Bottle Type Research Articles

WITHDRAWN: Smart intravenous infusion monitoring and controlling system using Internet of Things

As technology is progressing at a very high pace, it is imperative to occupy with the progress in medical science. The latest shift that is happening in the world as regards our health. In the current saline bottle monitoring system, the intravenous infusion of fluids by gravity flow is a common procedure in medical care facilities. It is of vital importance that the fluid for infusion is replaced with a fresh supply when the fluid bottle is empty. This requires regular inspection by a nurse. In some cases, a pressure difference between a vein of a patient and the saline bottle may cause a reverse flow of the fluid from the patient to the saline bottle, which may prove fatal to the patient. Thus, a need for a system for efficiently and effectively monitoring a fluid level in a saline bottle with minimum human intervention. This paper provides a solution to overcome these problems with the aid of the Internet, sensors can interact with each other via the whole Bio Medical instrument which is placed on the monitoring equipment. This system is easily adaptable for any type of fluid bottle regardless of its initial size and weight.

Influence of polymer coated aggregate on the aggregate impact and crushing value

Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) and latex belong to the family of the polymer. PET type of plastic bottle is the most commonly found in the household waste stream. Recycling this type of plastic into another form is the cheapest and the best way of recycling. However, this may not become a green waste management solution when energy is used to transform this plastic into another useable form. In this study, PET was used to discover the potential for improvement of asphalt mixture properties. This study examines the plastic waste used as an aggregate coating. PET plastic bottle was shredded and sieved to obtain size 0.425 to 0.075mm then was blended with hot aggregate to form a thin layer of plastic coating on the aggregate surface. The comparison between unmodified aggregate properties and modified properties was studied. 1%, 3%, 5%, 7%, 9%, 11%, 13% and 15% of plastic by weight of aggregate were used as aggregate coating. The aggregate impact value test (AIV) and aggregate crushing value test (ACV) were done on the plastic coated aggregate. The test result had shown an improvement in the properties of plastic coated aggregate. From the experiment results conducted on the PET and aggregate, we can conclude that the lowest percent of aggregate loss on the crushing value test is 16.34% when PET content is 9% while 8.00% when PET content is 13% for the impact value test. The lowest percent of aggregate loss for impact value is then compared with the percent loss of PET Latex coated aggregate. The presence of latex and PET has caused the strength of the aggregate to increase where the percentage loss value when performed impact test is very low that is can achieve 3.48%. The quality of flexible pavement can be improved when the surface of the aggregate is coated with the polymer.

Stability of extemporaneous rifampicin prepared with X-temp® oral suspension system

Introduction: Rifampicin is a first line antituberculosis drug that is commonly used in the treatment of tuberculosis, both in adults and paediatric patients. However, there is a lack of liquid formulation for rifampicin in the market due to the small market size and the physicochemical properties of the drug itself. An innovative new mix called X-Temp® oral suspension system (OSS) has been available in the market as a choice of vehicle for extemporaneous suspension. Aim: The aim of this study was to prepare rifampicin suspension in the X-Temp® OSS and evaluate its stability following storage at two temperatures – refrigerated (5 °C ± 3 °C) and in a stability chamber (30 °C ± 2 °C/RH 75% ± 5%). Materials and method: This study investigates the physicochemical and microbiological stability of rifampicin formulated in X-temp® OSS. The rifampicin suspension was prepared at 25mg/ml and kept in two types of amber-coloured storage bottles. The bottles were stored in an open and close storage system at 5 oC (refrigeration) and 30 °C/75% RH (non-refrigerated) and the stability of the product was evaluated at specified time intervals. Results: It was found that the content of rifampicin remained above 90% of the original concentration throughout the study as required by the standard references. Visual appearance, colour, odour and pH remained unchanged throughout the study period and the extemporaneous preparation was not susceptible to microbial contamination. Conclusion: Results from this stability study confirmed that the X-temp® OSS is a suitable vehicle for the preparation of extemporaneous rifampicin liquid formulation.

11. Evaluation of the Bact/alert® VIRTUO™ in Terms of Time to Detection, Performance, Workflow Efficiency and Impact on Patient Management, Compared to the BACTEC™ FX Automated Blood Culture System

BackgroundBloodstream infections are associated with high rates of morbidity and mortality, therefore prompt identification and antimicrobial susceptibility testing of the causative organism(s) are critical. We compared the microbiological/clinical performance of BacT/ALERT®-VIRTUO™-(BioMerieux) to that of the BACTEC™FX-(BD) instrument, with time-to-detection (TTD, from loading into system until positivity) as the primary outcome. Secondary microbiological outcomes were positivity and contamination rates, hands-on-time, turn-around-time (TAT) and time-to-identification.MethodsWe performed a prospective cross-over study using blood cultures from patients (>18 years) suspected of bacteremia/fungemia, localized in different wards into two strata (Stratum-1: Emergency Department-ED-; Stratum-2: in-hospital patients). Testing was performed in BACTEC™-PlusAerobic/F and BACTEC-Lytic/10-Anaerobic/F bottles and incubated in BACTEC™FX, or BacT/ALERT®FA-Plus and FN-Plus bottles and incubated in VIRTUO™. Initially, each strata was randomly assigned to one of the incubators and then alternated every 2-weeks for 6 months (October-16th-2018 to April-16th-2019). All samples were processed in parallel with the same work-flow from the moment they were flagged positive. Maximum incubation time was 5 days.ResultsWe included a total of 4782 extractions (9510 bottles) in VIRTUO and 5139 (10193 bottles) in BACTEC. The median age was 67 years for both groups and the samples were equally distributed for each ward (ED: VIRTUO 80.9%, BD 76.4%). The number of blood cultures with at least one positive extraction was 873(18.3%) for VIRTUO and 802(15.6%) for BACTEC (p=0.0003). TTD and proportion of aerobic/anaerobic bottles is shown in Table.Hands-on-time was reduced by 15 minutes/day when using VIRTUO.TableConclusionWe have compared on a large scale and in a “real world” setting the performance of two automatic blood culture incubators. TTD was significantly lower for the VIRTUO incubated samples, with differences in both systems depending on the type of bottle (aerobic vs. anaerobic). The number of positive results was significantly higher for the VIRTUO incubated samples, which might impact antimicrobial prescription and clinical outcomes. Disclosures Ana V. Halperin, MD, Biomérieux (Grant/Research Support) José Luis Cortés Cuevas, MD, biomerieux (Research Grant or Support)biomerieux (Research Grant or Support) Juan Antonio Del Castillo Polo, MD, Biomérieux (Research Grant or Support) Sergio Talens, n/a, Biomerieux (Research Grant or Support) Robert Birch, n/a, bioMerieux Inc. (Employee) Rafael Cantón, PharmD PhD, Biomérieux (Grant/Research Support)

The Influence of Bottle Design on Perceived Quality of Beer: A Conjoint Analytic Study

Research on the influence of packaging on consumer perception of beer and other alcoholic beverages suggest an important role in capturing consumers’ attention and generating expectations on perceived product quality, and in particular that color, bottle shape, and label design are key aspects. There is, however, a paucity of research looking at interactions between different aspects of packaging design. This is a topical issue given an increasingly saturated market where especially craft breweries strive for differentiation and brand recognition. Situated within this context, the present research used a conjoint analytic approach to investigate the effect of packaging design on consumer perceived quality and liking for beers. Beer images were designed to systematically vary in four design factors—label color, label shape, label complexity, and bottle shape—and evaluated in an online survey with a representative sample of Danish beer drinkers. Two of the design factors—label color and bottle type—significantly affected consumers’ product evaluations, whereas the other two factors did not. Post-hoc analyses of the main effects indicated that the combination of a “Bomber” bottle shape and a warm color scheme in the label as the optimal combination of design factors to maximize consumer preferences. Preference for the Bomber bottle was linked to a perceived premiumness associated with a preference for curvatures (as opposed to angularity), whereas the preference for warm colors was tentatively explained as due to crossmodal correspondences generating favorable sensory expectations for this color scheme.

Stability of Extemporaneously Prepared Acetazolamide Oral Suspensions at Two Temperatures.

Some drugs need to be compounded by the pharmacist before being administered to the patient. A study was conducted to determine the stability of acetazolamide suspensions in 2 different vehicles (Oral Mix and Oral Mix Sugar Free [SF]) from bulk drug and tablets at 2 different temperatures and in 2 different containers (amber plastic bottles and clear plastic syringes). Acetazolamide suspensions (25 mg/mL) were prepared from bulk drug or tablets. Each suspension, using Oral Mix or Oral Mix SF, was split between 2 types of containers-amber plastic bottles and clear plastic syringes-and stored either at room temperature (23°C-27°C) or under refrigeration (3°C-7°C). Samples were drawn from the suspensions right after preparation and on days 7, 14, 30, 45, 60, 75, and 90. They were then analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) using a reverse-phase column. A validated stability-indicating HPLC with ultraviolet detection method was developed. A visual inspection and a pH measurement were also completed at each time point. Stability was defined as retention of at least 90% of the initial concentration of acetazolamide suspension. At least 91.2% of the initial acetazolamide concentration in suspensions remained throughout the 90-day study period for both vehicles, both containers, and both temperatures. Assays varied between 91.2% and 105.0% of the initial concentration for all 112 tested conditions but 2 (105.2% and 109.0%). Linear regression was calculated for each time profile and remained above 95.0% at the end of the study in all cases. Similarly, pH remained within 0.1 unit of the initial pH, which was 4.2 for Oral Mix and 4.3 for Oral Mix SF. Furthermore, no changes in organoleptic properties were observed because the preparations remained as white fluid suspensions without sedimentation. Acetazolamide suspensions were stable for at least 90 days in all tested conditions because the average drug concentration was not less than 90% of the initial concentration. The beyond-use date could be extended from 60 to 90 days.

A Novel Method for Determination of the Natural Toxin Ptaquiloside in Ground and Drinking Water

Ptaquiloside (PTA) is a carcinogenic compound naturally occurring in bracken ferns (Pteridium aquilinum). It is highly water soluble and prone to leaching from topsoil to surface and groundwaters. Due to possible human exposure via drinking water, PTA is considered as an emerging contaminant. We present a sensitive and robust method for analysis of PTA and its degradation product pterosin B (PtB) in groundwater. The method comprises two steps: sample preservation at the field site followed by sample pre-concentration in the laboratory. The preservation step was developed by applying a Plackett–Burman experimental design testing the following variables: water type, pH, filtering, bottle type, storage temperature, transportation conditions and test time. The best sample preservation was obtained by using amber glass bottles, unfiltered solutions buffered at pH 6, transported without ice, stored at 4 °C and analysed within 48 h. The recovery was 94% to 100%. The sample purification step had a pre-concentration factor of 250, and the recovery percentages of the entire method were 85 ± 2 (PTA) and 91 ± 3 (PtB). The limits of detection (LOD) of the full method were 0.001 µg L−1 and 0.0001 µg L−1 for PTA and PtB, respectively. The method enables sensitive monitoring of PTA and PtB in groundwater. Carcinogenic PTA was detected in one groundwater well (0.35 µg L−1).

Pengaruh Jenis Kemasan dan Lama Penyimpanan terhadap Mutu Bubuk Andaliman

This study aims to determine the effect of packaging types and storage duration on the quality of andaliman powder. The study was conducted at the Laboratory of Processing and Management of Agricultural Products, Agricultural Product Technology Study Program, Faculty of Agriculture, Catholic University of St. Thomas Medan. This research was conducted using Factorial Complete Random Design method. The first factor is packaging with a password (K), consisting of 4 types, namely: K1 is Glass bottle, K2 is Plastic bottle, K3 is Flip plastic and K4 is Paper. The second factor is the storage time with L code which consists of four levels, namely: L0 is 0 weeks, L1 is 2 weeks, L2 is 4 weeks and L3 is 6 weeks. The results showed that the type of packaging had a very significant effect on water content, total acid, oleoresin content and organoleptic value, but it was not significant for ash content. The highest water content, ash content and total acid were found in paper plastic packaging, while the lowest was in glass bottle packaging, while the highest oleoresin content and highest organoleptic value were found in glass bottle packaging, while the lowest was on paper packaging. Storage time has a very significant effect on water content, total acid, oleoresin content and organoleptic value, but not significant to ash content. The longer the storage, the moisture content, ash content and total acid content increase, while the oleoresin content and organoleptic values decrease. The interaction between the type of packaging and storage duration gave no significant effect on water content, ash content, total acid, oleoresin content and organoleptic value. The best quality of andaliman powder is obtained in the type of glass bottles and plastic bottles which can be seen from the water content, oleoresin content and organoleptic value. Â

Study on the importance of wine bottle design on consumer choices

PurposeThe aim of this study is to analyse the importance of bottle design in relation to other purchasing criteria, and also to understand which design elements are most attractive to consumers.Design/methodology/approachA survey of a sample of 437 wine drinkers was carried out in Portugal using non-probabilistic sampling. The technique used was conjoint analysis based on the SPSS conjoint module.FindingsOne of the key findings was the low importance of bottle design in shaping consumer preferences compared to other attributes (origin, price and category of wine). In terms of design elements, the label had the biggest influence on consumer choice, followed by the type of bottle, bottle seal and brand name, in that order. Differences in consumer choice were evident according to the level of knowledge of wine and frequency of consumption.Practical implicationsThe findings of this study provide guidance for Portuguese wineries as regards the marketing and design decisions of their products and packaging.Originality/valueThis study sheds new light on the importance of wine bottle design on consumer preferences. Previous studies in the area have proved to be minimal and heterogeneous.

Extra virgin Argan oils’ shelf-life monitoring and prediction based on chemical properties or FTIR fingerprints and chemometrics

In order to achieve a better understanding of the shelf-life behavior of extra virgin Argan oils (EVAO) during storage, the influences of storage periods, roasting process and packaging materials were studied. Those oils were extracted from roasted and unroasted kernels. The EVAO shelf life assessment was made by determining chemical properties (acidity, peroxide value, specific absorbances K232 and K270, tocopherol content, fatty-acids and sterol composition, and oxidative stability index) and by FTIR spectra. Sixty EVAO samples (30 roasted and 30 unroasted) were evaluated after production and then were packed in two glass bottle types (dark and clear), which resulted in 120 samples. They were stored under realistic storage conditions (ambient temperature) for two successive years and analysed 6-monthly. Chemometric data analysis was applied to study the shelf-life influence. PCA and PLS-DA, on either the chemical data or the FTIR spectra, allowed the discrimination between fresh and oxidized oils. The oil shelf-life was predicted by means of PLS regression. Thus, the time of storage after which the oil loses its extra virgin quality could be predicted. Finally, the potential of FTIR fingerprinting to quantify four physicochemical properties (i.e. acidity, PV, K232 and K270) during EVAO storage was established using PLS regression.

The Addition of Anaerobic Blood Cultures for Pediatric Patients with Concerns for Bloodstream Infections: Prevalence and Time to Positive Cultures.

Anaerobes are an important but uncommon cause of bloodstream infections (BSIs). For pediatric patients, routine inclusion of an anaerobic blood culture alongside the aerobic remains controversial. We implemented automatic anaerobic blood culture alongside aerobic blood cultures in a pediatric emergency department (ED) and sought to determine changes in recovery of obligate and facultative anaerobes. This was a cohort study in a pediatric ED (August 2015 to July 2018) that began in February 2017. Blood culture positivity results for true pathogens and contaminants were assessed, along with a secondary outcome of time to positivity (TTP) of blood culture. A total of 14,180 blood cultures (5,202 preimplementation and 8,978 postimplementation) were collected, with 8.8% (456) and 7.1% (635) positive cultures in the pre- and postimplementation phases, respectively. Of 635 positive cultures in the postimplementation phase, aerobic blood cultures recovered 7.6% (349/4,615), whereas anaerobic blood cultures recovered 6.6% (286/4,363). In 211/421 (50.0%) paired blood cultures, an organism was recovered in both cultures. The number of cases where organisms were only recovered from an aerobic or an anaerobic bottle in the paired cultures were 126 (30.0%) and 84 (20.0%), respectively. The TTP was comparable regardless of bottle type. Recovery of true pathogens from blood cultures was approximately 7 h faster than recovery of contaminants. Although inclusion of anaerobic blood cultures only recovered 2 (0.69%) obligate anaerobes, it did allow for recovery of clinically significant pathogens that were negative in aerobic blood cultures and supports the routine collection of both bottles in pediatric patients with a concern of bloodstream infections.

Study on the Application of A New Type of Anhydrous Thoracic Negative Pressure Drainage Device in Patients after Thoracic Surgery

背景与目的胸外科术后常规会放置胸管行闭式引流排出胸腔内积气、积液促进肺复张，并且可以观察术后是否有活动性出血，是否有肺漏气现象。常规胸腔闭式引流外接水封瓶，通过观察引流情况、水柱波动来判断病情，是非常经典的方法。但是水封瓶有易倾覆、携带不便等缺点，不利于患者早期活动。在加速康复的理念下，本中心应用了新型无水胸腔负压引流装置，并取得了较好的效果。本研究旨在观察新型无水胸腔负压引流装置在胸外科术后患者中的应用效果。方法回顾性分析2018年1月-2019年12月在浙江大学医学院附属第一医院胸外科行肺部手术的患者，分成两组，一组患者使用传统胸腔闭式引流水封瓶作为对照组，另一组使用新型无水负压引流瓶作为实验组。统计患者的性别、年龄、高血压、糖尿病、吸烟史、手术切口和手术方式以及患者在院时间和术后住院时间。结果两组患者在年龄、性别、合并症（高血压、糖尿病、吸烟史）、手术范围、手术时间方面并无统计学差异，但是两组患者在手术使用切口方面存在着统计学差异（P=0.01）。使用新型无水负压引流器的患者无论在术后住院时间以及总住院时间方面都比有水负压引流器的患者短，差异有明显统计学意义（P=0.02, P=0.04）。结论新型无水胸腔负压引流装置对于胸外科术后快速康复推进有较好的作用。

Bottling Line Inspection System using Digital Image Processing

An Automated Visual Inspection System has great potential in quality monitoring of products in a bottling line. The amount of the liquid in each bottle varies with the precision level of the machine and also due to human errors during initial setup. Improper filling in a bottle, forces the manufacturers to cast aside entire batches of a product leading to huge financial losses. A low-cost automated inspection system for inline bottling plants, which can detect filling anomalies has been investigated. The system will be tasked with monitoring the level of the liquid filled inside each bottle as that bottle passes through the inspection system installed around the existing bottling line. It will help maintain the product quality and also monitor the precision of the filling machines. The portion of the empty space between the surface of liquid inside the bottle and bottle cap will be used to check for filling anomalies specifically underfilling and overfilling. A simple initial calibration step has also been proposed to simplify setting up the system to account for different bottle types. The filing status for each bottle will be available for the user on the cloud and can be analysed for further insight.

Low-temperature solution synthesis and characterization of enhanced titanium dioxide photocatalyst on tailored mesoporous γ-Al2O3 support

Abstract TiO2/γ-Al2O3 composite powder was prepared by the low-temperature hydrothermal synthesis in an alcohol solution without subsequent high-temperature calcination. When the as-prepared mesoporous γ-Al2O3 particles were added into the reaction solution, their surfaces with a negative potential were adsorbed by Ti(OH)4, forming mesoporous structure with the ink bottle type. These mesopores can absorb varisized organic molecules into their cavities, so that the mesoporous γ-Al2O3 is highly suitable for use as the adsorption and degradation material. Lots of oxygen defects formed during the synthesis process can hinder the recombination of the excited electrons and holes in TiO2. More free excited holes and electrons react with dissolved oxygen and water molecules in the solution to form the key functional groups of superoxide anion radicals (·O2−) and hydroxyl radicals (·OH), making the organic dye completely degrade to CO2 and H2O.

Short- and long-term stability of electrolytic conductivity certified reference materials

Electrolytic conductivity is a common parameter measured within industry. Proper usage of electrolytic conductivity sensors requires the periodic calibration using solutions of known conductivity. This parameter can be disseminated through the use of certified reference materials (CRMs) produced according to ISO 17034. A part of the certification of reference materials relates to their stability both in the material they are packaged in and as a function of time, both at the short- and long-time scales. Electrolytic conductivity CRMs produced at DFM A/S are evaluated for the stability in various bottle types, and under various storage and transport conditions. Materials with nominal conductivity values between 10 mS m−1 and 10 mS m−1 are shown to be stable at short-time (~ 1 month) and long-time (expected shelf life and beyond) scales.

Internal verification of BD BACTEC FX40 instrument for rapid detection of bloodstream infections

Aim: The BD BACTEC FX40 automated instrument was evaluated for use by Ballarat Australian Clinical Laboratory (ACL) to aid in the detection of blood stream infections. Method: 20 organisms were chosen from the reference culture collection to be inoculated into two aerobic, two anaerobic and two paediatric blood culture bottles filled with designated volume of human blood. For each organism, 50 μL of the recommended dilution was aseptically added for each bottle with 5 mL of normal saline in each dilution tubes. There were 12 control bottles injected with sterile water. All bottles were loaded into the instrument. Bottles were removed as they flagged positive. A gram stain and culture were performed on each bottle that flagged positive. Identification by standard laboratory procedures was performed on all isolates. Result: All bottles that were expected to flag positive, flagged positive within the specified time frame listed. The time to detection for each bottle type with the organisms seeded into the blood culture bottles was recorded. Conclusion: All predicted positive blood culture bottles flagged positive except Streptococcus pneumonia in the anaerobic bottle. Controls remained negative. BACTEC FX40 instrument was fit for purpose given that it demonstrated acceptable agreement with inoculated organisms and culture.

Application of Deep Learning Convolutional Neural Networks for Internal Tablet Defect Detection: High Accuracy, Throughput, and Adaptability

Tablet defects encountered during the manufacturing of oral formulations can result in quality concerns, timeline delays, and elevated financial costs. Internal tablet cracking is not typically measured in routine inspections but can lead to batch failures such as tablet fracturing. X-ray computed tomography (XRCT) has become well-established to analyze internal cracks of oral tablets. However, XRCT normally generates very large quantities of image data (thousands of 2D slices per data set) which require a trained professional to analyze. A user-guided manual analysis is laborious, time-consuming, and subjective, which may result in a poor statistical representation and inconsistent results. In this study, we have developed an analysis program that incorporates deep learning convolutional neural networks to fully automate the XRCT image analysis of oral tablets for internal crack detection. The computer program achieves robust quantification of internal tablet cracks with an average accuracy of 94%. In addition, the deep learning tool is fully automated and achieves a throughput capable of analyzing hundreds of tablets. We have also explored the adaptability of the deep learning analysis program toward different products (e.g., different types of bottles and tablets). Finally, the deep learning tool is effectively implemented into the industrial pharmaceutical workflow.

Károsodott folyató fészek vizsgálata

At the Matrametal Ltd. from aluminium alloy base material several type of aerosol bottles with different geometry are produced. For manufacturing some of the tools or components are designed, created and heat treated by the company answering the requirements of their own production process. In this paper, the damage analyses of a backward extrusion die, applied for the process of backward extrusion of aluminium alloy cylinder is published. During the analyses the mechanical loads of the component are highlighted and the fracture surface analyses of the damaged sample is detailed applying microscopic investigation.

A study of changes in the quality of Lemea Block in various types of packaging materials during storage

Lemea is a typical Rejang tribe’s food made from chopped bamboo shoots and mixed with freshwater fish. Lemea block is a modification of the products so that it has a longer shelf life accompanied by proper packaging. The aim of this research is to obtain the effect of different types of packaging materials on the physical, chemical, microbiological and organoleptic properties of lemea blocks during storage. The research method used is Completely Randomized Design of one factor, namely the different types of packaging materials (paper packaging, plastic bottles from PET and Polypropylene) which are then analyzed using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). Based on the results of this research, it was found that paper packaging type had significant effect on water content, pH, total plate number but no significant effect on color, aroma, texture and overall appearance. Types of PET and PP plastic bottles have no significant effect on water content, color, pH, total plate number, flavor, taste, texture and overall appearance of the lemea block during storage.

Drug and Environment Parameters of Pharmacy Places

This study consists of two parts; the first part is measuring the temperature and relative humidity of twenty pharmacy shops and pharmacy refrigerators in Erbil city. The temperature inside nine types of different drug bottles is also measured. The results show that temperature and humidity inside pharmacy places and refrigerators are higher than the standard temperature (25C) and relative humidity (35%) of drugs. The temperature inside the drug bottles would be higher if compared with environment temperature. Second parts, the optical properties of the drug bottles are studied by using UV-VIS spectrophotometer, where they are used to analyze the optical properties of the drug bottles. The result shows a maximum value of transmittance ranging from 0% to 88% depending on the types of the drug bottles. Optical transmittance of 25–88% in the visible range has been observed in all samples, high UV transmittance (5%-70%) in %77 samples and infrared (up to 38%-88 % are observed in %88 samples.).