Two-dimensional Picture Research Articles

色彩词的文学性研究 - 沈从文小说为中心

This paper attempts to examine the role of color words in Shen Congwen"s literary works from the literary standpoint. Firstly, the use of color words is counted. Then, taking white words, red words and black words as examples, from the perspective of semantic extension, the presentation of literary theme, literary mood and literary atmosphere are carried out. Then, taking color rendering in literature as an example, it illustrates the important role and significance of color words in two-dimensional picture space. Finally, the presentation of literariness is not only reflected in the expansion of semantic connotation, the extension of imaginary pictures, but also in the display of three-dimensional image space. This is achieved in Shen Congwen"s works through the intervention of light, that is, the interaction of light and color. The color words exploit the space of literariness in Shen Congwen"s novels to the greatest extent. They not only enrich the connotation of text semantics, but also realize the presentation of literary pictures above the text through color and composition. Finally, through the harmonization and transformation of color and light, the image space of literature is created, and the three-dimensional presentation of literariness is realized.

Hyper Spectral Image Classification using Multi Labelled, Multi-Scale and Multi-Angle CNN with MS-MA BT Algorithm

For classifying the hyperspectral image (HSI), convolution neural networks are used widely as it gives high performance and better results. For stronger prediction this paper presents new structure that benefit from both MS - MA BT (multi-scale multi-angle breaking ties) and CNN algorithm. We build a new MS - MA BT and CNN architecture. It obtains multiple characteristics from the raw image as an input. This algorithm generates relevant feature maps which are fed into concatenating layer to form combined feature map. The obtained mixed feature map is then placed into the subsequent stages to estimate the final results for each hyperspectral pixel. Not only does the suggested technique benefit from improved extraction of characteristics from CNNs and MS-MA BT, but it also allows complete combined use of visual and temporal data. The performance of the suggested technique is evaluated using SAR data sets, and the results indicate that the MS-MA BT-based multi-functional training algorithm considerably increases identification precision. Recently, convolution neural networks have proved outstanding efficiency on multiple visual activities, including the ranking of common two-dimensional pictures. In this paper, the MS-MA BT multi-scale multi-angle CNN algorithm is used to identify hyperspectral images explicitly in the visual domain. Experimental outcomes based on several SAR image data sets show that the suggested technique can attain greater classification efficiency than some traditional techniques, such as support vector machines and conventional deep learning techniques.

The development of 3- to 6-year-olds’ symbolic representation ability in a block construction activity

ABSTRACT Symbolic representation refers to the use of physical or psychological processes to represent an object in a symbolic form. The present study investigated the development of children’s symbolic representation using a new measure of children's block constructions. Ninety children (44 girls) in three age groups (3-4, 4-5, and 5-6 years) were randomly assigned to reproduce an example of ancient Chinese architecture using either two-dimensional pictures or a three-dimensional scale model. Children in the 3-4 age group produced significantly better constructions in the pictures condition. This picture-superiority effect disappeared in the 4-5 age group. In the 5-6 age group, there was better dimensionality in children's constructions when they used a scale model as the referent. The data identified the age of 4-5 as a critical period for the development of children's symbolic representation to transfer relational information from a scale model to their construction.

Nonlocalized motion in a two-dimensional container of α particles in 3− and 4− states of C12

The first $3^-$ and $4^-$ states of $^{12}$C are studied in the present container model, in which the shift parameter is introduced to break the parity symmetry for projecting out the negative-parity states. Taking the limit as the shift parameter approaches zero and by variational calculations for one-deformed size parameter, the local energy minima are obtained for the $3^-$ and $4^-$ states. It is found that the obtained single THSR (Tohsaki-Horiuchi-Schuck-R\"{o}pke) wave functions for $3^-$ and $4^-$ states are 96% and 92% equivalent to the corresponding GCM wave functions, respectively. The calculated intrinsic densities further show that these negative-parity states of three clusters, different with the traditional understanding of rigid triangle structure, are found to have nonlocalized clustering structure in the two-dimensional container picture.

Mental Rotation of Pictures, Letters and Symbols in Children with Dyslexia: Evidence for Stimulus Type Effect

ABSTRACT We report the results of three tasks of two-dimensional pictures, letters and symbols mental rotation (MR) among 9–11 years aged Arabic readers with dyslexia, in order to examine a potential stimulus type effect on MR ability in terms of accuracy and speed. Results showed that readers with dyslexia (n = 32) performed significantly lower and were slower than typical readers (n = 44) in the three MR tasks. Furthermore, ‘group’ and ‘type of stimuli’ effects were obtained for accuracy and speed of MR implementation, indicating impaired visual spatial orientation processing in children with dyslexia. Furthermore, repeated measures of ANOVA showed that letter MR is significantly slower than pictures and symbols in dyslexic group but no difference in terms of accuracy. These results are interpreted as support for the notion of linguistic based mental rotation impairment in developmental dyslexia, without being restricted to orthographic material.

Численное моделирование параметров полярной ионосферы

В статье дается обзор разработанных трех численных моделей для расчета электродинамических параметров высокоширотной ионосферы Земли. Модель глобального распределения ионосферного электрического потенциала, построенная на основе решения краевой задачи о растекании ионосферных токов, позволяет рассчитать траектории конвекции ионосферной плазмы в северном и южном полушариях. Модель высокоширотной ионосферы позволяет оперативно рассчитывать трехмерную структуру электронной плотности в диапазоне высот 120-500 км при различных гелио-геофизических условиях. Учитывается определяющая роль электрических полей магнитосферного происхождения. Концентрация основных ионосферных ионов определяется решением уравнения фотохимического баланса и конвективно-диффузионного уравнения вдоль траектории конвекции плазменных трубок с учётом параметров термосферы. Разработана методика и алгоритмы численного расчета распределения магнитного поля над ионосферой, которое создается электрическими токами магнитосферного происхождения. Модель базируется на решении уравнения для векторного магнитного потенциала и позволяет рассчитать двумерную картину магнитных вариаций.

Predictions of the shear modulus of cheese, a soft matter approach

Abstract The rheological and structural properties of cheese govern many physical processes associated with cheese such as slumping, slicing and melting. To date there is no quantitative model that predicts shear modulus, viscosity or any other rheological property across the entire range of cheeses; only empirical fits that interpolate existing data. A lack of a comprehensive model is in part due to the many variables that can affect rheology such as salt, pH, calcium levels, protein to moisture ratio, age and temperature. By modelling the casein matrix as a series core-shell nano particles assembled from calcium and protein these variables can be reduced onto a simpler two-dimensional format consisting of attraction and equivalent hard sphere volume fraction. Approximating the interaction between core-shell nano particles with a Mie potential enables numerical predictions of shear moduli. More qualitatively, this two-dimensional picture can be applied quite broadly and captures the viscoelastic behaviour of soft and hard cheeses as well as their melting phenomena.

50 years real-time electronic sector scanning

In the early sixties many pioneers investigated the possibilities of ultrasound pulse-echo techniques for diagnostic purposes. The main areas were neurology, gynaecology & obstetrics, radiology and ophtalmology. The Institute of Medical Physics where I was employed had close connections with some neurologists pioneering in ultrasound for brain diagnostics. The experts often were relatively successful as far as it concerned A-scan. In contrast to this, attempts to obtain useful results with B-scan were very disappointing. I was convinced that the relative success of A-scan, in spite of its one-dimensional character, was due to the fact that A-scan is a true real-time system. That makes searching for the best picture possible by moving the probe slightly while observing the result simultaneously. The trials with all kinds of mechanical B-scan systems, in order to obtain two-dimensional pictures, suffered from the fact that one sees the result only after the scan is completed. The results were extremely disappointing for brain imaging, mainly due to irregularly shaped skull bone and its high absorption. I was absolutely convinced that two-dimensional scanning at a high repetition rate and with an essentially stationary probe would provide superior results. Observing moving objects, like the heart, would probably become possible. Both for brain and heart a probe with a small “footprint” is essential, as was the case already with A-scan equipment. In 1964 we decided to explore if such a new system is feasible. We would then have a fast B-scan system comparable with A-scan but with the vital difference that it is two-dimensional and real-time. We started to develop such a system of which the first prototype, the Electroscan, became operational in the beginning of 1969. It was able to produce real time ultrasound images in the form of a sector of 90 degrees, divided in 32 different directions, and with a scanning rate of 30 frames per second. This system was published at the 1st World Congress of the WFUMB in Vienna, 1969. This obviously explains the title of this lecture. We can say now that the success of electronic sector scanning has been enormous. It is applied in numerous medical areas. In echo-cardiography, for instance, the use of “phased array” has become almost exclusive. The Electroscan was developed in a period in which the computer and chip technology were relatively at a poor level. The fact that nowadays even 3-dimensional real-time scanners exist shows clearly how much ‘good ideas’ are dependant on technical developments.

Temperature and loading rate dependent rupture forces from universal paths in mechanochemistry

Mechanical breaking of covalent bonds is induced by thermal fluctuations which leads to temperature and loading rate dependent rupture forces. These forces are much smaller than the maximum slope of the bond potential at practically accessible loading rates. Calculation of force-dependent activation energies obtained with a one-dimensional constrained geometry method is shown to work for isolated weak bonds or very simple molecules only. The situation is analyzed in a two-dimensional picture taking the broken bond explicitly into account. A single force-independent universal path appears that contains full information about the force dependence of the minima and transition states. The activation energies obtained from this path are of similar accuracy as those from force-dependent nudged elastic band calculations. Strong variations of rupture forces with loading rate and temperature are found for mechanochromophores, where the rupture force is more than one order of magnitude smaller than the maximum slope in agreement with experiment.

Two-dimensional picture arrays and Parikh q—matrices

Based on the idea of “q—count” of certain subwords of a word and generalizing the notion of Parikh matrix of a word, the notion of Parikh q—matrix of a word over an ordered alphabet was introduced. On the other hand, with a two-dimensional picture array of symbols arranged in rows and columns, two kinds of upper triangular matrices, known as row and column Parikh matrices have also been introduced and investigated. Here combining these two kinds of matrices of a picture array, we introduce row/column Parikh q—matrix of an array, leading to the concept of q—ambiguity of a picture array. Results relating to q—ambiguity of picture arrays are derived in the context of these Parikh q—matrices of arrays.

Functional fixedness and body-part-as-object production in pantomime

In pantomiming the use of tools, it is possible to use a body part as the object (BPO) or imagine the object (IO). The present four studies test how conceptualizing the functions of objects may underlie BPO production in a non-clinical adult population. We showed that familiar vs. unfamiliar tools (Study 1) and visual experience only vs. visual + motor experience with novel tools (Study 2) made no difference in BPO production. In Study 3, participants showed a trend for higher BPO production for tools presented in two-dimensional pictures rather than in reality. In Study 4, participants' functional fixedness was experimentally manipulated: participants were told unfamiliar tools had either five functions or only one function. Participants produced significantly more BPOs in the one-function condition. These results suggest that conceptualizing objects as having a fixed function is a predictor of BPO production.

3D approach visualizing cellular networks in human lymph nodes

Lymph node diagnostics are essentially based on cutting thin sections of formalin fixed tissues. After hematoxylin and eosin stain, Giemsa stain and immunohistochemical staining of these tissues, the lymph node diagnosis is done using a light microscope, looking at two-dimensional pictures. Three-dimensional visualizations of lymph node tissue have not been used in lymphoma diagnostics yet. This article describes three-dimensional visualization of lymphoid tissue, using thick paraffin sections, immunostained with monoclonal antibodies, confocal laser scanning and data processing with appropriate software and the 3D printing process itself. The advantages and disadvantages of different printing techniques are discussed as well as the application of 3D models in diagnostics, teaching and research of lymph nodes.

Parallel contextual array P systems

Contextual array P systems generate two-dimensional picture arrays by sequential application of contextual array rules on picture arrays. Here we consider a parallel mode of application of the contextual array rules in the regions of such an array P system. We call the resulting array P system as parallel contextual array P system (PCAP) and we study the generative power of these systems. A main advantage is that the number of membranes needed in the constructions of the PCAP for picture array generation is reduced in comparison with the sequential counterpart.

Characterization of electrical anisotropy in North Yorkshire, England using square arrays and electrical resistivity tomography

Fracture characteristics were quantified at a site underlain by limestone bedrock in Spaunton Moors, North Yorkshire, England, with the use of electrical resistivity tomography and azimuthal square arrays. The electrical resistivity tomography survey was conducted to generate a two-dimensional picture of the subsurface. The azimuthal square array survey was conducted to characterize electrical anisotropy due to similarly oriented fractures within the Coralline limestone. Values of fracture strike obtained from graphical analysis of the square array data corresponded with values obtained from geological mapping of the quarry face. On the square array polar plots, the fracture zone was where resistivity was lowest. Secondary porosity was estimated to range between 20 and 27%. This range of values was interpreted to be a result of foliation. The azimuthal inhomogeneity ratio, computed to estimate the severity of lateral resistivity variations on the site, had a value averaging 0.7. This implies that the effects of lateral resistivity variations are not very severe. Electrical anisotropy observed on the study location is due to the presence of fractures. The lateral variations in resistivity are due to lithological heterogeneities within the bedrock. Square array detected anisotropic behavior within the bedrock in spite of overburden effects. The azimuthal square array technique is therefore useful for characterizing fractures and for quantifying anisotropy within the bedrock to generate results consistent with that obtained from geological mapping of existent outcrops.

Pictorial Experience, Imagining from the Inside, and Imaginative Penetration

In pictorial experience, we are normally aware of the visible features of two distinct sets of objects: the depicting surface and the depicted entities. Imagination-based accounts of pictorial experience maintain that our awareness of the depicted (e.g., of a landscape or a man) is essentially imaginative. My main aim in this paper is to provide a specific objection to imagination-based accounts. More specifically, I argue that they are unable to account for the fact that the kind of awareness, which is exemplified by our awareness of the depicted scene involved in our non-illusionistic pictorial experience of a two-dimensional picture, could not be instantiated without the simultaneous perceptual awareness of some marked surface.

Natural Perspective: Mapping Visual Space with Art and Science.

Following its discovery in fifteenth-century Italy, linear perspective has often been hailed as the most accurate method of projecting three-dimensional visual space onto a two-dimensional picture plane. However, when we survey the history of European art it is evident that few artists fully complied with its mathematical rules, despite many of them being rigorously trained in its procedures. In this paper, we will consider how artists have actually depicted visual space, and present evidence that images created according to a “natural” perspective (NP) used by artists are judged as better representations of visual space than those created using standard linear (LP) and curvilinear fisheye (FP) projective geometries. In this study, we built a real three-dimensional scene and produced photographs of the scene in three different perspectives (NP, LP and FP). An online experiment in which we asked people to rank the perspectives in order of preference showed a clear preference for NP compared to the FP and LP. In a second experiment, participants were asked to view the real scene and rate each perspective on a range of psychological variables. Results showed that NP was the most preferred and the most effective in depicting the physical space naturally. We discuss the implications of these results and the advantages and limitations of our approach for studying the global metric and geometrical structure of visual space.

DEFORMATION MONITORING AND ANALYSIS OF LSP LANDSLIDE BASED ON GBINSAR

Abstract. Monitoring and analyzing the deformation of the river landslide in city to master the deformation law of landslide, which is an important means of landslide safety assessment. In this paper, aiming at the stability of the Liu Sha Peninsula Landslide during its strengthening process after the landslide disaster. Continuous and high precision deformation monitoring of the landslide was carried out by GBInSAR technique. Meanwhile, the two-dimensional deformation time series pictures of the landslide body were retrieved by the time series analysis method. The deformation monitoring and analysis results show that the reinforcement belt on the landslide body was basically stable and the deformation of most PS points on the reinforcement belt was within 1 mm. The deformation of most areas on the landslide body was basically within 4 mm, and the deformation presented obvious nonlinear changes. GBInSAR technique can quickly and effectively obtain the entire deformation information of the river landslide and the evolution process of deformation.

Quantum nano-arithmetics for nanotechnology.

Quantum physics is a matrix calculation system that creates a two-dimensional holographic Picture of the three-dimensional harmonic motion of wave fronts. To estimate the fundamental constants of quantum physics with almost unlimited accuracy, only the functional relationships of two transcendental numbers Pi and E are sufficient with three unique integers A=137 (Sommerfeld), B=602214183 (Avogadro), R=105456978 (Dirac). In fact, quantum physics can be interpreted as a digital computational bridge between continuous and discrete mathematics. In general, quantum physics is the ultimate metric system of the pulsating universe.

Coherent Structures at Ion Scales in Fast Solar Wind: Cluster Observations

Abstract We investigate the nature of magnetic turbulent fluctuations, around ion characteristic scales, in a fast solar wind stream, by using Cluster data. Contrarily to slow solar wind, where both Alfvénic ( δ b ⊥ ≫ δ b ∥ ) and compressive ( δ b ∥ ≫ δ b ⊥ ) coherent structures are observed, the turbulent cascade of fast solar wind is dominated by Alfvénic structures, namely, Alfvén vortices, with a small and/or finite compressive part, with the presence also of several current sheets aligned with the local magnetic field. Several examples of vortex chains are also recognized. Although an increase of magnetic compressibility around ion scales is observed also for fast solar wind, no strongly compressive structures are found, meaning that the nature of the slow and fast winds is intrinsically different. Multispacecraft analysis applied to this interval of fast wind indicates that the coherent structures are almost convected by the flow and aligned with the local magnetic field, i.e., their normal is perpendicular to B , which is consistent with a two-dimensional turbulence picture. Understanding intermittency and the related generation of coherent structures could provide a key insight into the nonlinear energy transfer and dissipation processes in magnetized and collisionless plasmas.

Structure of Exhausts in Magnetic Reconnection with an X-line of Finite Extent

Abstract We present quantitative predictions of the structure of reconnection exhausts in three-dimensional magnetic reconnection with an X-line of finite extent in the out-of-plane direction. Sasunov et al. showed that they have a tilted ribbon-like shape bounded by rotational discontinuities and tangential discontinuities. We show analytically and numerically that this prediction is largely correct. When there is an out-of-plane (guide) magnetic field, the presence of the upstream field that does not reconnect acts as a boundary condition in the normal direction, which forces the normal magnetic field to be zero outside the exhaust. This condition constrains the normal magnetic field inside the exhaust to be small. Thus, rather than the ribbon tilting in the inflow direction, the exhaust remains collimated in the normal direction and is forced to expand nearly completely in the out-of-plane direction. This exhaust structure is in stark contrast to the two-dimensional picture of reconnection, where reconnected flux expands in the normal direction. We present analytical predictions for the structure of the exhausts in terms of upstream conditions. The predictions are confirmed using three-dimensional resistive-magnetohydrodynamic simulations with a finite-length X-line achieved using a localized (anomalous) resistivity. Implications to reconnection in the solar wind are discussed. In particular, the results can be used to estimate a lower bound for the extent of the X-line in the out-of-plane direction solely using single-spacecraft data taken downstream in the exhausts.