Tylosin Tartrate Research Articles

Antibiotic challenge of meat starter cultures and effects upon fermentations

The principal bacterial strains present in 10 different commercial meat starter cultures were isolated and identified. These 22 strains (pediococci, lactobacilli and staphylococci) were examined for their sensitivity to a group of 21 antibiotics in solid and liquid media. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of antibiotics were calculated and a select group was used at 1 2 , 1,2 and 5 times their MIC in broth media amended by glucose, salt and nitrite addition to study effects upon fermentation rate by the reconstituted starter culture mixtures. Four antibiotics often used in clinical therapy of large domestic animals were used in meat fermentations at 28 °C to evaluate their ability to inhibit the fermentation process. Patterns of antibiotic susceptibility of the lactic acid bacteria were consistent with those seen for similar organisms isolated from different environments. Pediococcus pentosaceus and the lactobacilli were more resistant to antibiotic challenge than P.acidilactici. Staphylococci were most sensitive to the antibiotics tested. The lactic acid bacteria were resistant to sulfa drugs, vancomycin, dihydrostreptomycin and synergistin, were fairly resistant to carbadox, but showed substantial sensitivity to erythromycin, β-lactams, the tetracyclines, clindamycin, excenel, lincomycin, bacitracin, tylosin tartrate, and virginiamycin. Erythromycin, penicillin G, tylosin tartrate and excenel were evaluated for their ability to affect fermentation performance and growth of the mixed starter cultures in a dry sausage meat formulation. These antibiotics at concentrations ≥0.125μgg −1, ≥2 IUg −1, ≥0.5μgg −1 and ≥4μgg −1, respectively, negatively influenced fermentations. It is suggested that these concentrations may be used as targets for development of rapid tests for detection of residue levels that could inhibit starter culture performance in meat.

Tylosin residues in bovine milk after intramuscular administration

A liquid chromatographic method for analysis of tylosin A and related substances was developed using wide-pore poly(styrene-divinylbenzene) as the stationary phase. As a mobile phase, a mixture of tetrahydrofuran-0.2 M potassium phosphate buffer pH 9.0-water (20:5:75) was used at a flow-rate of 1.0 ml/min. The column was kept at 60°C. Detection was performed by UV at 280 nm. Tylosin A is separated from all its known related substances that are potentially present as impurities in commercial samples of tylosin base and tylosin tartrate. The method shows good linearity and repeatability and is stability indicating. Results for a number of commercial samples analysed using the newly developed method are presented.

The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration of Tilmicosin and Tylosin for Mycoplasma gallisepticum and Mycoplasma synoviae and a Comparison of Their Efficacy in the Control of Mycoplasma gallisepticum Infection in Broiler Chicks

The minimum inhibitory concentrations of tylosin tartrate and a new macrolid antimicrobial agent, tilmicosin, were assessed for six strains of Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) and three strains of Mycoplasma synoviae (MS) in vitro by the microbroth method. For four of the strains of MG, tilmicosin showed a slightly lower minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) than did tylosin at both the initial reading (when pH 7.0 is first seen in the dilutions under test) and the final reading at 14 days of incubation. For one of the remaining strains, the MIC for tilmicosin was equal to or less than that for tylosin at the initial reading but greater at the final reading. For the other strain, the MIC for tilmicosin was greater than for tylosin, and for both of them the MICs were very much higher than for other strains. For the three strains of MS, there was little difference between the two drugs for one strain whereas the MIC for tilmicosin was slightly less for the other two groups. Groups of 30 chicks were infected with a virulent strain of MG and treated with either tylosin (0.5 g/liter) or tilmicosin (at concentrations of 0.125, 0.25 or 0.5 g/liter). One infected group was untreated and another group was uninfected and untreated. Clinical signs, mainly depression and nervous signs, were seen in two to five birds in the infected treated groups. In contrast, in the infected untreated group, 16 of 30 birds showed clinical signs. Mortality was significantly less in the infected treated groups compared with the infected untreated group (P < 0.001), and following infection there were significantly (P < 0.05) greater weight gains in the infected medicated groups. At necropsy the prevalence of gross lesions of the airsac walls was similar in all the infected medicated groups and was less than that for the infected unmedicated group. For the group on tylosin, MG was recovered from five chicks during life and from six dead chicks. The corresponding figures for the group receiving the lowest dose of tilmicosin were four for each; however, the organism was not recovered from the groups on the higher doses of tilmicosin either during life or from dead chicks. Serological results were negative for all groups except the infected untreated group, in which all three birds that were tested were positive.

Disposition kinetics of tylosin tartrate administered intravenously and intramuscularly to normal and water-deprived camels.

The disposition kinetics of tylosin tartrate administered intravenously (i.v.) at 10 mg/kg and intramuscularly (i.m.) at 20 mg/kg were studied in normal camels and in the same camels at the end of a 14 day water-deprivation period. After i.v. treatment, serum tylosin concentrations in the water-deprived camels were significantly higher, rate of drug elimination was slower, the volume of distribution was significantly smaller, and total body clearance was significantly slower than in the normal camels. On the other hand, serum drug concentrations were lower in the water deprived camels after i.m. dosing, the mean absorption time was significantly shorter and the i.m. availability was significantly smaller than in the normal camels. Water-deprivation was thought to cause reduced rate of tylosin elimination by the liver, as was shown for antipyrine--a drug which is eliminated from the body exclusively by the liver. Redistribution of tylosin in tissues concomitant with a greater proportion of drug in blood and extracellular fluid of water-deprived camels was suggested as a partial explanation for the higher serum drug levels seen after i.v. dosing. The low i.m. availability observed in the water-deprived camels implies that i.v. is the route of choice for tylosin administration to ill, dehydrated camels.

Liquid chromatography of tylosin A and related substances on poly(styrene-divinylbenzene)

A liquid chromatographic method for analysis of tylosin A and related substances was developed using wide-pore poly(styrene-divinylbenzene) as the stationary phase. As a mobile phase, a mixture of tetrahydrofuran-0.2 M potassium phosphate buffer pH 9.0-water (20:5:75) was used at a flow-rate of 1.0 ml/min. The column was kept at 60°C. Detection was performed by UV at 280 nm. Tylosin A is separated from all its known related substances that are potentially present as impurities in commercial samples of tylosin base and tylosin tartrate. The method shows good linearity and repeatability and is stability indicating. Results for a number of commercial samples analysed using the newly developed method are presented.

In vitro evaluation of various antimicrobials against Mycoplasma gallisepticum and Mycoplasma synoviae by the micro‐broth method, and comparison with a commercially‐prepared test system

The efficacy of danofloxacin, a new quinolone antimicrobial agent, was tested in vitro by the micro-broth method with nine field strains of Mycoplasma gallisepticum (Mg) and eight of M. synoviae (Ms) and comparison was made with oxytetracycline and tylosin tartrate. The virulent S6 strain of Mg was also included for reference. All Mycoplasma strains, including a strain of Mg that was resistant to tylosin tartrate, were susceptible to danofloxacin with minimal inhibitory concentrations ranging from pound 0.008 to 0.5 microg/ml. A commercially produced test system (Sensititre), using micro-plates whose wells were predosed with antimicrobial agents and then dried, was also investigated. Results with the same three antimicrobials were in agreement with those obtained by the micro-broth method. With the exception of the tylosin resistant strain, the Mg strains were more susceptible to erythromycin than the Ms strains. Conversely, Ms strains were susceptible to apramycin, while the Mg strains appeared to be resistant.

In vitro testing of the anti-mycoplasma effect of some anti-coccidial drugs

The anti-mycoplasma effects of the ionophores (lasalocid sodium, monensin and nigericin) were compared with that of tylosin tartrate and tiamulin in vitro. Forty-four strains representing 14 avian and 10 mammalian Mycoplasma species and serotypes and 5 Acholeplasma species were tested. The ionophores showed average minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) values between 3.65 and 4.93 μg ml −1 for all strains, the MIC values for glucose-fermenting strains were between 2.26 and 3.75 μg ml −1, significantly lower than for arginine-hydrolysing strains (9.27–13.12 μg ml −1). These values were significantly higher than those obtained with tylosin tartrate (0.45 μg ml −1) or tiamulin (0.13 μg ml −1). The ionophores were more efficacious against acholeplasmas (0.06–0.25 μg ml −1) than against mycoplasmas.

Development of an ocular hydrogel drug delivery system

An ocular insert to release antibiotic is being studied for use in the treatment of infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis (IBK). of several systems investigated, the hydrogel copolymer formulation containing 90% methylmethacrylate - 10% hydroxyethyl methacrylate shows antibiotic (tylosin tartrate) release characteristics compatible with desired rates required throughout a 5-day period. Thin layer chromatography (TLC) is being used to characterize the amounts of tylosin tartrate released at different periods from two release device systems. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) is being used to monitor surface smoothness, to insure adequate joining of device segments, and to identify the presence of microstructural defects.

Pharmacopoeial procedure for the determination of tylosin factors by high-performance liquid chromatography

A method is described for the determination of the factors in tylosin base and tylosin tartrate as raw materials and in dosage forms. The reversed-phas

Synergy of four macrolide antibiotics with chloroquine against chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum in vitro

The antimalarial activity of four macrolide antibiotics was investigated against the multidrug resistant K 1 strain of Plasmodium falciparum in vitro. ID 50 (50% inhibitory concentration) values for erythromycin, spiramycin, tylosin tartrate and oleandomycin phosphate in 48-hour assays were 1·6 × 10 −4M, 2·5 × 10 −5M, 1·2 × 10 −5M and 9 × 10 −6M respectively, and in 96 hour assays were 10 −5M, 2·6 × 10 −6M, 2·6 × 10 −6 and 3 × 10 t̄M, respectively. Comparable values were obtained in assays in which drug effect was quantified from either parasite counts or 14C isoleucine incorporation. Each of the four macrolides displayed synergy with chloroquine at the IC 90 (90% inhibitory concentration) level, but at the IC 50 level synergy was either less pronounced or absent. For each combination this difference in the degree of synergy was significant at the 95% level of confidence. In replicate assays in which 3H hypoxanthine was the marker of drug effect, synergy between chloroquine and either erythromycin or spiramycin could not be detected.

Preincubation Dipping of Turkey Eggs – Does It Affect Eggshell Conductance?

We tested the assumption that preincubation egg dipping in tylosin tartrate plus RCL (disinfectant) solution may affect eggshell gas conductance. This was done by measuring eggshell water vapor diffusive conductance of fertile hatching turkey eggs before and after dipping in: 1) distilled water, 2) tylosin tartrate, 3) RCL, 4) tylosin tartrate and RCL, 5) dry vacuum. A slight, but significant, increase in eggshell conductance was found in all treatments and controls; difference was significant only between all experimental and control groups. This indicates that functional eggshell properties associated with water loss and gas exchange are only marginally affected by the treatment per se and change slightly with age. Both dipping and age changes are not meaningful. No correlation was found between the amounts of solution gained in dipping and egg mass or eggshell conductance.

A comparison of the effect of tiamulin hydrogen fumarate and tylosin tartrate on mycoplasmas of ruminants and some animal ureaplasmas

The in vitro efficacy of tiamulin was compared to that of tylosin against 7 bovine, 7 ovine and 3 caprine mycoplasma strains isolated from various organs and belonging to different species, as well as 7 ureaplasma strains cultured from cattle, sheep, swine, chickens and turkeys. The minimal mycoplasmacidal concentrations of tiamulin varied between 0.01 and 10.0 μg ml −1, while tylosin proved to be active in concentrations of 0.5 and 100.0 μg ml −1. Five of mycoplasma strains showed identical sensitivities to both antibiotics while all other strains, including the ureaplasmas, were sensitive to tiamulin at concentrations 5–5000-times lower than tylosin.

Tylosin tartrate and tiamutilin effects on experimental piglet pneumonia induced with pneumonic pig lung homogenate containing mycoplasmas, bacteria and viruses

The effects of tylosin tartrate and tiamutilin were examined in pneumonias induced experimentally in neonatal piglets with a homogenate of pneumonic pig lung, obtained from pigs with naturally acquired enzootic pneumonia. The homogenate contained mycoplasmas, including Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (M suipneumoniae) and M hyorhinis, and certain bacteria and viruses. The experimental pneumonias generally resembled mycoplasmal pneumonia histologically but were complicated by aspiration pneumonia in some animals. both tylosin tartrate (50 mg/kg) and tiamutilin (10 mg/kg) administered orally twice daily for 10 days, beginning 14 days after intranasal infection, significantly reduced the incidence and severity of macroscopical pneumonic lung lesions. M hyopneumoniae could be isolated from the lungs of the unmedicated piglets, but not from drug-treated piglets. The numbers of M hyorhinis, Acholeplasma granularum, Haemophilus parasuis, Pasteurella multocida and P haemolytica in the lung tissue of the infected piglets were significantly reduced by drug therapy. The role of bacterial in the experimental infection appeared to be that of secondary invaders.

The hygienic treatment of turkey eggs by dipping in an antibiotic and disinfectant solution.

At the hatchery, in order to reduce bacterial infections in one-day-old chicks, turkey eggs are routinely dipped by the direct pressure difference method into a solution consisting of: (formula; see text) This dipping process was studied in more detail and the experiments allowed of drawing the following conclusions: 1. After 8 hours of use on three consecutive days the tylosin concentration had hardly decreased, the concentration of ampicillin dropped to approximately 65% and the concentration of quaternary ammonium compounds to 33%. 2. Bacteria were isolated from the fluid only at the time of final sampling (Bacillus subtilis). All other bacteriological investigations of the dipping solution showed negative results. 3. The treatment did not appear to influence hatchability. 4. The mortality in the first week of life of poults from treated eggs was significantly lower than of poults from untreated eggs.

In vitro activity of tiamulin against bovine respiratory tract mycoplasmas

The sensitivity to tiamulin, tylosin tartrate and oxy-tetracycline was examined for single field strains of Mycoplasma dispar, M bovirhinis, M bovis and a Ureaplasma species all of which had been isolated from the respiratory tract of calves with respiratory disease. Tiamulin was active against the strains of M dispar, M bovirhinis and Ureaplasma species but not against M bovis. Similar results were obtained with tylosin tartrate but with a weaker activity particularly against M bovirhinis. Oxytetracycline showed poor activity especially for M bovis.

Preliminary clinical pharmacological investigations of tylosin and tiamulin in chickens

Summary The minimal inhibitory concentrations (M1C) of tiamulin and tylosin for mycoplasma. Gram-positive, and Gram-negative micro-organisms isolated from chickens were determinated by the agar dilution method. Median M1C values for tiamulin against Mycoplasma gallisepticum (0.05 μg/ml) and Mycoplasma synoviae (0.10 μg/ml) were 2 to 4 times lower than the corresponding values for tylosin. Tiamulin was also slightly more effective in vitro in inhibiting Escherichia coli, Pasteurella multocida, and beta-haemolytic streptococci than was tylosin. Groups of chicken were offered tiamulin medicated drinking water at rates of 125 and 250 mg/litre for 48 hours. Average serum tiamulin concentrations were 0.38 and 0.78 μg/ml, respectively. When tylosin tartrate was added to the drinking water at 500 and 700 mg/litre, average serum drug levels were 0.12 and 0.17 μg/ml, respectively. Tiamulin was 45% bound in chicken serum, as against 30% serum protein binding or tylosin. Correlations were made between free (non protein bound) serum drug levels and the MIC values of the two drugs. Such comparisons suggest that when tiamulin is given in the drinking water at rates of 125 to 250 mg/litre, better antimycoplasmal activity is to be expected in vivo than by giving tylosin tartrate in the drinking water at 500 to 700 mg/litre. Based on these data, no clinical efficacy of these dose rates can be expected in flocks infected by gram-negative microorganisms such as E. coli or P. multocida. The tylosin tartrate rate of 500 to 700 mg/litre, may be clinical ineffective the treatment of Staphylococcus aureus infections.

In vitro sensitivities to antimicrobial drugs of Ureaplasmas isolated from the bovine respiratory tract, genital tract and eye

The sensitivity to 18 antimicrobial drugs was examined for 66 strains of Ureaplasma sp isolated from respiratory tracts of calves suffering from enzootic pneumonia, urinary tracts of bulls and eyes of cows suffering from infectious bovine kerato-conjunctivitis. Furamizole, tiamulin fumarate, erythromycin lactobionate, malidomycin C, doxycycline hydrochloride, kitasamycin tartrate, tylosin tartrate, T-2636C, tetracycline hydrochloride, oxytetracycline hydrochloride, chlortetracycline hydrochloride, oleandomycin phosphate, furazolidone, spiramycin adipate, chloramphenicol and thiophenicol showed strong inhibiting activity on all the test strains. Among them, furamizole, tiamulin fumarate and erythromycin lactobionate were most active. Kanamycin sulphate showed weak activity on all the strains tested. The differences in origin of the test strains did not affect their sensitivity to any of the drugs.

Studies on Egg Disinfection

Various concentrations of alkyldimethylbenzyl ammonium chloride (QAC), Na2CO3, and ethylenediaminetetracetic acid (EDTA) were tested for antimicrobial activity singly and in combination against Escherichia coli, Arizona hinshawii, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Bactericidal activity of the reagents were evaluated in embryonating eggs, trypticase soy broth, and a medium containing lecithin. Toxicity of the chemicals was assayed in embryonating eggs. An appraisal was made of an egg-washing solution composed of 250 ppm QAC, 100 ppm Na2CO3, and 10 and 100 ppm EDTA. The mixture was effective and nontoxic for this purpose. All egg treatments had an adverse effect on fertility and hatchability. Using the temperature differential procedure in egg dipping, the disinfectant mixture was relatively nontoxic if 10 ppm EDTA was used with 3000 ppm tylosin tartrate. One hundred parts per million of the chelator in the dip solution caused excessive embryo mortality due to synergistic toxicity with the antibiotic.The germicidal action of the QAC solution was markedly increased with Na2 CO3. Ten parts per million EDTA did not improve the biocidal effect of QAC solutions in distilled water but increased bactericidal activity in tap water that contained 16 ppm Ca and 22 ppm Mg.

Prophylactical and Therapeutical Efficacy of Tiamuline in Mycoplasmosis of Chickens and Turkeys

To evaluate efficacy of Tiamuline in mycoplasmosis of chickens and turkeys under controlled field conditions 2 prophylactical and 3 therapeutical trials were conducted. The compound was administered via drinking water for 3 days in comparison to Tylosin tartrate. In both prophylactical and therapeutical tests, Tiamuline showed a superior efficacy, as measured by clinical symptoms, pathological lesions and microbiological findings.Therefore, Tiamuline can be recommended for treatment of mycoplasmosis in chickens and turkeys in a dosage of 0.025% and in a dosage of 0.0125% for prophylaxis in flocks at risk.

Use of Tylosin to Prevent Early Mortality in Bobwhite Quail

Two experiments were conducted to study the effect of treating day-old quail by drenching either with a soluble tylosin tartrate solution or plain water, or medicating for five days with tylosin in the drinking water. Diagnosis of dead birds indicated ulcerative enteritis infection. Quail drenched with plain water or tylosin had less (P < .01) mortality than those given tylosin in the drinking water or the untreated control birds. There was no difference between quail drenched with plain water or tylosin. Birds given tylosin in the drinking water resisted mortality significantly better (P < .01) than the control birds.