Two-dimensional Temperature Research Articles

КОМПЬЮТЕРНОЕ МОДЕЛИРОВАНИЕ ЭНЕРГОЭФФЕКТИВНЫХ СТЫКОВ ДЕРЕВОКОМПОЗИТНЫХ ПАНЕЛЕЙ

High air permeability and the presence of thermal bridges at the junctions of wooden frame wall panels have a significant impact on the thermal balance of the building and its operational characteristics. The importance of improving the energy efficiency of nodal interfaces of panels with a wooden frame is undeniable.
 To date, there is no single generally accepted method for calculating heat losses through nodal interfaces of panels with a wooden frame. Based on the analysis carried out, it is necessary to carry out calculations and measurements that allow creating this calculation methodology. To carry out numerical studies, a list of characteristics and parameters affecting their conduct is formulated: the influence of the thickness of a li-ear-discrete inclusion on the heat-protective properties of the panel docking unit; the thermal conductivity characteristics of the material used to fill linear-discrete inclusions affecting the heat flux density of the node interface; consideration of the influence of the outdoor temperature of air depending on different climatic zones on the density of heat flow. The dependences of the heat flux density on the "inner" surface of the experimental samples on the thermal conductivity coefficient of the material of the insulating insert, the width of the insulating insert and the outside air temperature were revealed and the nature of the temperature distribution on the "inner" surface of the prototypes was established. By calculating two-dimensional temperature fields in the cross section of the node, isofields of temperature distribution inside the structure, isofields of heat flux density and its direction, lines of temperature distribution and heat flux density along the inner and outer surfaces are obtained. It was found that the heat flux density in the ribs with heat-insulating inclusions is lower in comparison with solid wood parts by an amount from 13% to 52%.

SIMULATION OF THE COOLING PROCESS OF RAILWAYS UNDER NATURAL CONDITIONS

SIMULATION OF THE COOLING PROCESS OF RAILWAYS UNDER NATURAL CONDITIONS

Monitoring Thermal Exchange of Hot Water Mass via Underwater Acoustic Tomography with Inversion and Optimization Method

Thermal exchange of underwater water mass caused by marine heat wave is a hot point of research recently. In particular, because the water temperature observation along hot water mass transportation is hard work. Acoustic tomography is an advanced method to measure water temperature variations via sound signal transmission with multi-station network sensing. The 5 kHz frequency acoustic tomography used for observing water temperature variations caused by ocean heat waves is interesting work. In this paper, the numerical simulation of hot water mass is completed first, then floatation and diffusion of hot water mass in a simulation are monitored by acoustic tomography. A new inversion optimization method is proposed to obtain hot water mass transportation variations at two-dimensional temperature vertical profile. The proposed inversion method adds a regularized mode matrix and the optimization method adds the model correlation matrix to improve the results quality. The accuracy of inversion optimization results is compared and discussed, where the mean temperature error is less than 0.4 °C. Sensing water temperature variation of marine heat waves is verified via acoustic signal transmission and improved inversion optimization method. The water dynamical process observation is an application of acoustic tomography, which can be further used observe underwater environmental characteristics.

Effective gate length determination of AlGaN/GaN HEMTs from direct measurements of thermal signatures

Determining junction temperature and two-dimensional temperature profile is critical for high-power GaN-based high electron mobility transistors to optimize performance, improve device reliability, and better thermal management. Here, we have demonstrated that resistance temperature detectors of the same material as the gate contact delineated between gate-to-source and gate-to-drain regions can accurately profile the temperature along the channel. The temperature profile is asymmetric and skewed toward the drain side, and the degree of asymmetry is used to determine the effective gate length experimentally. A two-dimensional thermodynamic model along with drift-diffusion transport matches well with the experimental data, validating the temperature profile and effective channel length extraction under bias. The vertical depth profiling of the temperature is also determined by identifying the isothermal profile through the resistance temperature detectors. The isothermal lines are largely circular in the GaN region from isotropic two-dimensional heat diffusion, with the pinch-off region acting as a heating filament. The isothermal circular profile turns elliptical in the SiC substrate due to its higher thermal conductivity.

Comparative radiative property measurements of single biomass and coal particles burning at high reactor temperatures

This research measured the emissivity, temperature and soot loading of pulverized bituminous coal and three types of renewable biomass. Combustion occurred in a laboratory-scale drop tube furnace (DTF), where the fuels experienced high heating rates and ignited and burned in two distinct phases: devolatilization accompanied by volatile matter combustion in envelope flames, and sequential combustion of the char residues. Multi-wavelength spectrometry was used to concurrently determine the emissivity and the temperature of burning particles at discrete points in their history. Three-wavelength pyrometry was used to obtain entire temperature-time histories, and high-speed photography was used to provide both visual observations of phenomena and to obtain two-dimensional temperature distributions. Results showed that soot in volatile matter flames of burning single particles of the bituminous coal and of the three types of torrefied biomass had spectral emissivities in the range of 0.03–0.10, in the wavelength domain of 600–1000 nm. Emissivities were nearly constant with wavelength, i.e., soot mantles in these flames radiated as graybodies. Spectral emissivities of the chars of the bituminous coal and the three types of torrefied biomass were in the range of 0.29–0.5 and varied with wavelength, i.e., they radiated as non-graybodies. The highest measured temperatures of soot in volatile flames for all fuels were between 2150 and 2360 K and maximum temperatures of chars were between 1700 and 2000 K, based on the three measurement techniques. The graybody assumption caused negligible (± 10 K) deviations in volatile matter flame temperatures; however, it caused significant deviations (± 20–100 K) in char temperatures. Envelope flame diameters of torrefied biomass particles were larger than those of coal. To the contrary, soot volume fractions in the envelope flames of coal particles were found to be higher than those in biomass particle flames. Finally, the soot volume fractions in the flames of these fuels were inversely proportional to particle size.

Application of two-dimensional temperature response functions for reconstruction of divertor heat flux profile in commercial fusion reactors.

To keep the tritium breeding rate TBR > 1 and to meet the high heat load and neutron shielding requirements for the first wall and divertor in fusion demonstration (DEMO) reactors, the number of port plugs and other openings must be limited. To accomplish this, it is necessary to develop alternatives to the use of infrared (IR) thermography to determine the peak heat flux and the heat flux profile onto divertor targets. A divertor tile equipped with multiple temperature monitoring channels can be used to reproduce the temperature profile. To avoid the high temperatures and high neutron flux environment in a DEMO, the monitoring positions can be set well away from the irradiated surface. However, the spatial resolution of this method is lower than that provided by IR thermography. In the present work, we apply two-dimensional temperature response functions and the corresponding heat conduction model to temperature data obtained from a divertor tile surface in the large helical device to study the effects of the spatial resolution of the monitored temperature profile on the reconstructed heat flux profile. The findings provide information that will be useful in defining a method for embedding thermocouples into the divertor tiles of future DEMO reactors.

Two-dimensional temperature field inversion of turbine blade based on physics-informed neural networks

Correct evaluation of the blades' surface temperature field is crucial to the structural design and operational safety of aero-engine turbine blades. Current high-temperature measurement technology can only measure the limited discrete points temperature of the hot-end turbine blades. If the boundary conditions are completely unknown, it is still difficult to solve equations through traditional computational fluid dynamics methods. It is an inverse problem to predict the temperature field of the turbine engine blade with unknown boundary conditions. This paper proposes a two-dimensional temperature field inversion of turbine blades based on physics-informed neural networks (PINN) and finite discrete temperature measurement points. The PINN is used to model the nonlinear mapping of input variables and output variables. Only a small amount of data is used to train the neural network. It can be found that adding the loss term of the physical governing equation during training can make the neural network better predict the temperature field of the turbine blade, which can also avoid anomalies such as large temperature errors in some areas that may occur when training with only a small amount of data. When the boundary conditions are completely unknown, the average relative error of PINN trained with only 62 points of temperature data on the test set is below 2%, and the R2−Score is above 0.95. When the training data reaches 122 points of temperature data, the average relative error of PINN on the test set is less than 1%, and the R2−Score reaches 0.99.

Thermoelastic analysis of variable thickness truncated conical shell subjected to thermomechanical load with internal heat generation using perturbation technique

In this article, the behavior of the truncated conical shell subjected to thermomechanical loading in their inner and outer layers with internal heat generation source is investigated. The displacement field obeys kinematic of the first order shear deformation theory and the first-order temperature theory is used. Two-dimensional temperature analysis has been performed along the thickness and axis of the shell, which can be defined under various loading and thermomechanical boundary conditions. The set of governing equations is a system of differential equations with variable coefficients which are solved by using the analytical matched asymptotic expansion of the perturbations technique. The mentioned solution has little computational cost, therefore can be used well in parametric studies for optimization. It was shown, axial displacement is somehow independent of the radial axis and its maximum value occurs near the upper boundary. The conical shell has expanded in the radial direction. Also the maximum temperature happens approximately in the middle of the length of the conical shell. The parametric study showed, with the increase heat flux in the outer layer thereby expanding the area of heat application which would let more heat in than out. Also it was found, controlling the lifetime of the structure is the result of directing the cone angle. The results obtained from the analytical solution were compared with the Finite Element Method (FEM) analysis and the results of similar related articles, only to show a good agreement.

Modeling of the removal of combustion products in the pipe of a low-rise building as a control object

The features of the formation and methods of preventing condensation in the chimney of an apartment low-rise building with an individual decentralized heat supply system are considered. A mathematical model of the technological process of removing flue gases from gas boilers in an apartment building through a collective chimney pipe as a multidimensional control object with distributed parameters, which is understood as a set of thermophysical processes occurring during the removal of combustion products. Numerical simulation of a collective chimney pipe is performed on the example of a three-storey apartment building with gas boilers installed in each apartment as a control object. A method of step-by-step experiments is proposed. At the first stage, the dependences of the distribution of the temperature field inside the chimney during non-stationary operation of boilers and changing ambient temperature are obtained. The phenomenon of condensate occurrence has been confirmed experimentally, and the most characteristic areas subject to its occurrence have been identified. During the second stage of research, it was found that it is most effective and economically feasible to prevent the formation of condensate by using a heating cable in the attic and chimney head sections. It is shown that the change of control actions has an effect on the temperature of adjacent sections of the chimney. The revealed non-stationarity is taken into account by inter-channel connections through the object in the block diagram. It is proved that, in relation to solving the problem of removing combustion products from the chimney, an object with distributed parameters can be represented by a model with concentrated parameters, for which the structure is synthesized and proper operators and operators of inter-channel connections are found in the form of transfer functions with variable parameters. The resulting model is problem-oriented to create a two-dimensional automatic temperature control system on the inner surface of the chimney in order to prevent the formation of condensate in the pipe.

CntTSP visualization technique for rotating blade surface flow at low Reynolds number

Research and development of aircraft with rotating wings at low Reynolds numbers have received much attention. This study proposes using a carbon nanotube temperature-sensitive paint (cntTSP) measurement technique to visualize the surface flow of rotor blades at low Reynolds numbers. Temperature-sensitive paint (TSP) can optically measure a two-dimensional temperature field using the thermal quenching of luminophores. A carbon nanotube thin layer is used to heat the TSP layer in cntTSP measurements. For the experimental condition, the low Reynolds number at 75% of the rotor radius was 1.1 × 104, and a blade tip speed of 7.2 m/s. Temperature distributions showing a leading edge vortex (LEV) were observed in the visualization results. Furthermore, the LEV region expanded from the wing-tip side to the wing-root side at high-pitch angles. These visualization results show the applicability of the cntTSP measurement technique for investigating the surface flow field of rotor blades at low Reynolds numbers.Graphical abstract

Exploring the Sensitivity of Water Temperature Models for High Dams and Large Reservoirs: A Case Study of the Nuozhadu Reservoir in China

The parameters governing a water temperature model play a pivotal role in determining the uncertainties associated with the model’s outcome. In this study, a two-dimensional (2D) hydrodynamic and water temperature coupling model is constructed, focusing on the Nuozhadu Reservoir situated along the Lancang River. Employing a single-factor analysis approach, the sensitivity of the thermal balance parameters and hydrodynamic parameters in the model is assessed. This study overcomes the shortcomings of previous sensitivity analyses of hydrodynamic parameters in reservoir water temperature models. The findings reveal that the attenuation parameters of light and Beer’s law parameter exhibit minimal sensitivity to the vertical temperature structure. Conversely, radiation parameter A and radiation parameter B exert tenfold disparate influences on the surface and bottom temperatures of the reservoir. Among the hydrodynamic parameters considered, the horizontal viscosity factor shows no sensitivity to the vertical temperature structure, whereas the vertical viscosity factor serves as a crucial determinant, directly influencing the intensity of vertical temperature stratification. An increased vertical viscosity factor promotes heat exchange between the upper and lower water layers, thereby reducing the vertical temperature gradient and weakening stratification. Conversely, diminishing this factor intensifies stratification. Thus, when conducting water temperature simulations in high dams and large reservoirs, careful attention should be given to calibrating vertical viscosity factor.

Quantitative 2D reconstruction of temperature and OH concentration in axisymmetric flames based on ultraviolet broadband absorption tomography

Absorption tomography plays a crucial role in quantitatively imaging temperature and absolute concentration in combustion. However, there is scarce research on the tomography of OH radicals, which are significant for combustion diagnostics. This study presented a new tomography method to image OH radicals, termed ultraviolet broadband absorption tomography (UV-BAT). Three strategies were proposed to solve the nonlinear problem in UV-BAT tomography, namely all-spectra fitting, weak-absorption approximation, and multi-temperature approximation. The proposed UV-BAT method was applied for OH imaging in methane/air axisymmetric laminar Bunsen flames with different equivalence ratios (ϕ = 0.9, 1.0, and 1.1). The reconstructed OH distributions showed distinctive structures of Bunsen flames including premixed and diffusion flame areas. The accuracy of the UV-BAT method was validated by comparing tomography results with computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations using the USC-Mech II mechanism, demonstrating good agreement in two-dimensional (2D) temperature and OH concentration distributions. This novel method offers new opportunities for tomographic reconstruction of free radicals such as OH and temperature in small-scale flames.Novelty and significanceThis study demonstrated a novel tomography imaging method using ultraviolet broadband absorption spectroscopy to reconstruct temperature and radical concentration in combustion. This method possesses high sensitivity to free radicals and employs compact and inexpensive equipment, making it one of the most viable methods for realizing free radical absorption tomography. The 2D imaging of OH radicals using this method based on axisymmetric absorption tomography was accomplished for the first time. In conclusion, this study enriched the diagnostic methods of flame radicals based on absorption spectroscopy and provided new ideas for small-scale temperature tomography.

Heat transfer across an air curtain for heat confinement in road tunnels: Influence of the heat source

Experiments were carried out to study the influence of the heat source using double-flow double-jet curtains (DS-TJ) to confine heat in fire safety problems. For this purpose, a small-scale road tunnel facility in 1:34 was built. The heat source used is an electric resistance. Simultaneous two-dimensional temperature and velocity measurements were made across the DS-TJ air curtain and in its immediate vicinity using a fine thermocouple and a 2D laser Doppler anemometer (LDA), respectively. Four cases were studied, by modifying the air curtain velocities at the nozzle exits and the heat source power. It is noted that hot-cold jets and heat source play a role in the curtain heat confinement by modifying the development of the two jets. Both the entrainment of the upward flow rising from the heat source as well as the Kelvin-Helmholtz instabilities contribute to this. On the other hand, the nozzle exit velocities determine the behavior of the Reynolds stress profiles as well as the production of the velocities fluctuations across the curtain, showing a non-correlating effect on the hot side, so that the profiles take values around zero, suggesting a heat source influence. In contrast in the cold side negative values indicate energy-draining behavior. The intensity of thermal turbulence reveals that the hot jet has higher values than the cold jet, constituting a thermal barrier to turbulent heat flow, and all activity is relegated to the zone of interaction between the two jets. In fact, the production derived from temperature fluctuations occurs mainly in the interaction of hot-cold jets, and negative values are due to large turbulent eddies, such as Kelvin-Helmholtz instabilities and Görtler-type structures. The Richardson number shows that buoyancy forces prevail on both sides of the curtain (Ri > 0.1), especially on the hot side, due to the heat source. Lower Ri values within the curtain indicate the presence of a thermal barrier, attenuating heat transfer through the curtain and favoring thermal sealing.

Absolute calibration method of electron cyclotron emission imaging system on EAST tokamak

<sec>Electron cyclotron emission imaging (ECEI) system can provide the poloidal two-dimensional (2D) relative electron temperature perturbation profile of the core plasma with high spatial and temporal resolution. After absolute calibration of ECEI system, 2D absolute electron temperature profile and its perturbation can be provided. It can provide experimental data support for studying the local heat transport and the evolution of magnetic surface of macro magneto-hydro-dynamics instability. However, due to a large number of measurement channels and the wide measuring area of ECEI diagnostic system, the absolute calibration method in which a blackbody radiation source is used as a standard source, still has technical difficulties.</sec><sec>This paper provides an absolute calibration method of ECEI diagnostic system on EAST tokamak, which can cover all the channels of ECEI system. Firstly, the sawtooth inversion surface can be determined by measuring the relative electron temperature change before and after the collapse of the sawtooth. The magnetic surface position and the shape (<inline-formula><tex-math id="M1">\begin{document}${S_{{\text{inv}}}}$\end{document}</tex-math><alternatives><graphic specific-use="online" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="13-20240497_M1.jpg"/><graphic specific-use="print" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="13-20240497_M1.png"/></alternatives></inline-formula>) of the ECEI measuring area are fitted based on the position and shape of the inversion surface. Then, the one-to-one mapping relationship between laboratory coordinates of each ECEI channel and magnetic surface is obtained. Secondly, according to the assumption that the electron temperature is the same on each magnetic surface in equilibrium, the electron temperature of each magnetic surface is fitted by the electron cyclotron emission (ECE) system result, while the ECE system is absolutely calibrated. The calibration coefficient <i>k</i>(<i>i</i>, <i>j</i>) of each ECEI channel is obtained by comparing with the signal amplitude and the electron temperature on the magnetic surface. The relative error of absolute electron temperature between ECEI and ECE is no more than 6% at the same location.</sec><sec>Based on the absolute electron temperature profile provided by ECEI, the motion of the magnetic axis during sawtooth instability can be tracked. It is found that the radial displacement of the magnetic axis occurs followed by the poloidal displacement during sawtooth collapse. This result indicates that after absolute calibration, the ECEI system can provide more abundant information about experimental research.</sec>

Prediction of a two-dimensional high Curie temperature Weyl nodal line kagome semimetal.

Kagome lattices may have numerous exotic physical properties, such as stable ferromagnetism and topological states. Herein, combining the particle swarm structure search method with first-principles calculations, we identify a two-dimensional (2D) kagome Mo2Se3 crystal structure with space group P6/mmm. The results show that 2D kagome Mo2Se3 is a 100% spin-polarized topological nodal line semimetal and exhibits excellent ambient stability. The band crossing points form two nodal loops around the high-symmetry points Γ and K. On the other hand, Mo2Se3 shows intrinsic ferromagnetism with a large magnetic moment of 3.05 μB per Mo atom and magnetic anisotropy energy (MAE) of 4.78 meV. Monte Carlo simulations estimate that Mo2Se3 possesses a high Curie temperature of about 673 K. In addition, its ferromagnetic ground state can be well preserved under external strain, and the MAE can be improved by increasing the strain. More importantly, the position of each nodal line can be adjusted to the Fermi level through hole doping. This multifunctional 2D magnetic material that combines spin and topology has great potential in the field of nanoscale spintronic devices.

Two-Dimensional Ultrasonic Air Temperature Tomography Based on Phase Shift Processing of Multifrequency Measurements

Two-Dimensional Ultrasonic Air Temperature Tomography Based on Phase Shift Processing of Multifrequency Measurements

Simultaneous determination of 2-D distributions of temperature and absorption coefficient in large-scale pulverized-coal-fired boilers by flame images processing

This paper proposes a new algorithm that can simultaneously measure the two-dimensional temperature distribution and absorption coefficient distribution of a pulverized-coal-fired (PCF) boiler furnace. On the base of optimal estimation of the uniform absorption and scattering coefficients as well as 2-D temperature distribution from the color radiation images of the flame by the Tikhonov regularization algorithm, the product of the absorption coefficient and the absolute blackbody emission intensity forms a new unknown distribution of emission source, which is also reconstructed from the color radiation images of the flame by the Tikhonov method. Then the distribution of absorption coefficient can be obtained from the new distribution of emission source as the 2-D temperature distribution has been known. Experimental investigation has been conducted on a 660 MWe four corner, tangentially firing, PCF boiler. In the flame detectors, a three-band pass filter is added in the CCD industrial camera to improve the monochromaticity of the original flame image. The temperature and absorption coefficient distributions of the cross-sections at three detection layers under a load of 330 MW and at the highest layer under a load of 500 MW are obtained. In order to verify the reliability of the algorithm, the flame radiation intensity images calculated from the 2-D distributions of temperature and absorption coefficient reconstructed at the highest layer under the load of 330 MW are taken as measurement data, the algorithm is repeated and the results show that the 2-D temperature distribution reconstructed is similar to the input one, with relative error less than 1% between their mean temperatures, and relative error less than 10% between the reconstructed and input mean values of absorption and scattering coefficients. It demonstrates that the algorithm and technology proposed in this paper have important application prospects in the monitoring, diagnosis and control of PCF combustion processes.

Optical emission spectroscopy of fiber laser sustained Xe plasma

Laser-sustained plasma (LSP), a unique method of obtaining high brightness broadband light sources, has been used for rapid optical inspection of wafer defects and has thus attracted great interest. Then Xe plasma sustained under high pressure by a continuous fiber laser was investigated using optical emission spectroscopy (OES). Emission spectra of spatial integration diagnosis have shown that with the increase of laser power and the decrease of Gaussian beam focusing number F, the electron temperature fitted by Boltzmann plot method increased from 0.45 eV to 0.85 eV, the corresponding electron density was roughly an order of magnitude of 1016-1017 cm-3, and the calculated absorption coefficient of plasma was distributed in 0.9–1.5 cm-1. To further analyze the spatial distribution of plasma parameters, the spatial resolved OES of LSP was acquired, and the two-dimensional electron temperature and electron density were determined. The non-uniform distribution of the plasma parameters was analyzed due to the existence of thermal gravity convection and forced convection. The serious self-reversal of emission lines of 881.94 nm and 823.16 nm was observed and analyzed.

СОВЕРШЕНСТВОВАНИЕ РАСЧЕТА ПРОСТРАНСТВЕННЫХ СТЕРЖНЕВЫХ КОНСТРУКЦИЙ ИЗ ПОЛИМЕРНЫХ МАТЕРИАЛОВ С УЧЕТОМ ТЕМПЕРАТУРНОГО ВОЗДЕЙСТВИЯ.

The influence of temperature effects on the technical condition of cross-bar spatial structures (CSRS) made of polymer building materials (PSM) is considered using the example of tubular elements made of polyvinyl chloride (PVC). From numerous scientific studies by various authors, it is known that low and high temperatures significantly affect the mechanical safety of engineering plastics: tensile-compressive strength, bending, loss of stability, torsion, which ultimately reduces the operational reliability and durability of CSRS. The current regulatory and technical construction documentation on loads and impacts provides only climatic temperature impacts. In the documentation for building structures, technological temperature effects do not take into account the time factor. The general solution to the problem of unsteady heat transfer of a cylindrical element is considered in a nonlinear formulation to calculate the two-dimensional temperature field separately for the rod cylindrical element and the node connection in the “cylinder-cylinder” system. Graphic illustrations of the calculations are provided.

Research on the nonuniform contact characteristics and thermal behavior of friction pairs involving the radial conical buckling deformation in hydro-viscous drive

An equivalent model and a finite element method was established and used for simulating the change of contact state and pressure distribution of friction pairs under the axial pressure to obtain the radial nonuniform contact characteristics and temperature field of conical friction pairs during the soft-start condition. A two-dimensional temperature field calculation model was established based on the results of contact characteristics and convective heat transfer conditions, and the transient temperature field of friction pairs during soft-start was calculated by the finite difference method. Finally, the effects of the soft-start time, deformation degree, and thickness of the steel disk were studied. The results show that the temperature and contact pressure distribution of conical deformation friction pairs exhibit local high-temperature and high-pressure areas during the soft-start process. In the early stage of soft-start, the conical friction element locally contacts in its radial central area. The contact area spreads from the center to both sides as the soft start time increases, and two contact pressure peak areas are formed near the inner and outer diameters with the increase in axial pressure. The degree of axial deformation of conical steel disk has a significant impact on contact pressure. The larger the axial deformation, the pressure distribution would be more uneven. The distribution of temperature field is significantly affected by the contact pressure. It spreads from the middle to both sides, forming high-temperature regions in the pressure peak areas. Meanwhile, the temperature on the outer side of the friction element is higher than that of the inner side due to the influence of convective heat transfer. The duration of soft start also has a significant impact on the maximum temperature and maximum temperature difference. The results could provide a theoretical basis for exploring the correlation between the thermal buckling deformation and torque instability.