Transport In India Research Articles

Navigating the Evolution: Factors Influencing the Adoption of Electric Two-Wheelers in India’s Sustainable Transport Landscape

Abstract Data indicates that two-wheelers (TW) make up most of all vehicle registrations in India. India’s Electric Two Wheelers (E-TW) market landscape has undergone notable evolution over time, shaped by technological advancements, favourable government policies, escalating fuel costs, and consumers’ increasingly positive reception of electric vehicles. This study aims to delve into the determinants influencing the inclination of Indian customers towards purchasing electric two-wheelers. While previous research has predominantly focused on consumer perspectives in European nations, China, and specific urban areas, the context in India is distinct. As one of the leading contributors to global greenhouse gas emissions and with transportation playing a growing role in the national carbon footprint, understanding the potential for broader adoption of electric vehicles among Indian consumers becomes paramount. Employing a survey instrument of 199 respondents, this research gathers data from Indian consumers to assess their attitudes toward electric two-wheelers. The collected data undergoes scrutiny through descriptive statistics, exploratory factor analysis, and logistic regression for comprehensive analysis. The results of the exploratory factor analysis revealed that ‘Technical factors and Infrastructure’, ‘Environmental Benefits and Government Incentives, ‘Brand and Attaining Top Speed’ are four distinct variables affecting electric vehicle purchase decisions and out of the four variables, ‘Brand and Attaining Top Speed’ doesn’t influence adoption. The study will help different public and private organisations effectively position and promote E-TWs in India.

Electric two-wheeler adoption in India – A discrete choice analysis of motivators and barriers affecting the potential electric two-wheeler buyers

An impetus towards the electrification of mobility is crucial for India. However, the adoption rates of electric two-wheelers remain low, and hence, for fruitful penetration of electric two-wheelers in India, this study analyses the factors affecting the adoption behaviour of electric two-wheelers using discrete choice models. This study uses data collected from 1375 potential electric two-wheeler buyers of Bengaluru, India, to study the influence of various vehicle attributes such as purchase price, operating cost, charging time, driving range, charging infrastructure and exhaust emissions on the intention to adopt electric two-wheelers. In addition, the impact of important policies such as free and reserved parking, access to priority lanes and toll tax exemption for electric two-wheeler owners is also analysed and discussed in this study. Apart from the vehicle attributes, this study also studies the effect of socio-demographic variables, travel variables and certain attitudinal latent variables such as environmental enthusiasm, technological enthusiasm, and perceived social image on the electric two-wheeler adoption behaviour. The results reveal purchase price, operating cost and charging time to have a significant negative impact and driving range and density of the charging infrastructure network to have a significant positive impact on the intention to adopt electric two-wheelers.

Sustainable mobility perspectives: exploring the impact of UTAUT2 model on fostering electric vehicle adoption in India

PurposeThe global automobile industry is striving towards a sustainable future. Emerging countries including India are gearing up for the revolution. Considering the key role of customer acceptance in the success of any technological shift, the study endeavors to ascertain the catalysts accelerating the adoption of Electric Two-Wheelers (E2W) in India by leveraging an extended Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology-2 model. The same would assist Electric Vehicle (EV) stakeholders in directing their efforts toward pivotal aspects having the potential to significantly bolster E2W penetration.Design/methodology/approachData was collected using convenience sampling technique from 1,254 electric two-wheeler owners across four Indian states and analyzed using Structural Equation Modelling.FindingsPerformance Expectancy, Price Value and Hedonic Motivation have a significant influence on purchase intention leading to actual buying behavior. Effort Expectancy, Social Influence, habit value and facilitating conditions were insignificant. Pro-Environmental Approach and Government Support significantly impact adoption intention and behavior respectively in addition to model predictors thus supporting the study’s novelty. Purchase intention proved to influence Actual Buying Behavior. Synergized efforts of EV stakeholders towards performance innovation, cost-effectiveness, improved infrastructure and information diffusion on sustainability and user-friendliness could aid in achieving transition to green mobility.Originality/valueThe study predominantly intends to address the intention–behavior gap related to electric two-wheelers in India. Also, two additional constructs, government support and pro-environmental approach, were incorporated resulting in a novel research framework that aims to test their nuanced ability to impact the model predictors.

Medium-term projections of vehicle ownership, energy demand and vehicular emissions from private road transport in India

Medium-term projections of vehicle ownership, energy demand and vehicular emissions from private road transport in India

Consumer intention to accept electric two-wheelers in India: a valence theory approach to unveil the role of identity and utility

Consumer intention to accept electric two-wheelers in India: a valence theory approach to unveil the role of identity and utility

Sales and Marketing of Bajaj Automobiles

BAJAJ Brand serves as the visual representation of our ideas and deeds. It communicates to everyone our aim to consistently instill confidence. The key audience for our brand is our consumers. In fact, their faith in Bajaj has had just as big of an impact on our brand identity as has our own vision. Every action we take serves to further the strength and distinctiveness of our brand. We achieve this by living out our brand essence and always looking for ways to improve the experience of our consumers. Our brand's essence captures Bajaj's objective. It is the lone embodiment of our company's commitment to its clients. It offers the foundation for wegrow to operate effectively in the market. blending in and meeting our clients' unspoken expectations. By contesting the established. By venturing into the unknown, we push ourselves towards the future. With the help of a technological partnership with Japanese company Kawasaki Heavy Industries, Bajaj Auto is able to manufacture a variety of cutting-edge two-wheelers in India. Upon becoming a public limited company in 1960, Bajaj Auto Limited was then divided into three corporate divisions in 2008:

Factors affecting acceptance of electric two-wheelers in India: A discrete choice survey

Government of India has adopted policies to grow the share of electric vehicles (EVs) to ‘de-carbonize’ India's transport sector and reduce import dependence for oil. For the lower-middle income economy two-wheelers play a significant role in the private vehicle market. This paper focuses on the effectiveness of some of the demand incentives; roles of infrastructure, market visibility; and peer effects on acceptance of electric two-wheelers in India. It utilizes a discrete choice survey to collect responses from Indian residents. Respondents in six different choice scenarios chose between two categories of petrol vehicles and an EV. Results from the random-parameter logit model indicate that price, refueling time, availability of infrastructure, vehicle taxes, and fuel prices are significant determinants of two-wheeler choice. Further, estimates suggest that consumers are willing-to-pay INR 567 to save in fuel cost by INR 1 per 100 kms, INR 997 for every percentage point reduction in taxes, INR 316 to save an additional minute of charging time, and INR 879 to increase the charging infrastructure by an additional percentage point. Government policies involving price subsidies, preferential tax treatments and improvements in infrastructure should continue. Differential pricing of petrol and electricity can also make electric two-wheelers more attractive.

Feasibility of Middle East-to-India Pipeline Examined in Study

This article, written by JPT Technology Editor Chris Carpenter, contains highlights of paper SPE 202396, “Middle East to India Pipeline,” by Ian Nash and Matthew Rawlings, SPE, Peritus International. The paper has not been peer reviewed. The complete paper addresses the conceptualization and planning of a Middle East-to-India deepwater pipeline (MEIDP), which is planned to reach a record water depth of 3450 m and cross two continental slopes, an earthquake subduction zone [the Owen Fracture Zone (OFZ)], and outfall debris of the Indus River Fan in 2500-m-deep water. The authors examine the techniques, analysis, and technology development available at the time of writing to make such challenging routes increasingly feasible. Introduction India relies on regasification of liquefied natural gas (LNG) with terminals at major port locations. The Middle East has ready supplies of gas; however, significant challenges exist for a long-distance, ultradeepwater pipeline. South Asia Gas Enterprise (SAGE) has been developing the MEIDP as a transnational gas infrastructure project to deliver 1.1 billion scf/D from Oman to the Gujarat coast of India by a deepwater route across the Arabian Sea (Fig. 1). The pipeline will be laid as a common carrier pipeline wherein SAGE would be the gas transporter and pay a tariff for pipeline use. Gas buyers and gas sellers will negotiate long-term gas-supply contracts in a tripartite framework agreement. The current work builds on the extensive study of a potential deepwater route of the Oman-to-India pipeline performed in the early 1990s. Economic and political drivers for the project, including project economics, are detailed in the complete paper.

Electrifying passenger road transport in India requires near-term electricity grid decarbonisation

Battery-electric vehicles (BEV) have emerged as a favoured technology solution to mitigate transport greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in many non-Annex 1 countries, including India. GHG mitigation potentials of electric 4-wheelers in India depend critically on when and where they are charged: 40% reduction in the north-eastern states and more than 15% increase in the eastern/western regions today, with higher overall GHGs emitted when charged overnight and in the summer. Self-charging gasoline-electric hybrids can lead to 33% GHG reductions, though they haven’t been fully considered a mitigation option in India. Electric 2-wheelers can already enable a 20% reduction in GHG emissions given their small battery size and superior efficiency. India’s electrification plan demands up to 125GWh of annual battery capacities by 2030, nearly 10% of projected worldwide productions. India requires a phased electrification with a near-term focus on 2-wheelers and a clear trajectory to phase-out coal-power for an organised mobility transition.

Win-win transportation strategies for India: Linking air pollution and climate mitigation

This article analyzes road transport in India to explore linkages between air pollution and climate change policies in the transportation sector. Five teams modeled five policy scenarios – fuel efficiency, electrification, alternative fuels, modal shifts, and moderation in transport demand – to explore which policy brings the largest synergetic effects in reducing carbon dioxide (CO2) and particulate matter (PM2.5) emissions. The teams also modeled the comprehensive scenario which included policy measures from individual scenarios. The paper concludes that all of the measures provide strong co-benefits in reducing air pollutants and CO2 emissions. The modeling results show that the increased energy efficiency of passenger and freight vehicles has the largest potential for reducing both CO2 and PM2.5 emissions. It is possible to reach an even larger reduction of air pollutants and CO2 emissions by combining several policy measures in the comprehensive scenario.

Emission inventory for road transport in India in 2020: framework and post facto policy impact assessment.

India's growing population and economic development lead to an increase in transport emissions. Quantification of emission at frequent intervals is required to assess the emission levels and impact of implemented control policies. Implemented policies affect the fleet configuration over time. Therefore, in the present paper, an age-wise emission analysis framework is developed for the road transport sector with updated fleet characteristics corresponding to the vehicles' age. The results show that fuel consumption is estimated to be 92 (87-95) Mt, and total CO2, CO, PM, and NOx vehicle emissions are estimated to be 274 (265-292) Tg, 4463 (3253-6676) Gg, 164 (119-250) Gg, and 2378 (2191-3045) Gg, respectively for the reference year 2020. The study contributes by developing an inventory for the fleet of 2020, which is used as a benchmark to compare past emission inventory, evaluate control policies, estimate state-wise vehicle emission inventories, and identify significant emitters in the fleet. Sensitivity analysis indicates the considerable variation in total emissions resulting from different age-mix of vehicles. Among the investigated policies, advancement in emission norms followed by fuel efficiency improvement in vehicles led to a substantial reduction in gaseous pollutants. Based on the inventory results, suitable policies are suggested for India's future fleet, and the need for country-level fleet characteristics data is recommended.

Statistical Analysis for the Seismic Risk Assessment of Pipelines in India

AbstractPipelines are one of the most important lifeline facilities that play a vital role in maintaining the public safety and economic wellbeing of a nation. They traverse over a large area with ...

Personal cultural orientation and green purchase intention: a case of electric two-wheelers in India

PurposeThis study aims to obtain an understanding of the impact of personal cultural orientation on potential consumers’ intention toward the purchase of high-involvement green products, specifically, electric two-wheelers in India, which is one of the largest emerging markets of the world.Design/methodology/approachA self-administered questionnaire comprising a total of 30 items was administered over a sample of 582 respondents. The structural equation modeling using partial least square was used to analyze the relative impact of different cultural dimensions on consumers’ green purchase intention. Geert Hofstede’s typology of culture was used to represent personal cultural orientation and four of the five dimensions, namely, collectivism, long-term orientation (LTO), masculinity and uncertainty avoidance were studied.FindingsFindings of the study revealed that collectivism, LTO and masculinity appear to be significant cultural dimensions that influence Indian consumers’ intention to purchase electric two-wheelers. Collectivism is the most influential dimension, followed by LTO and masculinity.Research limitations/implicationsThis study helps in expanding literature in the area of green purchase by providing insight on how consumers’ individual cultural orientation influences their purchase of eco-friendly products such as electric two-wheelers.Practical implicationsThe findings of the study offer insights, which can be useful for marketers in developing various promotional strategies, as consumers’ cultural values have significant implications for decisions with respect to the advertisement content.Originality/valueThis study illustrates the relative impact of different dimensions of national culture (measured at consumers’ personal level) on consumers’ green purchase intention. Such a study appears to be important in extending current knowledge on green purchase behavior in one of the largest emerging markets such as India.

Acceptance of Electric Two-Wheelers in India: Results From a Stated Choice Survey

Acceptance of Electric Two-Wheelers in India: Results From a Stated Choice Survey

Future prediction & estimation of faults occurrences in oil pipelines by using data clustering with time series forecasting

The world of oil pipelines is subjected to serious issues due to occurrences of toxic spills, explosions and deformations like particle deposition, corrosions and cracks due to the contact of oil particles with the pipeline surface. Hence, the structural integrity of these pipelines is of great interest due to the probable environmental, infrastructural and financial losses in case of structural failure. Based on the existing technology, it is difficult to analyze the risks at the initial stage, since traditional methods are only appropriate for static accident analyses. Nevertheless, most of these models have used corrosion features alone to assess the condition of pipelines. To sort out the above problem in the oil pipelines, fault identification and prediction methods based on K-means clustering and Time-series forecasting incorporated with linear regression algorithm using multiple pressure data are proposed in this paper. The real-time validation of the proposed technique is validated using a scaled-down experimental hardware lab setup resembling characteristics exhibited by onshore unburied pipeline in India. In the proposed work, crack and blockages are identified by taking pressure rise and pressure drop inferred from two cluster assignment. The obtained numerical results from K-means clustering unveils that maximum datasets accumulated range of multiple pressures are within 16.147–10.638 kg/cm2, 14.922–12.1674 kg/cm2, 2.7645–1.2063 kg/cm2 correspondingly. Hence by this final cluster center data, inspection engineers able to estimate the normal and abnormal performance of oil transportation in a simple-robust manner. The developed forecast model successfully predicts future fault occurrences rate followed by dissimilarity rate from clustering results holds the validity of 91.9% when applied to the historical pressure datasets. The models are expected to help pipeline operators without complex computation processing to assess and predict the condition of existing oil pipelines and hence prioritize the planning of their inspection and rehabilitation.

Implementation of Pipeline Integrity Management in a Large Pipelines Network in India

Hydrocarbon pipelines are one of the key elements of the energy security system of a country, especially in a large country like India hydrocarbon pipelines are the backbone of the energy distribution system. While the operational reliability of such a system is important to ensure a sustained supply of hydrocarbon energy across the country, the continued structural integrity of the network is vital for public safety. Generally, pipelines are the safest mode of transportation of bulk hydrocarbon energy, but pipeline failure is not uncommon. Recent global databases on pipeline failure indicate that third party damage and corrosion are two major causes of pipeline failure though there are other reasons like poor construction quality; an incorrect operation etc., may also lead to pipeline failure. The extent of damage that a pipeline failure can cause depends on the extent of the release, for example, a small leak may not cause much damage if detected with a short period, while a rupture of the pipeline can release a significant amount of pipeline content and may cause significant damage to property and life. With a higher degree of public awareness and stricter regulatory regime, pipeline operators are having a relook into their integrity management system to prevent any untoward incident. Majority of the pipeline operator now realize that holistic approach taking together as much factor as possible could be a better approach to manage the integrity of the pipeline network especially a large network of pipeline spread across a vast country like India. This realization has led many pipeline operators to implement computer-based pipeline integrity management system. While this is a welcome change but implementation of PIMS across a vast network of pipeline built over a long period, with various technologies and having diverse engineering requirements have come of the challenges that the pipeline operator must overcome. This paper discusses one such case of implementation of the Pipeline Integrity Management System (PIMS) in a large and diverse network pipeline in India and the challenges faced in the course of implementation. Authors feel that the case could be a good learning ground for those operators who are contemplating implementation of PIMS in their respective pipeline network.

Designing a Model for Optimization of Maintenance and Inspection efforts against Third Party Damage to cross country Pipelines in India

In India there are nearly 45000km of cross- country pipelines in operation, safety and reliability of this network of pipelines play a major role in the energy distribution security of the country. A cross country pipeline can fail due to various reasons primary among these are corrosion and third-party damage. In a populous country like India third party damage has emerged as a newest threat to the pipelines, as on date nearly 40% of all pipeline failures are due to third party damage. Thirdparty damage to an underground pipeline is generally defined as a category of damage caused to the pipeline due to the activities of an outside (other than the pipeline owner or its authorized representative) agency, for example an agency building road across the pipeline right of way may cause rupture of the pipeline due to uncontrolled use of earthmoving equipment. Most of the third-party damages are caused due to ignorance or negligence, as the third-party damage is caused by human error, it does not have any trend and random in nature. Unfortunately, majority of third-party damage leads to severe and instantaneous failure of the pipeline leading to release of highly inflammable content that can cause widespread destruction of life and property. To minimize the possibility of third party damage to a reasonably low rate, it is necessary that maintenance and inspection (M&I) practices are properly oriented, this is possible only when the weight of the factors responsible for third party damage is known and M&I programme is designed accordingly. This paper proposes a model for calculating weight of various factors responsible for third party damage and how the model can optimize M&I efforts as well as build best possible defense against third party damage for an underground high-pressure cross-county hydrocarbon pipeline.

Designing a Model for Optimization of Maintenance and Inspection Efforts against Third Party Damage to Cross Country Pipelines in India

In India there are nearly 45000km of cross- country pipelines in operation, safety and reliability of this network of pipelines play a major role in the energy distribution security of the country. A cross country pipeline can fail due to various reasons primary among these are corrosion and third-party damage. In a populous country like India third party damage has emerged as a newest threat to the pipelines, as on date nearly 40% of all pipeline failures are due to third party damage. Third-party damage to an underground pipeline is generally defined as a category of damage caused to the pipeline due to the activities of an outside (other than the pipeline owner or its authorized representative) agency, for example an agency building road across the pipeline right of way may cause rupture of the pipeline due to uncontrolled use of earthmoving equipment. Most of the third-party damages are caused due to ignorance or negligence, as the third-party damage is caused by human error, it does not have any trend and random in nature. Unfortunately, majority of third-party damage leads to severe and instantaneous failure of the pipeline leading to release of highly inflammable content that can cause widespread destruction of life and property. To minimize the possibility of third party damage to a reasonably low rate, it is necessary that maintenance and inspection (M&I) practices are properly oriented, this is possible only when the weight of the factors responsible for third party damage is known and M&I programme is designed accordingly. This paper proposes a model for calculating weight of various factors responsible for third party damage and how the model can optimize M&I efforts as well as build best possible defense against third party damage for an underground high-pressure cross-county hydrocarbon pipeline.

Micro-hydropower in drinking water gravity pipelines: a case study in Uttarakhand, India

ABSTRACT Hydropower development on gravity-based drinking water supply pipelines in India has not been widely practiced, even at the micro-hydropower (MHP) scale. Site visits including measurements of pipeline flow and pressure were conducted at 12 schemes in Uttarakhand, and 3 were chosen for detailed analysis. Due to a complete lack of existing pressure control, the available drinking water flow would have to be reduced to enable retrofitting with MHP turbines. Technical and economic calculations were performed for a hypothetical 20% flow reduction, but showed electric power yields between just 1.2 and 3.9 kW and long payback periods between 8 and 24 years. The favoured alternative proposal is to incorporate the planning of MHP facilities into the inevitably necessary renovation and/or expansion of pipelines to both (1) meet future water demand and (2) enable the development of MHP. This hypothetical improved case showed an increase in electric power yield by a factor of 5 over the retrofitting case, and was recommended to the state water utility Uttarakhand Jal Sansthan.

Design and Surge Study of Salaya Mathura Pipeline for Higher Throughput of Crude Oil Transportation

Salaya Mathura Pipeline (SMPL) is one of the major crude oil pipelines in India stretching over a length of 1870Km Starting from Salaya (near Vadinar) in Jamnagar district on the coast of Gujarat totransport crude oil to Indian Oil refineries at Koyali (Gujarat), Mathura (Uttar Pradesh) and Panipat (Haryana). In light of the expansion of crude refining capacities of these refineries, redesign of SMPL is imminent. In this paper, two models for SMPL have been developed for design and operation increasing the throughput of crude oil from 30MMTPA to 40 MMTPA. In the first model, design of larger diameter loop-lines has been undertaken in order to meet the increased capacity. In the secondmodel, an alternative design has been proposed increasing the diameter of the main pipeline.The design methodology of these two models has been accomplished usingPipeline Studio (PLS). The first model deals with replacing the existing loop-lines, whereas the second model is concerned with replacing the entire main pipeline with larger diameter pipeline that can be run parallel to the existing line.In view of higher throughput, the pump stations have been redesigned.Both the cases of pipelines have been tested for real time operation by making a detailed study assuming steady state flow at various pressure conditions. As pressure surges occur due to the events such as shutting down of a pumping station or pumping unit, unstable controls, oscillation in tank levels, the sudden closure of a valve, or any other sudden blockage of the moving fluid, calculations have been carried out to predictthe pressure surges in the aforementioned pipelines using the Joukowsky equation. Comparison has been made between the results obtained from the equation and the pressure trends observed using PLS while operating under steady state conditions.