Types Of Wind Turbines Research Articles

WIND RESOURCE ASSESSMENT IN SOUTHERN ALBANIA: DATA COMPARISONS FROM THE BALKAN AND NEW EUROPEAN WIND ATLASES

This article describes a new method to more accurately evaluate the wind potential of 5 areas of interest in southern Albania. Using the WAsP simulation program, the authors were able to compare the wind data from the Balkan Wind Atlas (BWA) and the New European Wind Atlas (NEWA) to real wind measurements in Mamaj, Tepelenë, and showed that NEWA is closer to real wind conditions in Albania than BWA. Furthermore, by analyzing wind speed, power density and wind direction, the authors illustrate BWA and NEWA match closely in the five areas of interest in Albania, although BWA tends to overestimate wind potential more. The wind power class was evaluated and four from the five areas of interest were deemed appropriate for establishing wind farms. The authors analyzed eight different wind turbine types and identified the wind turbine with the highest capacity factor for the region to be SG 2.1-114 wind turbine. The potential electricity production from the proposed wind farms was evaluated using the RETScreen Expert program. This research allows for experts to more confidently use wind atlas data to evaluate wind potential in the region of Southern Albania. Finally, these results confirm the electricity potential from building wind farms in the areas of interest, which will contribute to the fulfillment of energy demand in the country and reduce imports in the energy sector.

A novel composed method of cleaning anomy data for improving state prediction of wind turbine

Improving the efficiency of wind turbine state prediction is an important goal of wind energy utilization. But much of abnormal data existing in supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) seriously affects the health state prediction of wind turbine. In this paper, a new composed method is proposed to clean SACAD data according to abnormal data type of wind turbine. In proposed composed method, a preprocessing method is first presented to get rid of outliers of power curve based on operational mechanism, and a new data cleaning method called TTLOF (Thompson tau-local outlier factor) is proposed to quantify particularly data points and eliminate outliers by setting correlation parameter thresholds. In TTLOF cleaning data, Empirical copula-based mutual information (ECMI) is used to select correlation parameters for anomaly characteristic assessments, and each parameter interval is divided for performing segmentation fine cleaning which can reduce the model complexity of identifying anomaly characteristics. Finally, a deep learning network which is long short-term memory (LSTM) is used to verify the effectiveness of the proposed data cleaning method. By analyzing the state monitoring results, it is shown the proposed composed method is more effective for cleaning anomy data than other methods.

Optimisation of Highly Efficient Composite Blades for Retrofitting Existing Wind Turbines

Currently, wind energy, a reliable, affordable, and clean energy source, contributes to 16% of Europe’s electricity. A typical modern wind turbine design lifespan is 20 years. In European Union countries, the number of wind turbines reaching 20 years or older will become significant beyond 2025. This research study presents a methodology aiming to upgrade rotor blades for existing wind turbines to extend the turbine life. This methodology employs blade element momentum theory, finite element analysis, genetic algorithm, and direct screen methods to optimise the blade external geometry and structural design, with the main objective to increase the blade power capture efficiency and enhance its structural performance. Meanwhile, the compatibility between the blade and the existing rotor of the wind turbine is considered during the optimisation. By applying this methodology to a 225 kW wind turbine, an optimal blade, which is compatible with the turbine hub, is proposed with the assistance of physical testing data. The optimised blade, which benefits from high-performance carbon-fibre composite material and layup optimisation, has a reduced tip deflection and self-weight of 48% and 31%, respectively, resulting in a significant reduction in resources, while improving its structural performance. In addition, for the optimised blade, there is an improvement in the power production of approximately 10.5% at a wind speed of 11 m/s, which results in an increase of over 4.2% in average annual power production compared to the existing turbine, without changing the blade length. Furthermore, an advanced aero-elastic-based simulation is conducted to ensure the changes made to the blade can guarantee an operation life of at least 20 years, which is equivalent to that of the reference blade.

Potentials of game engines for wind power digital twin development: an investigation of the Unreal Engine

Digital twin technologies have become popular in wind energy for monitoring and what-if scenario investigation. However, developing a digital representation of the wind is challenging, especially due to the digital twin platform constraints. Game engines might be possible to solve this issue, especially since game engines have been used for product design, testing, prototyping, and also digital twins. Therefore, this study investigates the potential of developing a digital twin of wind power in the Unreal game engine. A case study of two types of wind turbines (Vestas V164-8 and Enercon E-126 7.580) and one location (Esbjerg, Denmark) is chosen for this study. The digital twin includes the environment with historical wind data and the visual representation of the wind turbine with a wind power production model and the estimated production in the given wind conditions of the area. The results show that game engines are viable for building entire digital twins where a realistic graphical user interface is required. Unreal Engine 5 provides the tools for modelling the landscape, surrounding water, and lighting. In addition, the Unreal Engine ecosystem provides vast amounts of content, such as 3D assets and game logic plugins, easing the digital twin development. The results prove that digital twins built in Unreal Engine 5 have great potential development of digital twins and user interfaces for communicating with a digital twin. The developed digital twin allows for further extension to benefit future digital twins utilizing wind turbines.

Desain Dan Simulasi Turbin Angin Savonius Dengan Konfigurasi Rotor Tipe L Dan Tipe Helix Sebagai Sumber Listrik Lampu PJU Pelabuhan Perikanan Cikidang Pangandaran Jawa Barat

Cikidang Fishing Port, Pangandaran, West Java is located in the southern region of Java island which is directly opposite the Indian Ocean which has the potential for energy development, one of which is from wind. Wind is one of the natural resources that can be used as an alternative power generation source as a substitute for conventional fuel. From the results of observations on the average wind speed for seven days of v = 4.8 m/s. Based on the results of observations, a vertical axis wind turbine, namely Savonius, is planned as the drive of the power plant generator, with configurations in the shape of the rotor, namely the L type and helix type. In type L with a diameter of 1.1 meters, a height of 1.4 meters can receive kinetic energy = 60.96 Joules which has the potential to produce a rotor power of 110.87 Watts. While in the Helix type with a diameter of 1.1 meters, a height of 1.4 meters can receive 82,63 Joules which has the potential to produce a rotor power of 159.32 Watts. In the static structural simulation, for the Savonius L type wind turbine rotor with Aluminum Alloy material, it showed a total deformation of 12.239 mm, an equivalent elastic strain of 2.1252 x 10-4 mm, and an equivalent stress of 14.973 MPa at a rotor rotation speed of 83.4 RPM with a wind thrust force of 25.4 Newton. The Savonius Helix type wind turbine rotor with Aluminum Alloy material showed a total deformation of 11.74 mm equivalent elastic strain of 1.5941 x 10-5 mm, and an equivalent stress of 18.75 MPa at a rotor rotation speed of 83.4 RPM with a wind thrust force of 34.43 Newton.

Energy system design of offshore natural gas hydrates mining platforms considering multi-period floating wind farm optimization and production profile fluctuation

Natural gas hydrate has potentially become a clean energy source that can replace fossil fuels in the future. Offshore natural gas hydrates mining platforms are usually energy-intensive and wind power has been used as the main source of energy supply. However, there have been a limited number of studies investigating the energy systems in these offshore platforms, and the optimal implementation of wind turbines has not been considered. In this work, a floating wind farm is combined with gas turbines to supply energy for the natural gas hydrate mining platform. Since the position of floating wind turbines can be adjusted, a multi-period optimization method is proposed to consider the changes in wind resources and production profiles in different periods. In addition, the performances of different types of wind turbines are also investigated in the optimization. The minimum total cost of energy is set as the objective function in this method. Considering that the number and layout of wind turbines are affected by moving costs. When the moving costs per unit distance is 40 €/MW, the results showed that six wind turbines are required for stable operation of the platform, and the power generated by the wind turbines accounts for 77.59% of the total power supply in the whole period. From the results of case, compared with directly burning natural gas, wind power generation can effectively reduce the power generation cost of the platform.

Design of wind power plant with a turbine capacity of 300 Watt

Wind is a renewable energy source that is abundant and can be used for areas that have not been reached by electricity. Wind power plants can be used to meet household-scale electricity needs. The purpose of this study is to design, test, and analyze wind power plants as an alternative power source for home lighting. This research method uses a horizontal type wind turbine that has 3 blades, a three-phase AC permanent magnet generator type wind turbine that can generate electricity up to 300-310 Watts. The results of the wind turbine design have worked well. Testing the voltage and current from the controller to the battery produces the highest voltage of 14 Volts, with a current of 1.38 Ampere at a wind speed of 4.1 m/s. The higher the wind speed, the higher the voltage and current. The magnitude of the DC and AC voltages is determined by the wind speed and also when it is loaded.

Understanding the near and post-stall behavior of wind turbine blade airfoils through multi-fidelity CFD simulations: the case of S809 airfoil

For many years, wind turbine blade experts have based their designs on airfoil polars obtained with panel methods. These are quick to be set and sufficiently robust. On the other hand, their accuracy intrinsically decreases after stall, where simple post-stall extrapolation functions are introduced. Also, the complex shapes of wind turbine blade airfoils, especially the thick ones for use near the hub, introduce challenging simulation requirements at low Reynolds (Re) numbers. Both these issues are now coming at hand in many modern wind energy applications, like for example in stall-controlled small turbines or in utility-scale rotors experiencing extreme loading in parked conditions. Overall, it is acknowledged that higher-accuracy airfoil polars are needed to keep the reliability of engineering design methods high. The present study aims at numerically investigating the potential impact of high-fidelity, Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) techniques in predicting the near and post-stall behavior of a typical wind turbine blade airfoil in comparison to both state-of-the-art panel methods and RANS CFD approaches. To this end, the ubiquitous S809 test case has been selected, as it is known to be particularly challenging and for which experimental data have been available from the literature. More specifically, an extended analysis has been first carried out using a RANS approach (both steady and unsteady) to assess the sensitivity on the main simulation settings, with particular focus on turbulence closure. Then, a few high-fidelity simulations based on both the traditional DDES and the innovative LBM approaches have been performed to investigate the rate of improvement in modeling the underlying physics when the airfoil operates in the post-stall regime. Finally, a critical analysis of the different approaches is carried out and the prospects for wind energy applications are discussed.

Techno-economic assessment of green ammonia production with different wind and solar potentials

This paper focuses on developing a fast-solving open-source model for dynamic power-to-X plant techno-economic analysis and analysing the method bias that occurs when using other state-of-the-art power-to-X cost calculation methods. The model is a least-cost optimisation of investments and operation-costs, taking as input techno-economic data, varying power profiles and hourly grid prices. The fuel analysed is ammonia synthesised from electrolytic hydrogen produced with electricity from photovoltaics, wind turbines or the grid. Various weather profiles and electrolyser technologies are compared. The calculated costs are compared with those derived using methods and assumptions prevailing in most literature. Optimisation results show that a semi-islanded set-up is the cheapest option and can reduce the costs up to 23% compared to off-grid systems but leads to e-fuels GHG emissions similar to fossil fuels with today’s electricity blend. For off-grid systems, estimating costs using solar or wind levelized cost of electricity and capacity factors to derive operating hours leads to costs overestimation up to 30%. The cheapest off-grid configuration reaches production costs of 842 €/tNH3. For comparison, the ”grey” ammonia price was 250 €/tNH3 in January 2021 and 1500 €/tNH3 in April 2022 (Western Europe). The optimal power mix is found to always include photovoltaic with 1-axis tracking and sometimes different types of onshore wind turbines at the same site. For systems fully grid connected, approximating a highly fluctuating electricity price by a yearly average and assuming a constant operation leads to a small cost (<4%) overestimation compared to the more advanced optimisation method applied here .

DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF VERTICAL HELIX SAVONIUS WIND TURBINE FOR PUBLIC STREET LIGHTING

Wind power generator for lighting public roads in Tambakrejo Village, Sumbermanjing District, Malang Regency in order to minimize the level of traffic accidents. This power plant utilizes wind resources that blow to drive a wind turbine generator that will produce electrical energy. The use of wind to become electrical energy is designed from a vertical helix savonius type wind turbine as a medium for receiving wind gusts that will drive a generator to create electrical energy. The advantage of this helix savonius wind turbine can accommodate all cardinal directions because it has 2 blades that rotate 180. The role of the battery is to store electrical energy before it is distributed for public street lighting. Wind turbines or wind power plants are one of the renewable energy sources that are environmentally friendly and are starting to be widely developed at this time. In the storage and use of this electrical energy, it is very necessary to pay attention so that there is no overcharging / overcharge and excess usage / overdischarge. Therefore, the charge controller battery charging setting is used which will regulate charging or discharging. From the battery it will be connected to the Photocell for automatic control when it is dark and the light will turn on.

Influence of Tip Speed Ratio on the efficiency of Savonius wind turbine with deformable blades

Improving machines efficiency and searching for their new applications are the main topics in the development of the renewable energy industry. In the case of Savonius type wind turbines, the works aim at the improvement of aerodynamic performance. The CFD simulations of a turbine equipped with deformable blades showed a significant positive impact of this enhancement on the machine aerodynamic efficiency. Previously, the investigation was carried out for a TSR (Tip Speed Ratio) equal to 0.8, typically recognized as the point of maximal efficiency for conventional Savonius wind turbines with rigid blades. However, the continuously altering shape of blades during their rotation can influence the optimal TSR. Therefore, the efficiency of the deformable blade turbine was investigated in a wide range of TSR. In this paper, the previously developed quasi-2D model with a two-way Fluid-Structure Interaction method was employed to obtain turbine efficiency characteristics as a function of TSR. The maximum power coefficient Cp was achieved at TSR = 0.9. Obtained characteristic was compared with data for a conventional rigid blades turbine, gathered with a comparable sliding mesh model.

CFD-Study of the H-Rotor Darrius wind turbine performance in Drag-Lift and lift Regime: Impact of Type, thickness and chord length of blades

The high power coefficient of the Darrius vertical axis wind turbine lift regime has prompted researchers to concentrate their efforts on this regime, despite the fact that these turbines suffer from major problems in the drag-lift regime. In the present study, in addition to exploring the performance of the Darrius type wind turbine at blade tip speeds Ratio above 1, the effect of design factors on its performance at TSRs below 1 is also investigated. The results were extracted from numerical analysis recruiting Fluent software and the k-w SST turbulence model. The effect of blade type, thickness, and chord length on turbine performance has been investigated. The blade angle of attack (AOA) at TSR less than one was calculated using a new equation, and the results were evaluated. The numerical study of the Darrius wind turbine showed that increasing the chord length for symmetric and asymmetric airfoils from 0.1 to 0.2 m enhances the turbine performance in drag-lift regime, whereas decreasing chord length improves turbine performance at higher TSRs. The blade with a curvature of 4 % and a chord length of 0.1 m has the best performance at TSR 2.25. Increasing the thickness from 18 to 22 % of chord length exerts a negative influence on the turbine's performance in both regimes, and at lower TSRs, NACA0018 airfoil with a chord length of 0.2 m was of the optimum performance in the drag-lift regime.

Modified Approach of Manufacturer's Power Curve Based on Improved Bins and K-Means++ Clustering.

The ideal wind turbine power curve provided by the manufacturer cannot monitor the practical performance of wind turbines accurately in the engineering stage; in this paper, a modified approach of the wind turbine power curve is proposed based on improved Bins and K-means++ clustering. By analyzing the wind speed-power data collected by the supervisory control and data acquisition system (SCADA), the relationship between wind speed and output is compared and elaborated on. On the basis of data preprocessing, an improved Bins method for equal frequency division of data is proposed, and the results are clustered through K-means++. Then, the wind turbine power curve correction is realized by data weighting and regression analysis. Finally, an example is given to show that the power curve of the same type of wind turbines, which, installed in different locations, are discrepant and different from the MPC, and the wind turbine power curve obtained by using this method can reflect the output characteristics of the wind turbine operating more effectively in a complex environment.

Power system stability improvement considering drive train oscillations of virtual synchronous generator‐regulated type‐4 wind turbines

The type-4 wind turbine generators (WTGs) can provide inertial frequency response by implementing the virtual synchronous generator (VSG) concept. However, unstable torsional oscillations (TOs) would be induced in the multi-mass-spring drive-train which can destabilize the entire power system. In this study, participation factor analyses are performed for a power system inclusive of a thermal unit and aggregated WTG system. The system's eigenvalues are characterized and the possible detrimental impacts of TOs on the inertia provision process and overall power system stability are demonstrated and the related stability limits are identified. A comprehensive active torsional oscillations damper (CA-TOD) and a supercapacitor-based energy storage system (ESS) are presented and discussed to implement the CA-TOD. A state of charge (SoC) regulator is also employed to set the reference speed difference for the turbine-generator. Small-signal studies and electro-magnetic transient (EMT) simulations are performed to evaluate the functionality of the CA-TOD and SoC controller and estimate their impacts on the system's dynamics. The robust performance of the CA-TOD is compared to the band-pass filter-based TOD by sweeping key control parameters of the VSG and emulating drive-train parameter uncertainty. Key results are cross-verified by EMT simulations of a multimachine power system.

Shape optimization of a shrouded Archimedean-spiral type wind turbine for small-scale applications

Small-scale wind turbines are increasingly gaining importance despite they are still in the shadow of the megawatt-sized wind turbine development boom. Areas far removed from the electricity grid pose great potential for small-scale wind turbines. In such instances an Archimedean-spiral type wind turbine (ASWT) which is a new kind of horizontal-axis wind turbine maybe used for small-scale applications including off-grid power. The ASWT performance is improved in this work by designing a shroud with a flange at its inlet during an optimization technique aims to maximize the coefficient of power (Cp). The employed optimizer is an Evolutionary Algorithm over a Kriging interpolative model. A set of straight lines is applied to identify the shape of the shroud. The output power coefficient (Cp) is calculated by solving the Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equations with the SST k-Ω turbulence model using the commercial code software ANSYS-FLUENT. The simulation results are verified through GCI and validated with an experimental result. It is proved that the optimal shroud design yielded important enhancements in the Cp when it is applied to an ASWT. The results indicated that the optimal shrouded ASWT introduces a maximum Cp-value of 0.502, which is 2.58 times the Cp-value of the bare ASWT (Cp = 0.195) at λ = 2.5.

Experts versus the Public: Perceptions of Siting Wind Turbines and Performance Concerns

Experiences of wind turbines (WT) shape public perception and acceptance of the technology, influencing government policy, deployment, and land-use policies of wind turbines. This paper attempts to find changes in public perceptions over the last three decades and differences between experts and the public over different land-use options. A semi-structured questionnaire that integrates a visual survey of 10 images of WT technology in different urban, landscape and seascape settings was presented to both groups. The perceptions of siting, proximity, landscape type, and maturity of urban wind turbines’ technology in renewable energy generation were contrasted. The results revealed that both the public and experts alike significantly preferred images of WT inclusion in seascape and landscape settings and responded negatively to images of WT as an addition to buildings in urban contexts. Images of wind turbines around transport settings were ranked in the second set of acceptances, after landscape settings, indicating that closer proximity to WT is acceptable, but for a short duration. The analysis also highlighted a preference by the public for aesthetically engaging WT, even if they resulted in lower energy yields, but were less accepted by the experts who based their judgment on technical performance.

ANALISIS TEORITIS PENGGUNAAN JENIS TURBIN ANGIN TERHADAP OUTPUT DAYA LISTRIK

Wind turbine is a tool that converts kinetic energy into electrical energy. For now it is important to improve the efficiency of wind power plants in generating electrical power through the use of wind turbines. Seeing the rapid growth of the human population, the need for energy has also increased drastically. But that population growth is not offset by the availability of energy. Because for now the availability of energy in Indonesia, in particular, still uses energy resources that cannot be renewed. Seeing these shortcomings can take a solution with the use of alternative energy derived from nature, one example is wind energy. The purpose of this study is to find out how much electrical power output from the use of wind turbine types. This research uses the literature study method by examining 15 journals or sources related to research. The data used in this study were taken from documents or sources related to the study.

Linear Quadratic Regulator Optimal Control of Two-Rotor Wind Turbine Mounted on Spar-Type Floating Platform

Abstract Interest is steadily growing for multi-rotor wind turbine concepts. This type of wind turbine offers a practical solution for scaling issues of large wind turbine components and for the reduction of costs associated with manufacturing, logistics, and maintenance. However, the literature lacks thorough knowledge of the dynamic performance of multi-rotor wind turbine concepts installed on floating platforms. Previous research studied the dynamic response of a two-rotor wind turbine concept mounted on a spar-type floating platform (2WT). Platform yaw motion is a significant dynamic factor directly caused by differential turbulence intensity experienced by the two hubs coupled with the distribution of thrust loads on the tower structure. Blade-pitch control analysis also showed how the 2WT yaw response is extremely sensitive to the control strategy employed. In this work, a linear quadratic regulator (LQR) is used to design an optimal controller for the 2WT prototype. Three LQR gain schedules corresponding to three operation regions are considered. An in-house tool for the dynamic analysis of multi-rotor floating wind turbines is used for linear state-space extraction and dynamic analysis. The control performance in different load conditions is assessed against the baseline OC3 proportional-integral (PI) control strategy and a PI-P control strategy in a previous article presented by the authors.

Viability of renewable energy technologies under the Feed-in Tariff scheme in Hong Kong

Many countries and regions around the world have incorporated renewable energy use for the purpose of achieving resource sustainability, pollution reduction, as well as reducing the carbon footprint. Many cities around the world including Hong Kong have created Feed-in Tariff (FIT) schemes to encourage and provide incentives for renewable energy development. There is thus a need to study the feasibility of using renewable energy under the scheme. Energy generated from two prominent renewable energy technologies ‒ solar PV and wind turbines ‒ are studied for a hypothetical housing development in Hong Kong. To allow for increased knowledge of different types of solar panels and wind turbines that are available in the market, two different types of solar panels – the monocrystalline and amorphous silicon PV ‒ and two different types of wind turbines – the horizontal and vertical wind turbine ‒ are studied. The revenue that can be generated is then calculated based on a power company’s FIT scheme. The payback period required for each type of renewable energy technology development is also determined. The results show that solar panels are feasible for installation within the city, and both solar panels and wind turbines are feasible for installation on outlying islands outside the city such as Cheung Chau.

Analysis of velocity and pressure vector distribution fields in a three-dimensional plane around a wind power plant

To date, there has been an increase in demand for electric energy obtained from clean renewable energy sources. One of them is wind power. Based on this, the development and research of new types of efficient wind turbines that start working at low wind speeds is an urgent issue. Wind turbines operating based on the Magnus effect have proven their effectiveness. However, the authors of this work, for the first time, to eliminate the problem in the form of an electric drive for the promotion of cylindrical blades added a deflector element to the end of the cylinders. Before creating an experimental setup, it is necessary to numerically investigate the aerodynamics around the wind wheel. For this purpose, numerical simulation of wind wheel aerodynamics has been carried out using the highly efficient Ansys Fluent program. A three dimensional geometry has been created in Design Modeler. A mathematical model grid with a grid number of 47329 consisting of tetragonal cells is constructed. The Realizable k-ε is chosen as the turbulence model. A thorough analysis of the velocity vector distribution fields for flow and pressure velocities in the three-dimensional plane around the wind wheel at air flow velocities of 5.10 and 15 m/s is carried out.