Two-dimensional Picture Research Articles

Quantitative characterization of fruit shape and its differentiation pattern in diverse persimmon (Diospyros kaki) cultivars

Abstract There is considerable diversity in fruit shapes among persimmon (Diospyros kaki) cultivars. Although fruit shape is one of the most important traits affecting the commercial quality of fruits, quantitatively characterizing fruit shape features remains difficult. The objective of this study was to develop a reliable method for quantitatively analyzing persimmon fruit shapes, and to clarify the fruit development patterns as well as their relationships to the shapes of other organs across cultivars. Using 153 persimmon cultivars and two wild Diospyros relatives, we evaluated two-dimensional pictures of longitudinal and transverse fruit sections with elliptical Fourier descriptors (EFDs) and the SHAPE program. Principal component analysis (PCA) using each EFD generated representative vectors, which elucidated the fruit shape diversity among the cultivars. Additionally, a PCA of the EFDs quantified two major components of the variability in the shapes of longitudinal fruit sections, namely the ratio of length to diameter and the fruit apex shape. Seasonal characterizations of the first principal component revealed the fruit shape development patterns. The fundamental shapes in the longitudinal direction were coordinately determined during the early developmental stages across cultivars. Furthermore, a quantitative characterization of persimmon fruit, seed, and leaf shapes unveiled correlations between these traits. The data presented herein indicate that combining EFDs and PCA enables the quantitative analysis of persimmon organ shapes, which may be related to various quantitative indices.

Parent-Toddler Behavior and Language Differ When Reading Electronic and Print Picture Books.

Little is known about the language and behaviors that typically occur when adults read electronic books with infants and toddlers, and which are supportive of learning. In this study, we report differences in parent and child behavior and language when reading print versus electronic versions of the same books, and investigate links between behavior and vocabulary learning. Parents of 102 toddlers aged 17–26 months were randomly assigned to read two commercially available electronic books or two print format books with identical content with their toddler. After reading, children were asked to identify an animal labeled in one of the books in both two-dimensional (pictures) and three-dimensional (replica objects) formats. Toddlers who were read the electronic books paid more attention, made themselves more available for reading, displayed more positive affect, participated in more page turns, and produced more content-related comments during reading than those who were read the print versions of the books. Toddlers also correctly identified a novel animal labeled in the book more often when they had read the electronic than the traditional print books. Availability for reading and attention to the book acted as mediators in predicting children’s animal choice at test, suggesting that electronic books supported children’s learning by way of increasing their engagement and attention. In contrast to prior studies conducted with older children, there was no difference between conditions in behavioral or off-topic talk for either parents or children. More research is needed to determine the potential hazards and benefits of new media formats for very young children.

Orthomodular lattice in Lorentzian globally hyperbolic space-time

An orthomodular lattice without covering law is considered in globally hyperbolic space-time where orthogonality is generated by the chronological relation. In this lattice, the least upper bound and orthocomplementation cannot be interpreted as the disjunction and negation of classical logic. Two-dimensional pictures are presented, demonstrating nonclassical character of the lattice. M3-N5 theorem is used to consider nonmodularity. A comparison of causal logic and quantum logic is discussed.

Сертифицируемая бортовая операционная система реального времени JetOS для российских проектов воздушных судов

JetOS is a prospective onboard real-time operating system (RTOS). Nowadays GosNIIAS develops JetOS in the scope of the research and development project. One of the most important tasks during JetOS development is to create the DO-178C certification kit, which will allow JetOS to be used for development and modification of avionics for civil aircraft. Today there is no operating system certified in accordance with DO-178C in Russia, therefore the JetOS creation is the matter of current importance. Using DO-178C requires the developer to have very strict development processes. The arrangement of processes that satisfy the DO-178C requirements is a very responsible and demanding task because of high expectations in the fields of safety and security. JetOS is being developed primarily for onboard equipment based on the integrated modular avionics (IMA). One of the key features of IMA is the ability to execute several functional applications on one target onboard module. The obvious consequence of this feature is a necessity to have a time and resource partitioning of applications. In avionics field application partition along with a host of other features is defined in ARINC 653 international standard, so its support is the significant requirement for JetOS. ARINC 653 defines application programming interface (API) and modes of operation for onboard functional software. JetOS supports the up-to-date version of ARINC 653 (2015) with supplementary services. JetOS also supports the safety-critical graphical library - OpenGL SC; the special implementation of the OpenGL SC library is being developed along with JetOS itself. OpenGL SC services are used to draw two-dimensional and three-dimensional pictures by onboard functional software. JetOS is a certifiable modular cyber-safe real-time operating system, which is designed in order to support several hardware architectures and to be easily adopted for different hardware boards. The scope of the JetOS project also includes creation of the tools necessary for functional software development, especially aircraft systems.

XPS and SIMS Analysis of Solid Electrolyte Interphases on Lithium Formed by Ether-Based Electrolytes

The chemical composition and microstructure of the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) on lithium metal in ether-based electrolytes are investigated using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), time of flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Electrolytes based on 1,2-dimethoxyethane (DME) and 1,3-dioxolane (DOL) solvents with lithium bis(trifluoromethane)sulfonamide (LiTFSI) conducting salt are employed to passivate lithium surfaces for different periods of time. Two types of model experiments (immersion-type and galvanostatic current load) are performed to generate self- and current-induced SEIs. Reference measurements of predicted SEI components and an advanced XPS signal coupling method facilitate the deconvolution of the spectroscopic and spectrometric data. Both ether solvents showed specific SEI formation for each experimental setup. DME appears to decompose immediately on the lithium surface and forms a thin passivation film of various salts in a lithium-alkoxide framework. DOL shows a slow SEI formation of organic and inorganic salts revealing problems in the lithium surface protection. Under current load the reaction rate is increased in DME maintaining the three-dimensional microstructure. For DOL the current load leads to a multi-layer structure of organic host materials comprising LiTFSI and lithium fluoride. Finally, two-dimensional schematic pictures of the SEI microstructure are developed.

Digital volumetric measurement of cutaneous leishmaniasis lesions: Blur estimation method.

Cutaneous leishmaniasis is a common parasitic infestation in Iran. With recent advantages in digital imaging, we have devised a novel non-contact objective method of measuring lesions. The aim of the study was to design a software system that analyzes images of cutaneous leishmaniasis lesions, objectively assess and monitor volume. A photographic technique along with an image processing algorithm was applied to extract a three-dimensional map of the lesion from a simple two-dimensional picture. This method recovers depth on the basis of blur estimation. A macro lens with a low depth of field was used to blur the objects out of focus. To assess and compare the results, a polymer mold of the corresponding lesion was made and filled with liquid. The volume of liquid corresponded to the volume of the lesion. A total of thirty-seven patients were enrolled, and 48 lesions were analyzed. The mean volume measured by image processing was 159 μl (range: 8-685 μl), in comparison to an average of 170 μl (range: 6-800 μl) obtained from the molds. This was not significantly different. Statistical analysis by the Pearson correlation test showed a 'very good fit' correlation between these measured volumes (P < 0.001, r = 0.938). The location and height of lesions were two important limitations in implementing this technique. If the lesion location is in the curvature region of body or the lesion height is less than 1 mm or more than 1 cm, this method will lose precision and accuracy. Image processing with blur estimation technique is an accurate and precise method to measure the volume of lesions in cutaneous leishmaniasis.

Investigation of the two-dimensional problem of filtration of high-viscosity oil in a formation under thermal action

A theoretical and numerical study of developing a reservoir with high-viscosity oil using the technology of pair horizontal wells is presented. In a two-dimensional formulation, numerical solutions to the problem of the possibility of extracting high-viscosity oil from a formation with the use of thermal action were obtained. The proposed method is aimed at increasing the efficiency of developing an oil reservoir with high viscosity oil by ensuring a uniform warming up of the developing zone of the field. The adopted model allows to trace a detailed two-dimensional picture of oil filtration in the reservoir and to investigate the main regularities of this process.

From Historical Backgrounds to Recent Advances in 3D Characterization of Materials: An Overview

Two-dimensional pictures and x-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns have for a long time been the standard techniques most frequently used to analyze a material structure. In the past decades, owing to advances in imaging and computer technology, three-dimensional (3D) techniques have provided new insights into how phase distribution, crystallographic interfaces and defect arrangements contribute to build a material structure. Moreover, theoretical modeling is now able to disclose a more accurate structural simulation with the support of 3D characterization. In this work, a concise overview of the major 3D imaging techniques is presented to update the reader with the main related achievements in automated serial sectioning, focused ion beam/scanning electron microscopy (FIB/SEM) and x-ray microtomography (microCT). Examples addressed in the literature for engineering materials illustrate each technique.

Physiological basis in the assessment of myocardial mechanics using speckle-tracking echocardiography 2D. Part II.

In this paper, the authors attempt to concisely present the anatomical and pathophysiological bases as well as the principles for echocardiographic evaluation of mechanical aspects of cardiac function based on speckle tracking method. This technique uses a phenomenon involving the formation of characteristic image units, referred to as speckles or acoustic markers, which are stable during cardiac cycle, on a two-dimensional echocardiographic picture. Changes in the position of these speckles throughout the cardiac cycle, which are monitored and analyzed semi-automatically by a computer system, reflect deformation of both, cardiac ventricle as a whole as well as its individual anatomical segments. The values of strain and the strain rate, as well as the range and velocity of the movement of these markers, which are in close relationship with multiple hemodynamic parameters, can be visualized as various types of charts – linear, two- and three-dimensional – as well as numerical values, enabling deeper insight into the mechanical and hemodynamic aspects of cardiac function in health and disease. The use of information obtained based on speckle tracking echocardiography allows to understand previously unclear mechanisms of physiological and pathophysiological processes. The first part of the study discusses the formation of a two-dimensional ultrasound image and the speckles, as well as the technical aspects of tracking their movement. The second part presents in more detail the methodology of speckle-tracking echocardiography, the characteristic abnormalities of cardiac mechanics presenting in different clinical entities, and the limitations related to given clinical and technical issues.

Physiological basis in the assessment of myocardial mechanics using speckle-tracking echocardiography 2D. Part I.

In this paper, the authors attempt to concisely present the anatomical and pathophysiological bases as well as the principles for echocardiographic evaluation of mechanical aspects of cardiac function based on speckle tracking method. This technique uses a phenomenon involving the formation of characteristic image units, referred to as speckles or acoustic markers, which are stable during cardiac cycle, on a two-dimensional echocardiographic picture. Changes in the position of these speckles throughout the cardiac cycle, which are monitored and analyzed semi-automatically by a computer system, reflect deformation of both, cardiac ventricle as a whole as well as its individual anatomical segments. The values of strain and the strain rate, as well as the range and velocity of the movement of these markers, which are in close relationship with multiple hemodynamic parameters, can be visualized as various types of charts – linear, two- and three-dimensional – as well as numerical values, enabling deeper insight into the mechanical and hemodynamic aspects of cardiac function in health and disease. The use of information obtained based on speckle tracking echocardiography allows to understand previously unclear mechanisms of physiological and pathophysiological processes. The first part of the study discusses the formation of a two-dimensional ultrasound image and the speckles, as well as the technical aspects of tracking their movement. The second part presents in more detail the methodology of speckle-tracking echocardiography, the characteristic abnormalities of cardiac mechanics presenting in different clinical entities, and the limitations related to given clinical and technical issues.

X-ray derived experimental charge density distribution in GaF3 and VF3 solid systems

The electronic structure and bonding features of metal and transition metal fluorides in low oxidation states, GaF3 and VF3, have been studied from precise single crystal X-ray diffraction data using multipole and maximum entropy methods. The topology of the charge density is analyzed and the (3,−1) bond critical points are determined. Existences of ionic nature of bonding in low valent fluorine compounds are clearly evident. The spherical core of metal atom and aspherical or twisted core of transition metal atom reveal the fact that GaF3 is much more rigid than VF3. Aspherical cores of the polarized ligand atoms are also visible in the two-dimensional density distribution pictures. The true valence charge density surfaces with encapsulating the atomic basins maps are elucidated. An elongated saddle with mid-bond density of 0.6191e/Å3, observed in the compound VF3, shows that its lattice is less rigid and has more ionic character than GaF3.

Functional geometry of the left ventricle in dilated cardiomyopathy before and after resynchronization therapy

Aim. To analyse quantitative parameters of functional geometry of the left ventricle (LV) in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy (DCMP), to assess the changes in cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) and to reveal the relation of functional geometry of LV and its contractility. Material and methods. In DCMP patients group, who were directed to CRT according to the Guidelines of Russian Arhythmologists Society 2013, echocardiographic study was performed before and after CRT (at 5th day). Based on two-dimensional LV pictures the parameters were assessed in the cycle, as segmented kinetics of wall contraction, LV shape dynamics: sphericity index, Hibson, conicity of apical zone, Fourier shape complexity. Results. In DCMP patients the decrease of global ejection fraction <35% was followed with a decrease of systolic change of all sectoral squares of LV and enhancement of dimensional heterogeneity and asynchronicity of regional wall motion during cardiac cycle comparing to controls. There was negative correlation revealed between the proposed index of non-homogeneity and global ejection fraction. All shape indexes point to more spherical shape of LV in DCMP. However, opposite to controls, DCMP patients lack dynamical changes of shape indexes during cardiac cycle, that witnesses on significant disorders of wall motion coordination in cycle. After CRT there is significant re-coordination of LV wall motion, followed by restoration of non-homogeneity pattern of segmental kinetics, decrease of nonhomogeneity indexes and of asynchronicity and appearance of the dynamics of shape indexes changes during cardiac cycle. It was shown that end-systolic indexes of sphericity shape complexity of Fourier make it to separate patients who respond or does not on therapy, by clinical parameters. Changes of sphericity index between end diastole and end systole <3,5% selects patients with the highest prognostic significance comparing with other parameters. Conclusion. Disorders of functional geometry of the LV, particularly an increase of non-homogeneity and asynchronicity parameters of the regional motion of the wall, decrease of dynamical changes of LV sphericity indexes, might influence contractility and pumping function of the heart, and have diagnostic significance in selection of patients responding to CRT.

Peter Schultz and Ralf Von den Hoff (eds). Structure, Image, ornament: architectural sculpture in the Greek world

Greek (and Roman) architectural sculpture has frequently suffered reductive treatment from scholars. Either it has been broken up into stand-alone artworks divorced from their original display-contexts and studied only for what they can tell us of the development of style and subject, or it has been treated as ancillary to the building, or, in the case of temples, preparatory to the worshipper’s experience of the statue inside. This is in part a matter of historiography: the removal and display by Grand Tourists of sculptural features such as the Parthenon and Bassai friezes only encourages this kind of looking. It is also in part a matter of logistics: architectural sculpture was always hard to see, and the use of photography to aid its modern study not only separates the sculpture from its setting even further but also magnifies and flattens it, transforming a three-dimensional object into a two-dimensional picture.

Evaluating the Language Builder™ Application in the Acquisition of Listener Responding in Young Children with Autism

This study evaluated the use of the iPad® Mini and application Language Builder™ in teaching listener responding skills to two preschool aged children with autism, using a multiple baseline across responses design. Training consisted of the participants completing a pre-programmed receptive label lesson contained within Language Builder™ application on an iPad® Mini. Following training trials, an evaluation of the participant’s ability to generalize the skill from the electronic device to two-dimensional picture cards was assessed. Each participant acquired the ability to receptively identify three specified two-dimensional picture cards to a criterion of 100 % independence across two consecutive sessions, requiring an average of two training sessions to master each respective label. For each mastered label, maintenance data were also collected. The participants displayed the ability to retain each label at 100 % correct responding following mastery. This study furthers the current literature on the use of handheld computing technologies that can be used to augment behaviorally based intervention for autism treatment.

Everyday Ekphrastic Excursions: Olivier Rolin and Jean-Christophe Bailly

This article examines the role of ekphrasis in Olivier Rolin’s Un chasseur de lions (2008) and Jean-Christophe Bailly’s Le Dépaysement, voyages en France (2011). Each work mobilizes ekphrasis in the service of an investigative excursion into real everyday spaces. Olivier Rolin historically reconstructs the enigmatic lion hunter Eugène Pertuiset, depicted in a painting by Édouard Manet. At the same time, he explores the parts of modern-day Paris where the traces of Manet can be discovered. As ekphrastic depictions of Manet’s paintings begin to colour Rolin’s perception of modern-day Paris, Un chasseur opens a trace space that blurs lines between past and present, and between representation and reality. In Le Dépaysement, Jean-Christophe Bailly sets out to see to what extent he can — in an increasingly globalized world — perceive what is ‘French’ about France. When he scrutinizes the landscape from a moving train, capturing details on the fly, a kind of spontaneous ekphrasis emerges in his description: groups of people walking resemble an engraving, an isolated house in the country looks like an image from the evening news. In this landscape turned imagescape, Bailly retrieves pictorial loci of collective familiarity. Both Rolin and Bailly ultimately employ ekphrasis as a particularly fruitful way of accessing the everyday, as they mobilize two-dimensional pictures in order to reveal deeper, often overlooked or hidden dimensions of everyday life.

Tratamiento de 24 parejas chiclayanas mediante inseminación artificial homóloga con la primera fracción del eyaculado

La Inseminación Artificial Homóloga -IAH- es un método que adquiere progresivamente más importancia en el tratamiento de la esterilidad conyugal y consiste en depositar semen fresco, congelado o tratado en el exocérvix, en el endocérvix o en cavidad endometrial, en este trabajo hemos usado semen fresco fraccionado utilizando la primera fracción del eyaculado y lo hemos depositado en el endocérvix con rociado peri-cervical, comparándolo con la inseminación clásica de todo el eyaculado. La muestra estudiada de 24 parejas, la hemos dividido en dos grupos de 12 parejas c/u., el grupo A fue inseminado con la primera porción del eyaculado, en tanto que el grupo B fue inseminado con todo el eyaculada, todas las parejas recibieron el mismo protocolo de inducción ovárica, de pesquizaje ecográfico de la Ovulación y de Inseminación; los resultados fueron tabulados, distribuidos en cuadros bidimensionales y analizados.

Ribbon Aromaticity of Double-Chain B2n C2H2 Clusters (n = 2–9): A First Principle Study

The double-chain boron ribbon should be taken as an element geometric unit for the construction of boron fullerenes and sheets. In this work, a series of B2nC2H2 clusters (n = 2–9) were extensively investigated using the density functional theory and the coupled cluster method. The most stable structures of B2nC2H2 are planar double-chain nanoribbon with lengths from 3.9 to 15.0 A. The adaptive natural density partitioning analyses show that there exist conjugated multi-center π bonds along the nanoribbons. The two-dimensional contour pictures of the nucleus-independent chemical shifts reveal that B2nC2H2 clusters have ribbon aromaticity that fluctuates along the ribbons. This finding will provide new insights on the boron fullerenes and the two-dimensional boron sheets.

Prediction of Accumulation of Technological Stresses in a Pipeline Upon its Repair by a Composite Band

The problem on the formation of stress fields in a pipeline with a repair composite band during the solidification of the polymer resin is considered. Heating of the composite material due to the heat release during the polymerization reaction is modeled. Two-dimensional pictures of location of the glass transition front during cooling are obtained. A numerical analysis of the stress state of a fragment of the pipeline and the composite band during the cooling process is performed. The effect of matrix shrinkage during its glass transition on the level of the technological stresses is analyzed.

Global differences in electronic portfolio utilization - a review of the literature and research implications.

Global differences in electronic portfolio utilization - a review of the literature and research implications.

COMPUTER VISION PHOTOGRAMMETRY FOR UNDERWATER ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE RECORDING IN A LOW-VISIBILITY ENVIRONMENT

Abstract. Computer Vision Photogrammetry allows archaeologists to accurately record underwater sites in three dimensions using simple twodimensional picture or video sequences, automatically processed in dedicated software. In this article, I share my experience in working with one such software package, namely PhotoScan, to record a Dutch shipwreck site. In order to demonstrate the method’s reliability and flexibility, the site in question is reconstructed from simple GoPro footage, captured in low-visibility conditions. Based on the results of this case study, Computer Vision Photogrammetry compares very favourably to manual recording methods both in recording efficiency, and in the quality of the final results. In a final section, the significance of Computer Vision Photogrammetry is then assessed from a historical perspective, by placing the current research in the wider context of about half a century of successful use of Analytical and later Digital photogrammetry in the field of underwater archaeology. I conclude that while photogrammetry has been used in our discipline for several decades now, for various reasons the method was only ever used by a relatively small percentage of projects. This is likely to change in the near future since, compared to the ‘traditional’ photogrammetry approaches employed in the past, today Computer Vision Photogrammetry is easier to use, more reliable and more affordable than ever before, while at the same time producing more accurate and more detailed three-dimensional results.