Type Locality Research Articles

Pichiciego mayor, Calyptophractus retusus (Desmarest, 1863), nuevos datos de su distribucion en Argentina

In this note we present two new localities in Argentina for one of the least known armadillos in the world, the greater fairy armadillo (Calyptophractus retusus). One locality is in Formosa province, Patino department, Campo Las Delicias, and the other in Salta, Oran department, Parque Provincial Los Palmares. In addition, we discuss the validity of the type locality of the subspecies C. r. clorindae "Tapia, in the governorate of Formosa (Argentina)", which was impossible to locate.

Taxonomic status of Lycodon subcinctus sensu lato in China (Serpentes, Colubridae)

The Malayan Banded Wolf Snake Lycodon subcinctus Boie, 1827 once included three subspecies, namely L. s. subcinctus Boie, 1827, L. s. sealei Leviton, 1955, and L. s. maculatus (Cope, 1985). Thereafter, L. s. sealei has been elevated to species level, and the taxonomic status of L. s. maculatus has not been resolved. We sequenced the mitochondrial cytochrome b (cytb) gene fragments of eight specimens of L. s. maculatus from China, including three from the adjacent areas of its type locality. Combining the sequences obtained from GenBank, we reconstructed a molecular phylogeny and reevaluated the taxonomic status of L. s. maculatus. Phylogenetic analysis revealed three highly divergent lineages within L. subcinctus sensu lato which correspond to L. subcinctus sensu stricto, L. sealei, and L. s. maculatus, respectively. Coupled with morphological comparison, we elevate L. s. maculatus to full species and redescribe it based on the type and freshly collected material.

Solar Radio Burst Detection Based on the MobileViT-SSDLite Lightweight Model

Real-time detection of solar radio bursts is crucial in solar physics research and space weather forecasting. However, current research on the automatic detection of solar radio bursts is limited to identifying the presence or absence of solar radio bursts or recognizing only a single type of burst, such as type II or III. Furthermore, existing methods cannot learn spectral and temporal features and often suffer from the drawbacks of large network models, resulting in slow speeds. This paper proposes an automatic recognition and localization method based on a lightweight object detection model for solar radio burst events. We collected observation data from e-CALLISTO and established a data set containing type II, III, IV, and V solar radio bursts. To address the real-time requirements of practical applications and consider the temporal and frequency domain information of spectrogram images, we improved a vision transformer with a self-attention mechanism and adopted a lightweight model for detection. The experimental results demonstrate that our proposed method achieves an average precision at a 50% intersection-over-union threshold of 78.2% and a recall rate of 92% on the established solar radio burst data set. Additionally, the model operates at a detection speed of 54.8 frames s–1, where a frame refers to a spectral image with a duration of 15 minutes, enabling efficient automated detection and localization of type II, III, IV, and V solar radio bursts.

Description of the unknown male of Vappolotes tianjiayu Li, Zhao & Li, 2023 (Araneae, Agelenidae, Coelotinae) from China

Vappolotes Zhao & Li, 2019 is one of the troglophilous genera, with five known species. The previous description of V. tianjiayu from China was based solely on female specimens collected from caves in the Wuling Mountains in southern China without any males. The present study, deals with the first record of the male of V. tianjiayu from its type locality: Guluo Cave. The validation of species is based on the morphological characteristics of both male and female.

Eugenia sarahchazaroi (Myrtaceae, Myrteae), a new species from the cloud forest of Mexico

Following the description of Eugenia naraveana in 2016 from the cloud forest of the Cofre de Perote volcano, Mexico, the doubt about the existence of another unlocalized and sympatric species of Eugenia remained. After years of searching, the second endemic species of the Cofre de Perote volcano, Eugenia sarahchazaroi, is presented here. It belongs to the section Umbellatae, and is described, illustrated, and compared with E. naraveana and E. coetzalensis, recently described from Veracruz, the second state with the highest diversity of Eugenia in Mexico. The species is only known from the type locality and is classified in the Critically Endangered CR B1+B2(a,biii) category of the IUCN Red List conservation assessments.

TAXONOMIC REASSESSMENT AND MORPHOLOGICAL REDESCRIPTION OF NEMATOSTRIGEA SERPENS ANNULATA (DIGENEA: STRIGEIDAE) FROM OSPREY IN NORTH AMERICA.

Digenean trematodes in the strigeid genus Nematostrigea are parasites of various birds, most often ospreys (Pandion haliaetus). Nematostrigea currently contains 2 species, Nematostrigea serpens and Nematostigea hepatica. Nematostrigea serpens is divided into 2 subspecies: N. serpens serpens from the Palearctic and Indomalayan realms and N. serpens annulata from the Nearctic realm. In the present work, we studied the type material of N. serpens annulata and collected new specimens from an osprey in Wisconsin close to the type locality. The original description and illustration of N. serpens annulata were incomplete. Herein we provide a detailed redescription and new illustrations of N. serpens annulata on the basis of the type material as well as newly collected and sequenced specimens. Nematostrigea serpens annulata has a distinct tegumental thickening near the mid-length of the genital cone, which is absent in its congeners. Partial sequences of the large ribosomal subunit (28S) DNA and cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (COI) mitochondrial DNA gene sequences were generated from our specimens of N. serpens annulata. Comparisons with previously published sequences of N. serpens serpens from the Palearctic demonstrated 2.2% difference in 28S and 3.7% in COI. On the basis of morphological and molecular comparisons, we elevate N. serpens annulata to species status and recognize it as Nematostrigea annulata Dubois and Rausch, 1948.

Taxonomic revision of the troglophile Spariolenus spiders (Araneae: Sparassidae) in South and West Asia.

The taxonomy of the genus Spariolenus Simon, 1880 (Heteropodinae) is updated in its entire distribution range in South and West Asia. Newly collected specimens and historical museum material were studied, some date back to more than 124 years. Four new species are described as Spariolenus omidvarbrothers sp. n. (male, female) from southeastern Iran, S. baluchistanicus sp. n. (female) from Pakistan and, S. bakasura sp. n. (male, female) and S. kabandha sp. n. (female) from the Western Ghats and northern regions of India, respectively; specimens of the latter three species had been previously incorrectly identified as S. tigris Simon, 1880. Spariolenus lindbergi (Roewer, 1962) comb. nov. is transferred from the genus Heteropoda Latreille, 1804. We discovered and described its male for the first time, along with redescription of the female using recently collected material near the type locality from Afghanistan. Two species, Spariolenus mansourii Moradmand, 2017 (Iran) and S. secundus Jger, 2006 (Oman) are recorded from new geographic localities. A distribution map of all extant Spariolenus species with updated records is presented.

Chloroplast genomes and ribosomal DNA provide insights into divergence and morphological evolution of alpine Tongoloa

AbstractTongoloa is a herbaceous genus of East Asia Clade (Apiaceae) distributed in the alpine regions. The use of DNA fragments has not provided a well‐resolved evolutionary history. For this research, we primarily collected samples from the type localities of Tongoloa and closely related taxa in the Hengduan Mountains. The chloroplast (cp) genomes and nuclear ribosomal (nr) DNA repeats of 27 taxa were assembled using genome skimming sequencing reads. We analyzed the characteristics of the Tongoloa cp genome, and found a remarkable expansion of the Inverted Repeats. Three genes (ndhC, ndhJ, and petG) related to photosynthesis appear to have undergone significant selective pressure. Through high‐resolution phylogenetic analysis, the cpDNA provided compelling evidence supporting the inclusion of Sinolimprichtia as an early taxon within Tongoloa. However, the nrDNA suggested that Tongoloa and Sinolimprichtia belong to distinct branches. Morphological analysis showed that Tongoloa has broadly oval fruits with a cordate base, whereas the fruits of Sinolimprichtia are long‐obovate with an obtuse base. The specific fruit morphology of Sinolimprichtia was found to be nested within Tongoloa in the cpDNA phylogenetic tree. Ancient introgression and chloroplast capture provide the most plausible explanation for the significant conflict between the nrDNA and cpDNA phylogenies. Our study highlights the potential impact of the complex evolutionary history of Tongoloa on the challenges encountered in previous taxonomic treatments.

Judahella kangpla: a new marine ostracod from the Upper Triassic of Thailand

The record of Mesozoic marine ostracods from South-East Asia is poorly known. This lack of data has led to uncertainty regarding their diversity and geographical distribution during this key interval of the Phanerozoic. Here, we report ostracod fossils from the Rong Kwang-Ngao highway section in northern Thailand, type locality for Upper Triassic (Carnian) Kang Pla Formation of the Lampang Group. The studied material comprises almost 100 specimens, most representing a new species, Judahella kangpla sp. nov., which is the first to be formally described from the Upper Triassic of Thailand. The morphology of Judahella kangpla, together with its diagnostic normal pore pattern and sexual dimorphism are discussed. The stratigraphical and geographical distribution of Judahella from the Upper Permian to Upper Triassic is summarized. Although preliminary, our work adds significant information to the biodiversity of marine ostracods during the Triassic along the eastern Tethyan coast. Marie-Béatrice Forel [marie-beatrice.forel@mnhn.fr], Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, CR2P, MNHN-CNRS-Sorbonne Université, 8 rue Buffon (CP38), 75005 Paris, France; Anisong Chitnarin [anisong@sut.ac.th], School of Geotechnology, Institute of Engineering, Suranaree University of Technology, 111 University Avenue, Mueang District, Nakhon Ratchasima Province 30000, Thailand.

Calcium isotopic variability in hotspot lavas controlled by partial melting and source lithological heterogeneity

Crustal recycling can induce significant chemical and lithological heterogeneity of the mantle. Ocean island basalts (OIBs) are the surface expressions of rising mantle plumes from the Earth's deep interior and thus can be a probe of the compositional heterogeneity in the deep mantle. Endmember OIBs sampled the most isotopically extreme mantle components including EM1 (Enriched mantle 1), EM2 (Enriched mantle 2), HIMU (high μ; μ =238U/204Pb), and FOZO (Focus zone), but the lithological properties of their source regions are still not well understood. Here we explore the potential of stable calcium (Ca) isotopes in identifying mantle source lithology by investigating OIBs from the type localities for the several mantle components. We find that the δ44/40Ca values of classic HIMU OIBs (0.77 ± 0.09‰; 2SD, N = 15) and Louisville FOZO OIBs (0.78 ± 0.06‰; 2SD, N = 4) are indistinguishable from the average MORB (mid-ocean ridge basalt) value (0.84 ± 0.09‰; 2SD, N = 31), while the δ44/40Ca values of the Pitcairn EM1 (0.65–0.72‰) and the Samoan (Tutuila) EM2 OIBs (0.61–0.71‰) are distinctly lower than those of MORBs. Such Ca isotopic distinction cannot be attributed to magmatic differentiation because the EM1 and EM2 OIBs have obviously lower δ44/40Ca values than the HIMU and FOZO OIBs even at a same MgO content. Equilibrium fractionation during partial melting of garnet peridotite with bulk silicate Earth (BSE) δ44/40Ca (0.94 ± 0.05‰) can explain the Ca isotopic compositions of the HIMU and FOZO OIBs but is unable to reproduce the Ca isotopic variation of all OIBs in this study. Quantitative modeling suggests that the coupling of low δ44/40Ca (< 0.7‰) and high Gd/Yb (> 3.5) ratios in the EM1 and EM2 OIBs most likely points to an eclogitic source component with MORB-like or even lower δ44/40Ca (e.g., < 0.8‰), possibly reflecting contributions from recycled oceanic crust and sediments. A negative correlation between average δ44/40Ca and δ57Fe values (a useful proxy for mantle source lithology) of all endmember OIBs further confirms this proposal and highlights the significant contribution of distinct source lithologies to the Ca isotopic variations in these basalts. Therefore, our study indicates that Ca isotopes of basalts can be another promising tracer of lithological heterogeneity in the mantle.

ОПРЕДЕЛЕНИЕ РЕГИОНАЛЬНОЙ СПЕЦИАЛИЗАЦИИ КАК ИНСТРУМЕНТ УПРАВЛЕНИЯ ПРОМЫШЛЕННЫМ РАЗВИТИЕМ

The paper presents methodological tools developed by the author for assessing the effectiveness of regulation and the balance of the region industrial development by determining its promising industrial specialization. The methodology is based on the calculation of the coefficients of localization and growth of industrial types of economic activity in the region, comparing their dynamics. The use of the developed methodological tools makes it possible to obtain not only a numerical assessment of the specialization of the region, which can be used for the purposes of comparative analysis in the spatial planning of the location of production and the development of appropriate regional investment strategies, but also a reasonable analytical conclusion on the effectiveness of regulating industrial development in the region. The indisputable advantages of the developed methodological tools include the simplicity of its application, the unambiguity of the obtained assessment, the availability of algorithmization possibilities for its interpretation. At the same time, it should be noted that the results obtained indicate not only the level of the current, but also the prospective specialization of the region, since in addition to the indicator of industrial production, the main factors of growth that determine its dynamics are also taken into account.

Fourteen new species of the genus Nesamblyops Jeannel (Coleoptera: Carabidae: Anillini) from the South Island of New Zealand with redescription of the genus and description of a new subtribe.

Fourteen new species of flightless litter ground beetles of the tribe Anillini, genus Nesamblyops, from the South Island of New Zealand, are described. The only hitherto described species from the South Island, Nesamblyops subcaecus (Broun), is similar to the new species from Southland, N. viator n. sp. (type locality: New Zealand, South Island, Fiordland, Resolution Island), based on the structure of male genitalia. The species assembly inhabiting the northwest corner of the South Island comprises two partly sympatric groups composed of three related allopatric species each. The first group includes N. canaanensis n. sp. (type locality: New Zealand, South Island, Nelson, Abel Tasman National Park, Canaan area), N. hobbit n. sp. (type locality: New Zealand, South Island, Nelson, Kahurangi National Park, Mt Domett), and N. ovipennis n. sp. (type locality: New Zealand, South Island, Nelson, Kahurangi National Park, Mt Arthur). The second group represents another lineage and contains N. rotundicollis n. sp. (type locality: New Zealand, South Island, Nelson, Kahurangi National Park, Onekaka area), N. solitarius n. sp. (type locality: New Zealand, South Island, West Coast, western foothills of Victoria Range, Capleston area), and N. subrufus n. sp. (type locality: New Zealand, South Island, West Coast, Upper Buller Gorge, Dublin Terrace). Three additional species known from the northwest corner of the South Island, based on the structure of male genitalia, are unrelated to each other and remaining species of the region. These are N. karamea n. sp. (type locality: New Zealand, South Island, West Coast, Kahurangi National Park, the Karamea River Gorge area), N. montanus n. sp. (type locality: New Zealand, South Island, Nelson, Kahurangi National Park, Lake Sylvester area), and N. kuscheli n. sp. (type locality: New Zealand, South Island, Nelson, Kahurangi National Park, Mt Arthur). The latter species is presumably closely related to the species from the central parts of the West Coast, N. moorei n. sp., (type locality: New Zealand, South Island, West Coast, Ngahere area, Mawhera Forest). Additionally, the central part of the West Coast is inhabited by a small group of two species, N. disjunctus n. sp. (type locality: New Zealand, South Island, West Coast, E slope of the Paparoa Range, Fletcher Creek area), and N. victoriae n. sp. (type locality: New Zealand, South Island, West Coast, Victoria Range, Capleston area). According to the structure of the male genitalia, this group represents a separate lineage within the genus. The most unusual structure of male genitalia belongs to a species without eyes, a trait previously unknown in Nesamblyops, N. magnificus n. sp. (type locality: New Zealand, South Island, Coastal Otago, Allison Conservation Area) that inhabits the southeast corner of the South Island. Digital images of habitus, body parts, drawings of genitalia, as well as distribution maps are provided for all described species. Morphological evidence of the isolated position of Nesamblyops within the tribe Anillini is discussed, with a focus on the morphological comparison of Nesamblyops with the members of Anillini, Tachyini, Bembidiini, Zolini, and Sinozolini, and on the data of published molecular analyses. A new subtribe for the representatives of the genus, Nesamblyopina, n. subtr., is proposed; the newly discovered morphological characters have been incorporated in the redescription of the genus.

Cephalanthera yintiaolingensis (Orchidaceae, Epidendroidee, Neottieae), a new mycoheterotrophic orchid from Northeast Chongqing, China

A new species of Orchidaceae, Cephalanthera yintiaolingensis, is described and illustrated from a nature reserve of Karst region in Northeast Chongqing, Southwest China. Morphologically, it is related to both C. exigua and C. subaphylla in habit and floral morphology. However, it differs from C. exigua by lip having obvious spur, flabellate middle lobe with five to seven lamellae, from C. subaphylla by lacking green blade in its sheath-like leaves, flabellate middle lobe, and obtuse apex in both sepals and petals. Cephalanthera yintiaolingensis was only found in type locality and was assessed as Data Deficient (DD).  

A new genus and species in the diverse dung beetle tribe Onthophagini Streubel, 1846 (Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae) from South Africa.

A new dung beetle genus and species is described and pictured following its recent discovery on a farm in South Africa. Hathor spinosa Deschodt, new species belongs to the subfamily Scarabaeinae, tribe Onthophagini Streubel, 1846, it shows a unique set of characters. A map is provided to show the type locality of the new genus and species that has a putative association with ants.

The trace fossil Thalassinoides paradoxicus Kennedy, 1967 revisited from its type locality (Albian-Cenomanian chalk, SE England)

The trace fossil Thalassinoides includes ichnospecies that have been recognised for a long time and widely used in the interpretation of depositional systems. Despite its broad occurrence, the ichnotaxonomic status of this important ichnogenus is far from being unmistakable, which in turn hampers its application in palaeoenvironmental reconstructions. One of the most common ichnospecies is Thalassinoides paradoxicus, originally described from the Paradoxica Bed of the Lower Chalk in the Hunstanton Cliff in SE England. To demarcate this characteristic form from similar ichnospecies, T. paradoxicus is reexamined and described from its type locality. It is characterised by an ‘irregular, very extensive horizontal burrow network, occurring at several levels, connected by vertical shafts’ (Kennedy), but its morphological variability also includes a range of significant architectural elements as well as burrow portions with a laminated wall, scratches and pellets. A series of colonisation events along omission surfaces can be reconstructed based on the occurrence of several burrow generations. T. paradoxicus is an important constituent of shallow-marine environments and subtle variations in morphology may help to constrain facies interpretations. Based on modern analogues and finds of body fossils within their burrows, decapod crustaceans (foremost callianassid shrimp) are known producers of T. paradoxicus from the Mesozoic onwards, whereas older records can be attributed to other malacostracans but also trilobites.

Two new species of Cnemaspis Strauch, 1887 (Squamata: Gekkonidae) from southern India.

We describe two new species of Cnemaspis from Alagarkovil, Madurai District and Mekkarai, Shenkottai, Tenkasi, southern India, based on molecular and morphological data. The new species differ from their congeners by genetic divergences of 4.816.1% and 14.831.6% for the ND2 mitochondrial gene. Two new species belong to the Cnemaspis gracilis and Cnemaspis beddomei clades, respectively. Molecular data for the newly described Cnemaspis aaronbaueri from its type locality is also presented, and its phylogenetic position is established.

Chironius scurrula, the correct nomen for Chironius scurrulus (Squamata, Serpentes, Colubridae), with a list of the correct spellings of specific epithets currently in use in this genus

The correct epithet of the snake species so far known as Chironius scurrulus Wagler in Spix, 1824 is shown to be scurrula, as it is not an adjective but a noun in apposition to the generic substantive, therefore invariable. This case prompted us to review the grammatical status of the epithets of the 23 species currently considered valid in the genus Chironius Fitzinger, 1826. Only about 56.5 % of these epithets turned out to be adjectives agreeing in gender with the generic nomina with which they are combined. Although this proportion will be very variable from one zoological genus to another, it is likely that in genera with a high number of species (10‒20 or more), some epithets will not agree in gender with the genus nomina. In order to avoid subsequent corrections in the spellings of epithets (and therefore ‘nomenclatural instability’), taxonomists are therefore encouraged to pay attention to this question. As a consequence of this survey, we also provide new information on a few miscellaneous questions: the author of the type species designation for Chironius; the author, date, type specimen and type locality of the nominal taxon Chironius flavolineatus; and the etymology and status of the epithets of the bionomina Chironius foveatus and Chironius leucometapus.

An updated world checklist of velvet worms (Onychophora) with notes on nomenclature and status of names.

More than a decade has passed since the publication of the only world checklist available for Onychophora. During this period, numerous nomenclatural acts and taxonomic changes have been suggested within the group and a wealth of novel data has been published on many taxa. Herein, the up-to-date taxonomic scenario within Onychophora is presented, with appraisal of name status. This checklist covers both extant (Peripatidae and Peripatopsidae) and fossil taxa, and each species is accompanied by information on synonyms, type designation, holotype location, type locality, and language of original description. Additional remarks include nomenclatural inconsistencies, synonymizations, name misspellings, conflicting collecting event data, availability of taxonomically informative molecular data, etc. According to the data, 237 species are currently assigned to Onychophora: 140 of Peripatopsidae, 92 of Peripatidae, and five fossil species with unclear relationship to extant taxa. Since the previous checklist, 37 species have been added to Onychophora, representing an increase of 18.5% in the diversity described for the group. Yet, taxonomic descriptions seem slow-paced, with an average of 3.6 onychophoran species being described annually. From the taxonomic standpoint, 216 species are valid, although many of them require morphological revision and molecular characterization; 21 species exhibit major taxonomic ambiguities and have been regarded as nomina dubia. Recurrent taxonomic issues identified in the literature include inaccurate collecting event data, doubtful taxonomic assignment of molecular sequences, and non-observance of nomenclatural rules. These and other taxonomic aspects are addressed herein in the light of the directives established by the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature.

Taxonomía del género Arachis (Leguminosae)

Almost 100 years elapsed between Linnaeus' naming the then lone species of Arachis (A. hypogaea L.), known to Europeans, and the first taxonomic treatment of the genus by Benthamin 1841. During the next 100 years five to ten additional species descriptions appeared,assigning different species to the same names,different names to the same species. By mid20th century, it was impossible to examine anyherbarium collection of Arachis and assign any epithet with any assurance to any specimen (which was not a type collection) except to A. hypogaea, A. guaranitica, A. tuberosa and A. villosulicarpa. In our treatment the Iiterature of this botanical chaos in Arachis is reviewed in detail and an assessment is made of the foundations for its occurrence. It is shown that the bases for the confusion lay in the combination of the esoteric nature of the differentiating morphological features of Arachis, the fragmentary early collections and the representation of species by seedling specimens. Also, it is related how, in 1959, we decided to re-explore the type locality of each species then known, collect therein complete plant specimens and thereby resolve the problem. Thirty five years, two generations of plant collectors and around 2000 collections later we present here 69 species descriptions of Arachis, species distributed in South America east of the Andes, south of the Amazon, north of La Plata and from NW Argentina to NE Brazil. We soon discovered that the most significant characters of Arachis lay in their underground structures, including their fruits, rhizomatous stems, root systems and hypocotyls. We showed that these defining characters tended to cluster the collections into groups which were associated with generally different geographic areas and ecological features. We drew a sample of 100 collections representing these c1usters, areas and features and arranged them in a hybridization diallel and showed, in crosses between collections representing different c1usters of characters, areas and features, a remarkable number of complete failures to cross-fertilize and in those hybrids which were recovered a high degree of F1 hybrid infertility. When these cross-incompatibilities and pollen infertilities were combined with the data on character-clustering, the nine distinct sections of the genus presented here then crystallized. Figures imposed upon maps of South America iIIustrate the geographic distributions of these sections. The collections were then assigned to the different sections on the bases of crossincompatibility and exo-morphologic character clustering. When these groups were made the esoteric characteristics, referred to aboye, so confounding when applied across sectionallines, became highly pertinent when applied to the problema of species differentiation between collections within sections. These, applied in conjunction with chromosome cytology, chromatographic and antigenic reactions, variations in intra-sectional hybrid fertility and adaptations of plant form and annual and perennial habit, allowed us to assemble the following taxa of the genus Arachis: Section 1. TR/ERECTO/DES nov.: 1. A. guaranitica, 2. A. tuberosa. Section 11. ERECTO/DES nov.: 3. A. Martií, 4. A. brevipetio/ata nov., 5. A. Oteroi nov., 6. A. Hatschbach;i nov., 7. A. cryptopotamica nov., 8. A. majar nov., 9. A. Benthamií, 10. A. douradiana nov., 11. A. gracilis nov., 12. A. Hermannií nov., 13. A. Archer; nov., 14. A. stenophylla nov., 15a. A. paraguariensis subsp. paraguariensis, 15b. A. paraguariensis subsp. capibarensis nov. Section 111. EXTRANERVOSAE nov.: 16. A. setinervosa nov., 17. A. Macedoi nov., 18. A. marginata, 19. A. prostrata, 20. A. lutescens, 21. A. retusa nov., 22. A. Burchellii nov., 23. A. Pietrarellii nov., 24. A. villosulicarpa. Section IV. TRISEMINATAE nov.: 25. A. triseminata nov.. Section V. HETERANTHAE nov.: 26. A. Giacomettii nov., 27. A. sylvestris, 28. A. pusilla, 29. A. Dardani nov. Section VI CAULORRHIZAE nov.: 30. A. repens, 31. A. Pintoi nov.. Section VII. PROCUMBENTES nov.: 32. A. lignosa nov. comb., 33. A. Kretschmeri nov., 34. A. Rigonii, 35. A. chiquitana nov., 36. A. matiensis nov., 37. A. appressipi/a nov., 38. A. Vallsii nov., 39. A. subcoriacea nov. Section VIII. RHIZOMATOSAEnov., Series. PRORHIZOMATOSAEnov.: 40. A. Burkartii. Series. RHIZOMATOSAE nov.: 41. A. pseudovillosa nov. comb., 42a. A. glabrata varo glabrata, 42b. A. glabrata varo Hagenbeckii. Section IX. ARACHIS: 43. A. glandulifera, 44. A. cruziana nov., 45. A. monticola, 46. A. magna nov., 47. A. ipaensis nov., 48. A. valida nov., 49. A. Williamsii nov., 50. A. Batizocoi, 51. A. duranensis nov., 52. A. Hoehnei nov., 53. A. stenosperma nov., 54. A. praecox nov., 55. A. palustris nov., 56. A. benensis nov., 57. A. trinitensis nov., 58. A. decora nov., 59. A. Herzogii nov., 60. A. microsperma nov., 61. A. vil/osa, 62. A. helodes, 63. A. correntina nov. comb., 64. A. Simpsonii nov., 65. A. Cardenasii nov., 66. A. Kempff-Mercadoi nov., 67. A. Diogoi, 68. A. Kuhlmannii nov., 69a. A hypogaea subsp. hypogaea varo 1. hypogaea, var.2. hirsuta, 69b. A. hypogaea subsp. fastigiata var.1. fastigiata, var.2. peruviana nov., var.3. aequatoriana nov., varA. vulgaris. .The autogamous reproductive systems, agametic reproduction, underground fruiting habit and the limited means of seed dispersal are shown to be logically tied to the drift in chromosomal organization which gives rise to noticeable increases in infertility in crosses between different collections of the same species, to a variably higher infertility in crosses between species within sections, to a near total infertility in crosses between species from different sections. The evolutionary and phylogenetic relationships between the different sections are discussed and are further shown in a sequence of diagrams illustrating ideas presented. It is evident that the genetic distances separating the sections are far from being of the same magnitude.The presumably older (Triseminatae, Trierectoides, Erectoides, Extranervosae, and Heteranthae sections, except for section Erectoides, are much more isolated from the remaining sections and each other than those taken to be of more recent origin (Procumbentes, Caulorrhizae, Rhizomatosae, and Arachis). Arachis section is by far the largest section, containing about 40% of the species described. Species of the section appearto be spreading to newterritory and to be invading areas occupied by species of other sections. They grow intermixed with populations of Extranervosae in the. upper Paraguay basin and occupy common ground with section Procumbentes in the Gran Pantanal. They have reached the shores of La Plata and the southeastern coast of Brazil and grow from Yala in NW Argentina to the Tocantins in NE Brazil. They contain the world-wide cultivar A. hypogaea. Essentially every published work on the botanical history and taxonomy of Arachis is presented in individual specimen references and in the general bibliography. The history of A. hypogaea from the early 16th century to more recent times along with the common names in several native American languages provide a perspective on the antiquity of this cultivar and the level of civilization required for its creation. Six appendices provide supporting data and matters of record. Diagnostic keys to the sections and to the species within each section select the more sharply distinguishing guidesto the sections and species. Nineteen line drawings capture the sectional and species structures of whole plants, root systems, fruit orientations, agametic reproductions from fruiting structures, carpel shapes and surface features of leaves and stems.

Role of Akt/Protein Kinase B in Cancer Metastasis.

Metastasis is a critical step in the process of carcinogenesis and a vast majority of cancer-related mortalities result from metastatic disease that is resistant to current therapies. Cell migration and invasion are the first steps of the metastasis process, which mainly occurs by two important biological mechanisms, i.e., cytoskeletal remodelling and epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT). Akt (also known as protein kinase B) is a central signalling molecule of the PI3K-Akt signalling pathway. Aberrant activation of this pathway has been identified in a wide range of cancers. Several studies have revealed that Akt actively engages with the migratory process in motile cells, including metastatic cancer cells. The downstream signalling mechanism of Akt in cell migration depends upon the tumour type, sites, and intracellular localisation of activated Akt. In this review, we focus on the role of Akt in the regulation of two events that control cell migration and invasion in various cancers including head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) and the status of PI3K-Akt pathway inhibitors in clinical trials in metastatic cancers.