapsulation verification. The dynamic structures show promising targetability and effectiveness in antitumor and anti-inflammatory treatment in vitro and in vivo. Assembly and characterization in the lab takes ~5 d, and the timing for the verification of biostability and biological applications depends on the uses.

Antiviral Peptide-Based Conjugates: State of the Art and Future Perspectives

Infectious diseases caused by microbial pathogens (bacteria, virus, fungi, parasites) claim millions of deaths per year worldwide and have become a serious challenge to global human health in our century. Viral infections are particularly notable in this regard, not only because humankind is facing some of the deadliest viral pandemics in recent history, but also because the arsenal of drugs to combat the high levels of mutation, and hence the antigenic variability of (mostly RNA) viruses, is disturbingly scarce. Therefore, the search for new antivirals able to successfully fight infection with minimal or no adverse effects on the host is a pressing task. Traditionally, antiviral therapies have relied on relatively small-sized drugs acting as proteases, polymerases, integrase inhibitors, etc. In recent decades, novel approaches involving targeted delivery such as that achieved by peptide-drug conjugates (PDCs) have gained attention as alternative (pro)drugs for tackling viral diseases. Antiviral PDC therapeutics typically involve one or more small drug molecules conjugated to a cell-penetrating peptide (CPP) carrier either directly or through a linker. Such integration of two bioactive elements into a single molecular entity is primarily aimed at achieving improved bioavailability in conditions where conventional drugs are challenged, but may also turn up novel unexpected functionalities and applications. Advances in peptide medicinal chemistry have eased the way to antiviral PDCs, but challenges remain on the way to therapeutic success. In this paper, we review current antiviral CPP-drug conjugates (antiviral PDCs), with emphasis on the types of CPP and antiviral cargo. We integrate the conjugate and the chemical approaches most often applied to combine both entities. Additionally, we comment on various obstacles faced in the design of antiviral PDCs and on the future outlooks for this class of antiviral therapeutics.

STUDY OF OPTIONS FOR TRANSPORT PROVISION OF PRODUCTION INTEGRATION IN THE "PORT-INDUSTRIAL PARK" SYSTEM

The purpose of the article is to identify the structure of costs according to possible variants of transport provision in the "port - industrial park" system, as a basis for further optimization of the relevant transportation processes. The Methodology. To achieve the outlined goal, a set of general scientific and special methods of cognition were used, namely: system analysis and synthesis, generalization to characterize the current state and trends of further development of the "port-industrial park" system; graph-analytical - for visual presentation and graphical interpretation of statistical data. The results. International sea freight transportation is one of the profitable, reliable, safe and most popular transportation of large consignments of all types of cargo due to the fact that they provide high energy efficiency, environmental friendliness, ergonomics of sea transport, operational transshipment procedures, access to all parts of the world with the presence of ports, etc. It has been proven that the industrial park will ensure the development of a modern industrial complex in the seaport with developed engineering and transport infrastructure, warehouse and administrative premises. On the basis of the analysis, the main directions for solving the tasks of transport support for the industrial integration of the "port - industrial park" system are identified, namely, the optimization of the transport and technological infrastructure; efficient use of port infrastructure; optimization of transport costs. In order to identify the cost structure according to the possible variants of transport support in the "port - industrial park" system, the possible variants of the transport and technological equipment of the "port - industrial park" system are presented in the form of a diagram, and the formula for calculating the costs for the delivery of a unit of cargo is given for the industrial park. Scientific novelty. The authors substantiated the expediency of the creation and functioning of the "port-industrial park" system, identified the cost structure for possible transport options for industrial integration in the "port-industrial park" system. Practical significance. The obtained results can be used to increase the efficiency of multimodal freight transportation management.

Charge Transport across Proteins inside Proteins: Tunneling across Encapsulin Protein Cages and the Effect of Cargo Proteins.

Charge transport across proteins can be surprisingly efficient over long distances-so-called long-range tunneling-but it is still unclear as to why and under which conditions (e.g., presence of co-factors, type of cargo) the long-range tunneling regime can be accessed. This paper describes molecular tunneling junctions based on an encapsulin (Enc), which is a large protein cage with a diameter of 24 nm that can be loaded with various types of (small) proteins, also referred to as "cargo". We demonstrate with dynamic light scattering, transmission electron microscopy, and atomic force microscopy that Enc, with and without cargo, can be made stable in solution and immobilized on metal electrodes without aggregation. We investigated the electronic properties of Enc in EGaIn-based tunnel junctions (EGaIn = eutectic alloy of Ga and In that is widely used to contact (bio)molecular monolayers) by measuring the current density for a large range of applied bias of ±2.5 V. The encapsulated cargo has an important effect on the electrical properties of the junctions. The measured current densities are higher for junctions with Enc loaded with redox-active cargo (ferritin-like protein) than those junctions without cargo or redox-inactive cargo (green fluorescent protein). These findings open the door to charge transport studies across complex biomolecular hierarchical structures.