Type Of ADHD Research Articles

Vigilance, Inhibitory Control and Regional Cerebral Blood Oxygenation in the PFC - Differences in ADHD Types of Presentations.

It is commonly believed that proven abnormalities in the structure and functioning of the prefrontal lobes affect cognitive deficits in children with ADHD. The purpose of the current study was to assess vigilance, inhibitory control, and regional cerebral blood oxygenation (rCBO2) in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) of children with ADHD. The study included 150 children with ADHD and 51 typically developing (TD) children aged 9-12 years. Children with ADHD showed a deficit in vigilance (assessed by the shortened version of the Mackworth clock task), inhibitory control (the Stroop task), different rCBO2 patterns in the PFC, as well as lower cortical activation during cognitive tasks. These differences are discussed in the context of the types of ADHD presentations.

A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW TO INVESTIGATE THE EVIDENCE OF THE VISUOSPATIAL WORKING MEMORY DYSFUNCTION IN THE AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDER.

Background: Impaired working memory and executive function is one of the major theories that explain the cognitive bases of ASD symptoms. However, the previous research findings on the visuospatial working memory (VSWM) were inconsistent and widely varied.Aim of the Work: This work aims to examine the evidence for VSWM dysfunction in ASD children. This will be made by conducting a systematic review of literature in this topic area.Material and Methods: Three electronic databases (Pubmed, Science Direct, and CINHAL) were searched for articles. Relevant studies were further evaluated and studies that met inclusion criteria were reviewedResults: The literature search yielded 3048 studies. Forty-two articles were further evaluated to be included. Seven studies met all inclusion criteria and were chosen for review. The quality of the included studies assessed with the Newcastle Ottawa Quality Assessment Scale. The impairment of VSWM in ASD children was reported in 4 studies, while there are 3 studies with the opinion of intact VSWM. So, within this small number of included studies the results of VSWM in ASD were different.Conclusion: This systematic review generally couldn’t reach a conclusive evidence about VSWM dysfunction in children with ASD. This is mainly due to the small number of the included articles and the small sample size in almost all these studies. Besides, different measures used in the assessment of visuospatial working memory in those children as well as ignorance of receptive language profile of ASD children, intra-individual difference assessment of ASD group, ASD comorbidities especially ADHD and dyspraxia and type of treatment they received. More research works with neuroimaging support are required taking in consideration intra-individual aptitudes, receptive language profile, comorbidities and type of treatment of ASD group in order to provide further relevant assessment on neural bases of VSWM in ASD children.

Clinical and biochemical features of anxiety in children with hyperkinetic disorder

Clinical and biochemical features of anxiety in children with a hyperkinetic disorder, also known as a combined type of ADHD, have not been studied, although these data are extremely necessary for therapeutic intervention in cases of comorbidity of hyperkinetic and anxiety disorders.Objective: to study pathogenetic mechanisms and the role of anxiety level in the formation of the main symptoms of the disorder.Materials and methods. We examined 182 children with hyperkinetic disorder and 60 peers from control group aged 6–10 years. After clinical examination we studied the content of monoamines, their precursors, and metabolic products in daily urine. Assessment of the main clinical symptoms (inattention, hyperactivity, impulsivity) was carried out on the SNAP-IV scale. An assessment of the level of anxiety was carried out according to the questionnaire Lavrentieva G.P. and Titarenko T.M. Patients with hyperkinetic disorder were divided into subgroups according to the nature of the monoaminergic “profile”.The results of the study support the hypothesis that pathological and steady increase in anxiety level leads to increase in the impulsivity level in children with hyperkinetic disorder. And the main role in this process is played by the noradrenergic system and the weakening of the inhibitory effect of serotonin, causing an increase of anxiety level and aggravating the imbalance of the activity of monoamine systems.

СТАТЕВІ ВІДМІННОСТІ В РОЗЛАДІ ДЕФІЦИТУ УВАГИ З ГІПЕРАКТИВНІСТЮ: СТИСЛИЙ ЛІТЕРАТУРНИЙ ОГЛЯД

The review of the latest foreign literature on the issue of sex differences in ADHD carriers is presented. The analysis of theories on the causes of the prevalence of the disorder among boys and girls is presented, and minor sex differences are highlighted. Therefore, ADHD is more common among boys than among girls, which leads to arguments about the difference valid in the prevalence of the disorder among men and women. Also, many researchers have noticed certain differences in the symptoms and behaviour of girls compared to boys, both in childhood and adulthood. Boys and girls with ADHD appear to be more similar than different, and usually the symptoms are not sex specific, but still there is a difference. In general, these differences are manifested in the fact that girls have problems with the emotional sphere and the predominant inattentive symptoms of ADHD, while boys have problems with the behavioural sphere and the predominant impulsive and hyperactive type of ADHD. Moreover, boys are more aggressive in behaviour than girls, although girls are more likely to manifest verbal aggression than their female peers, who do not have the disorder. It has been found that the difference in the prevalence of the disorder among males and females can be described by the Cognitive Endophenotype Theory, which assumes the influence of generally accepted endophenotypes on the severity of ADHD, that means processing speed, inhibition and working memory. This theory does not preclude theories such as the Mean Difference Model and the Variance Difference Model, which state that men on the average have more severe symptoms than women, and thus the scale of the severity of the ADHD among boys is much wider than among women.

The relations between abnormal sensory processing patterns and ADHD subtypes compared with a healthy control group Ryder Chen Ohana Kari and Shahien Radi

ADHD is an early childhood neurodevelopmental disorder with an estimated prevalence of 5.9%–7.1%. Sensory processing disorder (SPD), another early childhood developmental disorder, received much less attention. The prevalence of SPD may be as high as ADHD in the pediatric population and it is estimated to be highly co-morbid with ADHD. Many ADHD patients who suffer from co-occurring sensory processing symptoms in adulthood do not receive an SPD diagnosis and therefore may not receive eligible treatment. The study aimed to evaluate the co-occurrence of SPD’s different modalities among different subtypes of ADHD in adult population and to compare it with a healthy control group. A total of 60 individuals between 18 and 45 years of age, were divided into two groups: the DHD group (n = 30) and a healthy control group (n = 30). The participants completed questionnaires regarding ADHD in adulthood and SPD symptoms and subtypes. The results of sensory profile in different subtypes of ADHD were statistically analyzed and compared with control group. Individuals suffering from combined type ADHD were found having more frequent and extreme reactions (both hyper- and hypo sensitivity) to sensory stimuli compared to healthy controls and individuals with inattentive type ADHD. This study’s results emphasizes the importance of utilizing the SPD questionnaire among adult patients who seek neurological or mental treatment as part of the medical intake and thus should further be considered for inclusion in a standard DSM-VI adult diagnosis as a disorder whose impact continues to adulthood.

Relația dintre tulburările de tip ADHD și tulburările de limbaj la vârsta preșcolară

Relația dintre tulburările de tip ADHD și tulburările de limbaj la vârsta preșcolară

Relation between Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Among School Age Children and Parent's Stress and Sense of Competence

This study aimed to assess the relation between attention deficit hyperactivity disorder among school age children and parent's stress and sense of competence. Design: A descriptive correlational research design was utilized in this study. The study sample included one hundred parents having children with ADHD. The study was conducted at the children and adolescents outpatient clinic in Minia hospital for psychiatric health and addiction treatment. Four tools were utilized to measure the variables of the study included; child's and parents socio-demographic data, parent disruptive behavior disorder (DBD) Rating Scale, parenting stress index scale, and parent sense of competency scale (PSOC). Results: it was found that more than three quarters of the children had combined type of ADHD. More than two thirds of parents had high level of stress & the majority of the parents were not competent. Conclusion: There were highly significant positive correlations between total ADHD and total parent's stress (p=.007) & there were highly significant negative correlations between parents sense of competence and total parent's stress. Recommendations: Counseling clinics for parents of ADHD children are needed to; ensure an effective parents response to the needs of ADHD children, increase awareness, coping, competence and to decrease parent's stress.

Comparing directed functional connectivity between groups with confirmatory subgrouping GIMME

Connectivity modeling in functional neuroimaging has become widely used method of analysis for understanding functional architecture. One method for deriving directed connectivity models is Group Iterative Multiple Model Estimation (GIMME; Gates and Molenaar, 2012). GIMME looks for commonalities across the sample to detect signal from noise and arrive at edges that exist across the majority in the group (“group-level edges”) and individual-level edges. In this way, GIMME obtains generalizable results via the group-level edges while also allowing for between subject heterogeneity in connectivity, moving the field closer to obtaining reliable personalized connectivity maps. In this article, we present a novel extension of GIMME, confirmatory subgrouping GIMME, which estimates subgroup-level edges for a priori known groups (e.g. typically developing controls vs. clinical group). Detecting edges that consistently exist for individuals within predefined subgroups aids in interpretation of the heterogeneity in connectivity maps and allows for subgroup-specific inferences. We describe this algorithm, as well as several methods to examine the results. We present an empirical example that finds similarities and differences in resting state functional connectivity among four groups of children: typically developing controls (TDC), children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), children with Inattentive (ADHD-I) and Combined (ADHD-C) Type ADHD. Findings from this study suggest common involvement of the left Broca's area in all the clinical groups, as well as several unique patterns of functional connectivity specific to a given disorder. Overall, the current approach and proof of principle findings highlight a novel and reliable tool for capturing heterogeneity in complex mental health disorders.

Assessment of comorbidity and social anxiety in adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: The SELFIE study

IntroductionAttention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and its comorbidities have an impact on the social anxiety of children and adolescents, but there are practically no studies addressing this topic in adolescence. Our objective was to assess the degree of social anxiety and to analyse the presence of psychiatric comorbidities (PSCs) in adolescents with ADHD. MethodologyWe conducted a cross-sectional observational study in patients aged 12–18 years with a confirmed diagnosis of ADHD (DSM-5). We collected data on the presence and type of PSCs and assessed social anxiety by means of the Social Anxiety Scale for Adolescents (SAS-A). ResultsForty-six child and adolescent psychiatrists and paediatric neurologists participated in the study and recruited 234 patients. Of the total patients, 68.8% (159) were male and 31.2% (72) female, with a mean age in the sample of 14.9 years (95% CI, 14.6–15.1). The type of ADHD was combined type (C) in 51.7% (121), predominantly inattentive (PI) in 37.2% (87), and predominantly hyperactive-impulsive (PH) in 9% (21). Of all patients, 97.9% (229) received pharmacological therapy: 78.6% (184) methylphenidate, 15% (35) lisdexamfetamine and 4.3% (10) atomoxetine.We found PSCs in 50.4% of the patients (118), of which the most frequent were learning and communication disorders (20.1%, n=47) and anxiety disorders (19.2%, n=45). The patients scored significantly higher in the SAS-A compared to reference values in the healthy population. The scores in the SAS-A were less favourable in adolescents with the PI type compared to those with the PH type (P=.015). The presence of a comorbid anxiety disorder was associated with worst scores in SAS-A (P<.001) showing an increased social anxiety. ConclusionAdolescents with ADHD classified as PI and those with comorbid anxiety had a higher degree of social anxiety as measured by the SAS-A. This psychological aspect must be identified and controlled in adolescents with ADHD to promote their social adaptation.

Relationship Between White Matter Abnormalities and Neuropsychological Measures in Children With ADHD

Objective: Using Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI), to investigate microstructural white matter differences between ADHD and typically developing children (TDC), and their association with inhibition and working memory performance usually impaired in ADHD. Method: Fractional anisotropy (FA) and mean diffusivity (MD) were estimated in 36 noncomorbid children with a Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed., text rev.; DSM-IV-TR) diagnosis of combined type ADHD and 20 TDC. Correlations between FA/MD and Stop Signal Task and N-Back performance parameters were computed. Results: Working memory performance was significantly associated with MD in the superior longitudinal fasciculus (SLF) and the cingulum in the ADHD group. No between-group differences in FA/MD reached significance, after controlling for between-group head motion differences. Conclusion: The association between white matter integrity in the cingulum and the SLF and working memory performance confirms previous studies. Our results also show that when critical conditions are controlled (age, comorbidity, head motion), no ADHD-related structural abnormality (FA/MD) are observed, in line with prior suggestions.

Age level vs grade level for the diagnosis of ADHD and neurodevelopmental disorders.

A number of worldwide studies have demonstrated that children born later in the school year are more likely to receive an ADHD diagnosis than their same school-year peers. There is, however, variation in findings between countries. We aimed to confirm whether relative age is associated with ADHD diagnosis, with or without comorbidities, and to investigate whether relative age is associated with ADHD type and severity, and if this age relationship is in common with other neurodevelopmental disorder. We used the Lombardy Region's ADHD registry. Data on children aged 6years and older from September 1, 2011 to December 31, 2017 were considered. We calculated incidence ratios to assess the inter-relations between relative age within the school year, using age at diagnosis of ADHD or of other psychiatric disorder, year of diagnosis, and total number of children born in Lombardy during the corresponding timeframe. Data on ADHD type, severity of diagnosed disorder clinical global impressions-severity scale, and repetition of a school-grade were also considered. 4081 children, 2856 of whom with ADHD, were identified. We confirmed that the cumulative incidence of ADHD diagnosis was greatest for younger children, in particular for boys, for whom the prevalence is greater. The relative age effect was not accounted for by ADHD comorbid disorders, ADHD of combined type or severity. The relative age effect was also observed for children with other neurodevelopmental disorders (without ADHD), with a similar profile as ADHD children: the incidence ratio was 1.78 (95% CI 1.07-2.97; p < 0.0247) for boys diagnosed before age ten. The findings have a potential implication for diagnostic and therapeutic practice, educational advice, and policies, besides to better plan and organize service systems and appropriately inform parents, children, and citizens.

Probe-caught spontaneous and deliberate mind wandering in relation to self-reported inattentive, hyperactive and impulsive traits in adults

Research has revealed a positive relationship between types of mind wandering and ADHD at clinical and subclinical levels. However, this work did not consider the relationship between mind wandering and the core symptoms of ADHD: inattention, hyperactivity and impulsivity. Given that the DMS-V attributes mind wandering to inattention only, and that only inattention is thought to result from impairment to the executive function linked to mind wandering, the present research sought to examine this relationship in 80 undiagnosed adults. Using both standard and easy versions of the Sustained Attention to Response Task (SART) we measured both spontaneous and deliberate mind wandering. We found that spontaneous mind wandering was related to self-reported inattentive traits when the task was cognitively more challenging (standard SART). However, hyperactive and impulsive traits were related to spontaneous mind wandering independent of task difficulty. The results suggest inattentive traits are not uniquely related to mind wandering; indeed, adults with hyperactive/impulsive traits were more likely to experience mind wandering, suggesting that mind wandering might not be useful diagnostic criteria for inattention.

Epilepsi dan Attention-Deficit / Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) pada Anak

Attention-deficit / hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has been associated with childhood epilepsy. Epilepsy are themost common neurologic disturbance in child age. Children with epilepsy tend to get one or more ADHD symptoms,its related to lack of norepinephrine neurotransmitter in brain, that cause attenuate the effect of GABA and disruptionto fronto-striatal brain networks, these same brain networks are disrupted by seizures or the structural brainabnormalities that can cause seizures. Children with epilepsy especially absance, tend to get inattentive type ofADHD more than other types. Abnormalities of electro-encephalography found in inattentive type of ADHD withhigh focus activities in all lobe area. No data published that methylphenidate can lower seizure threshold or act asproconvulsant. Children with epilepsy tend to get one or more symptoms of ADHD in the following days.

16p11: Description of the behavioral and morphological phenotype of a “mirror” syndrome

Objective: Copy number variations (CNVs) in the 16p11.2 gene region are translated into different morphological and neurobehavioral phenotypes. The main objective of our study is to describe these differences according to the type of CNV. It is proposed as a secondary objective the design of a protocol of assessment and follow-up for these patients. Methods: Retrospective descriptive study in patients with CNVs in 16p11.2 diagnosed in a Tertiary Hospital using Array-CGH. We collected anthropometric data, dysmorphic features, and performed neuropsychological assessments (ASD, ADHD, intellectual and neurodevelopment screening). Results: A total of 9 patients with 16p11 CNVs were studied. 6 cases with a deletion, being 100% of these de novo; and 3 cases with a duplication, being 67% of the cases inherited. Patients with deletions were overweight / obese and macrocephalus, while patients with duplications present a normal BMI and microcephaly. Clinical manifestations observed in the patients studied included ophthalmological disorders (22%), psychomotor retardation (67%), mild intellectual deficit (56%), autism spectrum disorder (22%) and ADHD (78%). All of the patients that exceed cut point in SNAP -IV in the sample were carriers of a deletion, predominating in them the inattentive subtype ADHD. Conclusion: CNV carriers in the 16p11.2 gene region present mirror anthropometric phenotypes and the most frequently associated conditions were psychomotor development delay, ASD, and ADHD. Inattentive type ADHD is the most commonly observed in patients with deletions, and no significant differences in neuropsychological profile were observed at other levels depending on the type of CNVs. Taking into account the above, it is proposed to carry out an assessment and follow-up protocol that includes a standardized medical history, a comprehensive physical examination including ophthalmologic examination and complementary examinations to rule out intellectual deficit, ASD and ADHD.

Auditory and Visual Executive Functions in Children and Response to Methylphenidate: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Objectives: The aim of the study was to assess auditory and visually based executive functions (EFs) and the effect of methylphenidate (MPH) in children with ADHD. Methods: Thirty-six boys between the ages of 8.3 and 9.7 years with ADHD and 36 matched controls were included. The study group was randomized into MPH and placebo for 7 days each in a crossover design. A Cued Choice Reaction Time (CCRT) test that included incongruent cuing was administered at baseline and following 1 and 2 weeks. Results: The difference between the study and control groups was more evident with visual cues and incongruent cuing. Increased gains by children with predominantly hyperactive–impulsive\\combined (HI\\C) type of ADHD were observed under MPH. Conclusions: The differences between children with ADHD and typical children are more pronounce under incongruent auditory cuing . The gains attributable to MPH are more specific to tasks involving auditory and visual EFs and in children with HI\\C type ADHDs.

Prevalence of ADHD and Mental Health Problems among Preschool Children in the Gaza Strip

Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of ADHD and mental health problems among preschool Palestinian children. Method: The sample consisted of 398 randomly selected preschool children with their mothers and teachers. Children were rated using SDQ and ADHD for parents and teachers. Results: The results showed that 28.4% of the children according to mothers displayed psychiatric morbidity. Among the four categories of mental health problems, 45.8% reported conduct, 14.2% reported emotional problems, 46% reported peer relationships problem, 33.8% reported hyperactivity, and 15.1% reported pro-social problems. Boys were more hyperactive than girls. According to mothers report, 31.3% of children met the DSM-IV criteria for inattentive type, 36.3% of children were hyperactive-impulsive, and 29% met criteria for combined type. The results showed boys had more attention, hyperactivity, and combined ADHD type than girls. According to teachers, 46.7% of the children were displayed psychiatric morbidity by their teachers. Among the four categories of mental health problems, 45.8% reported conduct, 11.6% reported emotional, 55.8% reported peer relationship problems, 15.3% reported hyperactivity, and 31.2%, reported prosaically behavior problem. According to teachers report, 28.8% of children met the DSM-IV criteria for inattentive type, 37.3% of children were hyperactive-impulsive, and 28.3% met criteria for combined type of ADHD. Clinical implications:From the above mentioned results, we recommended to conduct more training sessions for parents and teachers specified in one or two specific areas of interest such as behavioural problems and behavioural modification. Involving the fathers in such activities and inviting them to similar training sessions, continuous training inside the kindergarten in specific subjects such as overactivity, using drawing in helping children, play therapy, behavioral modification, and counseling, increase in non curriculum activities in the classes. Increase in number of trips, play sessions, drawing settings, supervision of the kindergarten teachers and regular visits to the kindergartens is required by the project officer and the center directors

Attachment in Children with ADHD

Objective: Parallels in findings of attachment and ADHD research suggest a connection between both constructs. However, the few articles dealing with that tie investigate children with all conceivable expressions of ADHD and have not found sufficient evidence regarding the connection between ADHD and attachment. This study sought to collect evidence of a possible connection between the two aspects among children with the predominantly inattentive ADHD type. Method: The sample consisted of 93 children aged 5 - 9 years, 48 of whom had an ADHD diagnosis of the predominantly inattentive type. Attachment was coded using the German adaptation of the Attachment Story Completion Task, externalizing behavior problems were rated using the Child Behavior Checklist 4 - 18. ADHD was assessed using both clinical diagnoses as well as the German ADHD Rating scale. Results: Results revealed a large difference in the distribution of attachment classification between children with ADHD and those without ADHD. Regression analysis, however, showed no independent effect on ADHD when externalizing behavior problems were controlled for. Conclusions: Both constructs seem to be connected, however, in the investigation of the influence of attachment on the disorder, ADHD as a global construct is too unspecific. As opposed to previous studies, considering only the inattentive type, the relation might completely be moderated by externalizing behavior problems. Subsequent studies should first focus on specific symptom patterns which at best should be analyzed within longitudinal studies.

Is There an Adult Onset Type of ADHD? Issues in Establishing Persistence and Remission of ADHD from Childhood to Adulthood

Is There an Adult Onset Type of ADHD? Issues in Establishing Persistence and Remission of ADHD from Childhood to Adulthood

Prevalence, correlates, psychiatric comorbidities, and suicidality in a community population with problematic Internet use

We examined the prevalence, correlates, and psychiatric comorbidities of community-dwelling subjects with problematic Internet use (PIU). In an epidemiological survey of mental disorders among Korean adults conducted in 2006, 6510 subjects (aged 18–64 years) completed the Korean version of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview for DSM-IV psychiatric disorders; Diagnostic Interview Schedule exploring pathological gambling; Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale-Version 1.1 Screener; questionnaire for sleep disturbances; and questionnaire for suicidal ideations, plans, and attempts. Young's Internet Addiction Test was administered to 3212 individuals who had used the Internet within one month before the interviews in order to identify problematic Internet users (cutoff >39). The prevalence of PIU was 9.3% in the general population of South Korea. Being male, younger, never married, or unemployed were all associated with increased risks of PIU. Significant positive associations were observed between PIU and nicotine use disorders, alcohol use disorders, mood disorders, anxiety disorders, somatoform disorders, pathological gambling, adult type ADHD symptoms, sleep disturbances, suicide ideas and suicide plans compare to subjects without PIU, after controlling for socio-demographic variables. These findings suggest that careful evaluation and management of such psychiatric disorders is needed for individuals with PIU.

Electroencephalographic Findings in Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

Objective: The relationship between cognitive functions, EEG findings and epilepsy in patiens with ADHD is controversial. The aim of this study is to determine the frequency of EEG abnormality and its relationship with clinical findings of children with ADHD. Methods: A total of 434 children’s sleep and/or awake EEG who received the diagnosis of ADHD were taken regardless of seizure history. Results: A total of 21.9% epileptic and 15.2% nonepileptic discharges were detected in EEG. Epileptic discharges were found to bemore common in the attention deficit type of ADHD, in right hemisphere regions and were significantly higher in patients who had sleep EEG compared to those who had awake EEG (p<0.0001). Conclusion: The presence of EEG abnormalities in patients with ADHD is associated with clinical findings. Interictal epileptic discharges could affect cognitive functions. EEG recordings including sleep should be taken even in the absence of seizure history.