Two-dimensional Chart Research Articles

Rapid Authentication of Olive Oil Adulteration by Raman Spectrometry

The authentication of olive oil and its adulteration with lower priced oils are still serious problems in the olive oil industry. In this study, a method based on the intensity ratio of the Raman spectroscopy vibration bands, especially on the intensity ratio of the cis ( ==C-H) and cis (C=C) bonds normalized by the band at 1441 cm(-1) (CH(2)), was established to authenticate genuine/fake olive oil. These intensity ratios of the vibration bands given in the form of a two-dimensional chart allow first the discrimination between the various grades of olive oil and the seed oils and then the detection of olive oil fraud by the line of y = 0.7, which is observed under most experiments and dot charts. This method can reliably distinguish the genuine olive oils from the olive oils containing 5% (volume percentage) or more of other edible oils, such as soybean oil, rapeseed oil, sunflower seed oil, or corn oil. Compared to the traditional principal component analysis method, this method is more intuitive, more precise, and easier to use. Moreover, this method also has the advantages of simplicity efficiency and has no need for sample preprocessing, being especially suitable for on-site testing in field applications.

On 2-D Control Charts

To monitor a production process by charting, it usually requires that one should plot at least two charts, one for location shift and one for dispersion checking. We discuss the issues of combining two charts into one and give some recommendations. In particular, an optimal two-dimensional (2-D) chart is constructed. In addition, another 2-D chart, which is easier to implement but only slightly sub-optimal for commonly used small sizes, is also proposed.

The Hess Screen Test

The Hess screen test was designed by Walter Rudolf Hess in 1908 with subsequent modifications.1, 2 Hess was a famous neurophysiologist who was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1949 for his research into the functional organization of the vegetative nervous system.3, 4 The original test used a black screen on which was marked a square-meter tangent scale. The tangent nature of the coordinate lines converts equidistant points, seen in a virtual sphere like a perimeter, into a two-dimensional chart. The test relies on color dissociation using red/green complementary filters. This maximizes the ocular deviation. A red target is illuminated or projected at the juncture where each tangent line crosses. A green light is projected by the patient and each plot is recorded. The test is repeated for the opposite eye resulting in a chart showing an inner and outer range of ocular rotation for each eye.

Erstellung einer Kompatibilitätstabelle für die intravenöse Pharmakotherapie auf neonatologischen und pädiatrischen Intensivstationen

Modern neonatal and pediatric intensive care includes a sophisticated pharmacotherapy with numerous drugs, mainly administered intravenously. Often, despite the use of multi-lumen central venous lines, more peripheral venous accesses are required. To reduce the necessity of numerous venous lines on one hand and on the other hand to avoid complications from incompatibilities of the administered drugs, we compiled a compatibility chart, encompassing more substances than covered in previously available charts. Information on compatibility of commonly prescribed drugs was collected by analysis of manufacturers' information, medical and pharmaceutical handbooks, and a literature research. Available data on compatibility of 78 drugs were displayed in a two-dimensional chart. Beside the pH of each drug, compatibility of drug combinations was encoded for simultaneous infusion. Special emphasis was on security of the therapy. The compatibility chart gives quick reference for Data on compatibility of intravenously administered drugs in neonatal and pediatric intensive care.

A Simple and Easy-To-Learn Chart of the Main Classes of Inorganic Compounds and Their Acid-Base Reactions

A two-dimensional chart for the classification of the main classes of inorganic compounds is presented. This presentation takes advantage of the visual memory of high school students in learning the relationship between acidic and basic properties of compounds. With a limited use of introductory vector algebra, the chart makes it possible to predict reaction products and figure out the coefficients in chemical equations of acid–base reactions.

Tolerance charting for components with both angular and square shoulder features

This paper deals with tolerance charting for a component with both angular and square shoulder features. First of all, a unified surface model is proposed for a component with both angular and square-shoulder-featured surfaces. Then, a two-dimensional tolerance chart is constructed and parameterized for the machining of the component. Also, two general formulae are derived to calculate the surface changes due to machining cuts. The recording of the surface changes during all machining cuts means that the reverse dimensional chains and the “solid” stock removals can be identified automatically. Finally, the forward dimensional chains are obtained by inverting the reverse dimensional chains. Both the reverse and forward dimensional chains developed in this paper are two-dimensional, with both axial and radial dimensions. The approach presented in this paper is very useful in the development of a computer-aided angular tolerance charting system.

Orienting teaching toward the learning process.

Based on developments in educational psychology from the late 1980s, the authors present a model of an approach to teaching. Students' learning processes were analyzed to determine teacher functions. The learning-oriented teaching (LOT) model aims at following and guiding the learning process. The main characteristics of the model are (1) the components of learning: cognition (what to learn), affect (why learn), and metacognition (how to learn); and (2) the amount of guidance students need. If education aims at fostering one's ability to function independently in society, an important general objective should be that one learns how to fully and independently regulate his or her own learning; i.e., the ability to pursue one's professional life independently. This implies a transition from external guidance (from the teacher) through shared guidance (by the student together with the teacher) to internal guidance (by the student alone). This transition pertains not only to the cognitive component of learning (content) but also to the affective component (motives) and the metacognitive component (learning strategies). This model reflects a philosophy of internalization of the teacher's functions in a way that allows optimal independent learning after graduation. The model can be shown as a two-dimensional chart of learning components versus levels of guidance. It is further elaborated from learners' and teachers' perspectives. Examples of curriculum structure and teachers' activities are given to illustrate the model. Implications for curriculum development, course development, individual teaching moments, and educational research are discussed.

The 'Hyperbola of Quantum Chemistry': the Changing Practice and Identity of a Scientific Discipline in the Early Years of Electronic Digital Computers, 1945-65

In 1965, John A. Pope presented a paper entitled 'Two-Dimensional Chart of Quantum Chemistry' to illustrate the inverse relationship between the sophistication of computational methods and the size of molecules under study. This chart, later called the 'hyperbola of quantum chemistry', succinctly summarized the growing tension between the proponents of two different approaches to computation–the ab initio method and semiempirical method–in the early years of electronic digital computers. Examining the development of quantum chemistry after World War II, I focus on the role of computers in shaping disciplinary identity. The availability of high-speed computers in the early 1950s attracted much attention from quantum chemists, and their community took shape through a series of conferences and personal networking. However, this emerging community soon encountered the problem of communication between groups that differed in the degree of reliance they placed on computers. I show the complexity of interactions between computing technology and a scientific discipline, in terms of both forming and splitting the community of quantum chemistry.

HODGE NUMBER DISTRIBUTION FOR CICY MANIFOLDS

The method of exact and spectral sequences is applied to compute the Hodge numbers of all known complete intersection Calabi–Yau manifolds. When plotted on a two-dimensional chart, the distribution of their values reveals an interesting periodic pattern. Next, we introduce a seven-dimensional crystal-like structure which seems to be relevant to study the systematics of the Hodge number distribution.

Prediction of in vitro fertilization rates from semen variables

To assess the value of semen variables for predicting fertilization rates. Measures of the fresh semen and the motile sperm fraction used for insemination were related to the fertilization rate by multiple regression analysis. The regression model was then used to construct a two-dimensional clinical chart. University-affiliated reproductive medicine unit. The results of 294 IVF cycles were analyzed retrospectively. Selection criteria were: [1] first cycle of IVF; [2] tubal and/or male factor infertility; and [3] four or more oocytes inseminated. None. The fertilization rate was related to measured variables of the fresh semen and the motile sperm fraction used for insemination. Fertilization rate was categorized as poor (< 35%) or acceptable (> or = 35%). Multiple regression analysis demonstrated a strong correlation between the fertilization rate and the combined indexes of percentage normal morphology and grade of motility in the fresh semen and percentage progressive motility in the motile sperm fraction. A two-dimensional chart that expressed these relationships was constructed. Its accuracy of prediction was 77% for poor fertilization and 95% for acceptable fertilization. The fertilization rate is strongly correlated with percentage normal sperm morphology in the fresh semen and the percentage progressive motility in the motile sperm fraction used for insemination. The clinical chart provides a simple but powerful tool for predicting fertilization outcome.

The mechanism and the condition of occurrence in the erosion-corrosion damage of carbon steel by gas-liquid two-phase flow.

The erosion-corrosion characteristics of carbon steel commonly used as piping material subjected to an impinging gas-liquid two-phase flow under various pH. chloride ion concentration and flow rate combinations were investigated. Environmental condition saffected not only the damage rate but also the type of damage. One of these was the enhanced general corrosion observed mainly under high chlorine ion concentration (1220ppm) and another was flow-induced pitting corrosin observed under the pH7-[C1-] 140ppm condition. Each condition of the chemical solution had its own flow effect. For example, in the case of high chlorine ion concentration, high flow rate accelerated corrosion damage by decreasing diffusion control. On the other hand, under low chlorine ion concentration, high-speed flow decreased the corrosion rate by the action of removing nonprotective oxide layer. To indicate the condition of occurrence for enhanced corrosion damage, a two-dimensional chart which had axes of [C1-] concentration and flow rate was constructed for each pH value.

Engineer or technologist: A matter of degree? Part II: It is at the interface of entry-level positions, where EE and EET graduates meet, that the similarities in their backgrounds tend to mask their differences

Since the 1940s, the analogy of a spectrum has been used to define the engineering manpower team. At that time, a simple, two-dimensional chart showed the relationship between theoretical and practical knowledge as it applied to two-year associate degree engineering technicians (EETs) and four-year baccalaureate degree engineers (EEs). With scientists and craftspeople extending the spectrum at either end, we had a manpower model that was simplistic but easy to discuss with interested students and employers. The fact that there were many engineers and technicians in industry whose backgrounds did not fit the academic definitions associated with that model was not really recognized at that time. The engineering profession was an open profession then as much as it is today.

The validity of real-time spectrum analysis of Finnish vowel formants in profoundly hearing-impaired children.

A two-dimensional vowel chart has been used in the presentation of the articulatory positions of eight Finnish vowels produced by deaf subjects. The method and its evaluation is presented, showing individual analyses of a 13-year-old deaf boy. The values of the two lowest formants were determined from the real-time spectral analyses of each Finnish vowel and their positions on the vowel diagram, and these are compared with the identifications by listeners with normal hearing. Although the distortion and fuzziness of vowel spectra caused some difficulties in the exact determination of formant values, the comparison showed a fairly high validity for the method. This kind of vowel chart can be used for the estimation of individual articulatory capacity of deaf subjects.

An Analysis of the Bending and Shear Properties of Woven, Double-Knitted, and Warp-Knitted Outerwear Fabrics

Mechanical properties of a wide range of commercially-produced outerwear fabrics have been analyzed in terms of the elastic and frictional resistance to bending and shear deformations. The fabrics tested include wool and wool-synthetic blend woven fabrics, wool and textured polyester double-knits, and synthetic warp-knits; some plain single jersey knitted fabrics are also included for comparison purposes Features of the bending and shear deformation and recovery curves such as their shape, asymmetry, linearity, and degree of hysteresis are discussed for each. Finishing has an enormous effect on the bending properties of all the woven fabrics an on the knitted synthetic fabrics, although the effect is less (although still significant) for knitted wool fabrics; the frictional resistance to deformation (in both bending and shear) is always much more critically affected by finishing than is the elastic rigidity of the fabric. Statistical correlations between the elastic and frictional parameters of deformation are explained in physical terms related to the basic fabric construction. Fabric bending properties are shown to depend largely on fabric thickness and other constructional variables, but shear properties show much less systematic variation with such parameters and are largely determined by the type of fabric construction itself. The effect of finishing is also much less for shear than for bending, particularly in the case of knitted structures. The frictional resistance to bending and shear deformations may be used to construct a two-dimensional fabric chart in which each group of fabrics falls into a separate area according to fabric structure and fiber type. This chart may be related to such fabric characteristics as tailorability, drape, and handle.

The time-space domain presentation of levelling data.

This paper introduces a computer program which compiles a series of repeated levelling data along a route and displays a comprehensive pattern of vertical land movement in the time-space domain. This technique presents us an intuitive view of the dynamic character of the crust. A difficulty for this purpose is faulty data. Surveying intervals are relatively long and not uniform, in general. To make the matter worse, each set is sometimes contaminated by partial missing of data. Therefore, we must take proper interpolation of these faulty portions in order to derive a uniform array of data in the time-space domain. After interpolation, we assign legible symbols to data at each grid point in the domain and draw a two-dimensional chart by use of a computer. A cubic spline function is used for interpolation, assuming that the faulty part of data is represented by a smooth curve in both the time and space-axes.The program is applied to several examples, in order to demonstrate the usefulness of the present technique. In the charts, we recognize several interesting aspects of strain accumulation. A brief discussion is added on these events from the tectonic viewpoint.

A two-dimensional representation of protein structures

A two-dimensional chart of distances between residues of a protein and between their side-chains provides a concise and convenient representation of steric information derived from crystallographic data. Such a chart shows characteristic features corresponding to details of secondary structures of a polypeptide and also reveals which side-chains are interacting in the tertiary structure of the macromolecule.

Direct-Reading Planck Distribution Slide Rule

Theory and general design data for a two-dimensional slide-action alignment chart giving a direct reading of the Planck distribution function are presented. Accuracy and convenient size are complementary; a “pocket” model covering 200 to 10 000 deg K yields one or two place accuracy in spectral density.

New Automatic Colorimeter for Cotton

This new instrument for measuring the color of cotton is based on a satisfactory application of the Hunter Color and Color-Difference Meter to problems of raw cotton measurement. It is designed to be fully automatic and self-standardizing, and graphically to show values for reflectance (Rd) and yellowness (+b) on a two-dimensional chart. It is self-contained in a movable cabinet, with a minimum of exposed parts. Although this particular model is limited to measurements in the range of cotton color, the principles on which it is designed are adaptable to other limited ranges of color, in either two or three dimensions, thus providing an automatic, self-standardizing small-difference colorimeter for other limited ranges of color.

Temperature Charts for Induction and Constant-Temperature Heating

Abstract Charts are presented for determining complete temperature histories in spheres, cylinders, and plates. It is shown that for values of the dimensionless time ratio X greater than 0.2 the heating equations reduce to such a simple form that for each shape two charts which give temperatures at any position within the heated or cooled bodies can be plotted. It is also shown that the usual simple heating and cooling charts can also be used for the determination of temperatures and heating times in bodies heated by a constant rate of heat generation at the surface (induction heating). Finally, a two-dimensional chart is given for finding heating times in short cylinders, thereby eliminating the trial-and-error solution that is necessary when heating times are found from the present one-dimensional charts.