Twinning-induced Plasticity Research Articles

Evading strength-ductility trade-off dilemma in TRIP-assisted Fe50Mn30Co10Cr10 duplex high-entropy alloys via flash annealing and deep cryogenic treatments

Conventional and multi-component alloys frequently compromise ductility to strike a balance between strength and ductility through intricate thermomechanical processes. Hence, it is essential to explore a straightforward and efficient approach to concurrently attain high strength and ductility. In this work, an ultrafast annealing-deep cryogenic treatment-tempering (UHDCT) method is proposed to significantly improve the mechanical properties of Fe50Mn30Co10Cr10 duplex high-entropy alloy (HEA). The UHDCT method leads to a substantial ∼58 % increase in strength and a remarkable ∼96 % increase in elongation, which are comparable to the outcomes achieved through complex thermomechanical treatments. After UHDCT treatment, a hierarchical heterogeneous structure is achieved, which is comprised of an ultrafine surface region, a transitional region, and an interior region. The deep cryogenic treatment applied to the intermediate link induces the formation of nano-scale needle-like martensitic variants that, instead of transforming back to austenite, undergo coarsening due to their high thermal stability. This coarsening process triggers the formation of lamellar structures in the surface regions. As a result, twinning-induced plasticity (TWIP) mainly governs the plastic deformation of the surface regions, thereby enhancing strength. Furthermore, progressive austenite recovery results in an increased volume fraction and refined grain size, further contributing to the strength and ductility via the transformation-induced plasticity (TRIP) effect. The present findings provide a convenient pathway for introducing hierarchical heterogeneous structures in TRIP-type HEAs, thereby expanding design possibilities for creating high-performance HEAs.

Compressive mechanical response and microstructures in low strain rate plastic deformation of stainless steel 316L fabricated by selective laser melting

Characterization of the mechanical properties plays an essential role in the post-processing and evaluation of the functionality of the additively manufactured metallic parts. A number of studies have been focused on the tensile properties of additively manufactured metals. However, the quasi-static compression test of the additively manufactured 316L blocks with different heat-treatment conditions and scanning strategies seems to be overlooked in the literature. This paper aims to provide a comprehensive study of compressive mechanical response in plastic deformation of SS316L fabricated by selective laser melting (SLM). The mechanical response and microstructures in compressive deformation is analyzed for three printing strategies with 0°-, 90°- and 67.5°- scanning and three heat treatment conditions (450 °C for 3 h, 1100 °C for 1 h with furnace cool and 1100 °C for 1 h with water quenching) for selective laser melted (SLMed) stainless steel 316L in comparison with wrought stainless steel 316L in this work. Alteration of mechanical properties, microstructure evolution and compressive deformation mechanism is studied. Melt pool features are not significantly affected by low-temperature heat treatment (450 °C for 3 h) but fully dissolved through high-temperature heat treatment (1100 °C for 1 h). High-temperature heat treatment provides a higher resistance to compressive plastic deformation for SLMed 316L compared with the low-temperature heat-treated and as-built samples where more twinnings are observed. The compressive plastic deformation mechanism of 90°- and 67.5°-scanning samples is similar, which mainly results from twinning-induced plasticity. For 0°-scanning samples, the strong crystallographic texture is the main cause of anisotropic deformation. Modelling and simulation have been conducted to explain the anisotropic deformation mechanism of the 0°-scanning strategy. Simulation results suggest that the morphology difference of laser-scanning tracks and melt pools, which leads to material flow along the laser scanning direction, explains the anisotropic deformation mechanism.

Simultaneously Improving the Strength and Plasticity of Additively Manufactured 316L Stainless Steel by Adding Aluminum

Due to the special layer‐by‐layer printing process of additive manufacturing (AM), the heat dissipation in the printed material tends to flow mainly along the building direction, which results in the formation of coarse columnar grains in AM metals. The coarse grains are detrimental to the mechanical properties of AM metals, and are not conducive to the lightweight development of AM metal components. This article proposes a printing strategy for adding aluminum to 316L stainless steel. Based on the aluminum‐reinforced strategy, low melting point MnSiO3 particles are transformed into high melting point Al‐containing particles (such as Al2O3), and the grain size of 316L stainless steel produced by direct energy deposition (DED) is refined, resulting in a significant improvement of tensile strength. What is more, the increase in tensile strength of Al‐reinforced 316L does not sacrifice its plasticity. Attributed to the twinning‐induced plasticity effect and good adhesion between Al2O3 particles and matrix, the plasticity of Al‐reinforced 316L is synchronously improved. To be more specific, compared to DED‐316L without adding Al, the yield strength and tensile strength of samples with adding 0.5%wt Al are individually improved by 14.8% and 16.2%; at same time, the uniform elongation and total elongation are increased by 80.4% and 13%, respectively. The printing strategy proposed in this article is expected to provide reference for the strengthening and toughening of AM metals, thereby contributing to the lightweight development of AM components.

Break the strength and ductility trade-off in novel NbC reinforced Fe40.5(CoCr)25Mn17.5Ni10Si5 high entropy alloy

In this study, a novel NbC reinforced Fe40.5(CoCr)25Mn17.5Ni10Si5 high entropy alloy (HEA) was designed, which exhibits high strength and ductility at room temperature. This alloy was prepared through hot forging and annealing treatments, which exhibited the FCC microstructure with NbC and discrete nano-sized M23C6 carbides precipitation. The studied HEA retained a tensile strength of 863 MPa, and an outstanding ductility of 58 %. The microstructure evolution and deformation mechanisms were further investigated. The deformation mechanism was mainly governed by nano-scale defect heterogeneity of stacking faults (SFs), deformation twins and dislocations. The improved strength-ductility synergy is attributed to the formation of multiple SFs, deformation twining, dislocation cells, and nano-sized NbC precipitation. Moreover, the TEM observation elucidates the presence of chemical short-range order (SRO) domain in the studied HEA, which also has a major contribution in strength and ductility increment. The present findings shed light on developing the HEAs through proper compositional design and heat treatments, resulting in the combine effect of precipitation strengthening, SFs mediated plasticity, twinning induced plasticity (TWIP), and SRO effect.

Improving Mechanical Properties of Fe-Mn-Co-Cr High-Entropy Alloy via Annealing after Cold Rolling.

The as-cast (Fe50Mn30Co10Cr10)97C2Mo1 HEA (high entropy alloy) was prepared and cold-rolled at 70%. Subsequently, annealing heat treatment at different temperatures (900 °C, 950 °C, 1000 °C) was carried out. The microstructure evolution and mechanical properties of the HEA were systematically investigated. The results showed that the HEA annealed at 900 °C and 950 °C exhibited uneven grain size and rich σ precipitation phase at grain boundaries. The grains began to grow and complete recrystallization, and no σ phases were observed in HEA annealed at 1000 °C, which resulted in a higher tensile strength of ~885 MPa and elongation of ~68% compared with other annealed HEAs. The higher volume fraction of annealing twins with 60°<111> orientation was produced in HEA annealed at 1000 °C, which enhanced the tensile strength and plasticity via the Twinning-induced plasticity (TWIP) mechanism.

Experimental study on low cycle fatigue behavior of TWIP steel under cyclic shear loading condition

This study investigated the low-cycle fatigue (LCF) behavior of Twinning induced plasticity (TWIP) steel based on the twin bridge shear specimen and cyclic shear loading condition. The cyclic shear experiments were conducted with different strain amplitudes, and we compared their softening and hardening behaviors, cyclic stress-strain curves, and fatigue life. Through studying the crack morphology and the damage mechanism of shear specimens the role of cyclic shear stress on the damage evolution of TWIP under cyclic shear conditions was shown. The results indicate that the cyclic hardening and softening capacities of TWIP steel are highly affected by the strain amplitude. With increasing the load amplitude, the hardening rate increases, and its fatigue life is negatively correlated with the strain amplitude. Meanwhile, the hardening rate is positively correlated with the strain amplitude, and the softening rate is negatively correlated. The magnitude of strain amplitude affects the ratio of cyclic softening and cyclic hardening periods. Through analyzing the obtained microstructure characteristics, it is found that there is a high density of dislocations around the crack zone which causes the final failure of TWIP.

Atomic-scale observation of nucleation- and growth-controlled deformation twinning in body-centered cubic nanocrystals

Twinning is an essential mode of plastic deformation for achieving superior strength and ductility in metallic nanostructures. It has been generally believed that twinning-induced plasticity in body-centered cubic (BCC) metals is controlled by twin nucleation, but facilitated by rapid twin growth once the nucleation energy barrier is overcome. By performing in situ atomic-scale transmission electron microscopy straining experiments and atomistic simulations, we find that deformation twinning in BCC Ta nanocrystals larger than 15 nm in diameter proceeds by reluctant twin growth, resulting from slow advancement of twinning partials along the boundaries of finite-sized twin structures. In contrast, reluctant twin growth can be obviated by reducing the nanocrystal diameter to below 15 nm. As a result, the nucleated twin structure penetrates quickly through the cross section of nanocrystals, enabling fast twin growth via facile migration of twin boundaries leading to large uniform plastic deformation. The present work reveals a size-dependent transition in the nucleation- and growth-controlled twinning mechanism in BCC metals, and provides insights for exploiting twinning-induced plasticity and breaking strength-ductility limits in nanostructured BCC metals.

Designing the composition and optimizing the mechanical properties of non-equiatomic FeCoNiTi high-entropy alloys

Research into new high-entropy alloys (HEAs) holds significant promise for advancing aerospace materials. Nevertheless, the complexity of their composition presents formidable challenges in designing HEAs with both high strength and plasticity. In this study, molecular dynamics (MD) simulation was used to explore the optimal composition combination of FeCoNiTi high-entropy alloys with non-equiatomic ratios. Shear modulus (G) characterizes strength, while stacking fault energy (SFE) characterizes plasticity and ductility. Through molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, elastic constants (C11, C12, and C44) and generalized stacking fault energies (GSFEs) for 18 alloy variants were computed. Additionally, the elastic modulus (G, E, and B) for all components was estimated using the Voigt–Reuss–Hill (VRH) averaging method. Following standard guidelines, the composition for the FeCoNiTi alloy was predicted as Ni: 30%–60 %, Co: 30%–50 %, Fe: 5%–10 %, and Ti: 5%–10 %. Subsequently, five optimized variants underwent tensile calculations to identify the most suitable composition. The results indicate that the Fe0.05Co0.4Ni0.5Ti0.05 HEA exhibits the best combination of strength and plasticity. Microscopically, its enhanced plasticity is attributed to the twinning-induced plasticity (TWIP) effect. While Fe0.1Co0.4Ni0.4Ti0.1 HEA does not outperform the other variants, it displays a martensitic transformation and deformation twins with increased strain, which are mechanisms not observed in other components. The study of non-equiatomic FeCoNiTi HEAs offers a theoretical foundation for future alloy development. This innovative alloy design method fosters the rapid development of high-performance HEAs, facilitating their rapid development and application.

A Review of Deformation Mechanisms, Compositional Design, and Development of Titanium Alloys with Transformation-Induced Plasticity and Twinning-Induced Plasticity Effects

Metastable β-type Ti alloys that undergo stress-induced martensitic transformation and/or deformation twinning mechanisms have the potential to simultaneously enhance strength and ductility through the transformation-induced plasticity effect (TRIP) and twinning-induced plasticity (TWIP) effect. These TRIP/TWIP Ti alloys represent a new generation of strain hardenable Ti alloys, holding great promise for structural applications. Nonetheless, the relatively low yield strength is the main factor limiting the practical applications of TRIP/TWIP Ti alloys. The intricate interplay among chemical compositions, deformation mechanisms, and mechanical properties in TRIP/TWIP Ti alloys poses a challenge for the development of new TRIP/TWIP Ti alloys. This review delves into the understanding of deformation mechanisms and strain hardening behavior of TRIP/TWIP Ti alloys and summarizes the role of β phase stability, α″ martensite, α′ martensite, and ω phase on the TRIP/TWIP effects. This is followed by the introduction of compositional design strategies that empower the precise design of new TRIP/TWIP Ti alloys through multi-element alloying. Then, the recent development of TRIP/TWIP Ti alloys and the strengthening strategies to enhance their yield strength while preserving high-strain hardening capability are summarized. Finally, future prospects and suggestions for the continued design and development of high-performance TRIP/TWIP Ti alloys are highlighted.

Ultra-strong and ductile precipitation-strengthened high entropy alloy with 0.5 % Nb addition produced by laser additive manufacturing

Achieving a superior strength-ductility combination for fcc single-phase high entropy alloys (HEAs) is challenging. The present work investigates the in-situ synthesis of Fe49.5Mn30Co10Cr10C0.5 interstitial solute-strengthened HEA containing 0.5 wt.% Nb (hereafter referred to as iHEA-Nb) using laser melting deposition (LMD), aiming at simultaneously activating multiple strengthening mechanisms. The effect of Nb addition on the microstructure evolution, mechanical properties, strengthening and deformation mechanisms of the as-deposited iHEA-Nb samples was comprehensively evaluated. Multiple levels of heterogeneity were observed in the LMD-deposited microstructure, including different grain sizes, cellular subgrain structures, various carbide precipitates, as well as elemental segregation. The incorporation of Nb atoms with a large radius leads to lattice distortion, reduces the average grain size, and increases the types and fractions of carbides, aiding in promoting solid solution strengthening, grain boundary strengthening, and precipitation strengthening. Tensile test results show that the Nb addition significantly increases the yield strength and ultimate tensile strength of the iHEA to 1140 and 1450 MPa, respectively, while maintaining the elongation over 30 %. Deformation twins were generated in the tensile deformed samples, contributing to the occurrence of twinning-induced plasticity. This outstanding combination of strength and ductility exceeds that for most additively manufactured HEAs reported to date, demonstrating that the present in situ alloying strategy could provide significant advantages for developing and tailoring microstructures and balancing the mechanical properties of HEAs while avoiding conventional complex thermomechanical treatments. In addition, single-crystal micropillar compression tests revealed that although the twining activity is reduced by the Nb addition to the iHEA, the micromechanical properties of grains with different orientations were significantly enhanced.

Designing of novel microstructure and its impact on the improved service temperature mechanical performance of 2nd and 3rd generation advanced intermetallic TiAl alloys

Advanced lightweight TiAl based intermetallic systems, capable of surviving elevated temperatures, have been a topic of interest, considering their ever-increasing demands in aerospace industries. The optimization of solidification and processing methods stands as a pivotal factor in microstructural engineering for TiAl systems, aiming to attain desired mechanical properties. The present study focuses on two distinct alloy systems, a commercial grade 2nd generation, i.e., Ti–48Al–2Cr–2Nb (at. %), and a newly developed 3rd generation, i.e., Ti–45Al–2Cr-7.5Nb-0.2B (at. %) alloys. Interestingly, the variation in the solidification path, triggered by higher Nb content along with a minor amount of B, accounts for the substantial microstructural refinement for the 3rd generation TiAl alloy. Nevertheless, prominent segregation of Nb and Cr to the β0 phase is observed in both the as-cast microstructure, which restricts the applicability of the alloys. Remarkably, a novel bilamellar-biglobular (BLBG) microstructure consisting of γ and α2 phases in both lamellar and globular morphologies is achieved through heat treatment for both categories of alloy. Elevated temperature tensile testing depicts an exceptional strength-ductility combination for 3rd generation BLBG microstructure. Excellent twin-twin activity and twin-induced plasticity effect are observed to govern the deformation mechanism. Overall, the path of solidification, phase distribution, and its effect on the deformation mechanism are thoroughly analyzed, which is of particular interest from a design and application point of view.

PERFORMANCE OF TWINNING-INDUCED PLASTICITY STEEL PROCESSED BY MULTIPASS EQUAL CHANNEL ANGULAR PRESSING AT HIGH TEMPERATURES

The present paper deals with twinning-induced plasticity (TWIP) steels with the microstructure refined by severe plastic deformation via equal channel angular pressing and explores the mechanical behavior of a steel with qualitatively different microstructures formed in the temperature range 400-900°C. Mechanical characteristics of a steel in different structural states are studied in static tensile tests, biaxial and dynamic tests. Structural changes in the material during severe deformation at different temperatures are discussed, and their effect on the mechanical parameters of TWIP steel is considered. High temperatures of equal channel angular pressing allow for more homogeneous recrystallized structures, which ensure the best combination of the yield stress, formability, plasticity, and crack resistance. These findings can be important in developing high-performance steels for the automotive and hydrogen industries.

Enhancing strength and ductility in the nugget zone of friction stir welded 7Mn steel via tailoring austenitic stability

The martensite often appears in the nugget zone (NZ) of friction stir welding (FSW) 7 wt.% Mn steel due to low austenite stability, deteriorating ductility and toughness. In this work, a 7 wt.% Mn steel was subjected to FSW, and preheating was used to tailor the austenitic stability to greatly improve the strength–ductility combination of the NZ. The austenitic deformation behavior and strain hardening mechanism in the NZ were systematically investigated. The microstructure of the as-welded NZ was composed of ultrafine blocky ferrite, austenite, and small amounts of martensite, whereas the as-preheated NZ contained ultrafine blocky ferrite and austenite, and the concentration of Mn in austenite was increased from 8.4 wt.% to 10.7 wt.%. This enhanced the austenitic stability, resulting in a significant increase in the volume fraction of austenite in the as-preheated NZ from 37.3% to 66.4%. The product of strength and elongation (PSE) in the as-preheated NZ increased dramatically from 42.6 GPa% to 67.1 GPa%, depending on a persistent high strain hardening rate (SHR). Multiple strain-hardening mechanisms were revealed. The austenite with enhanced stability can provoke sustained transformation-induced plasticity (TRIP) and twinning-induced plasticity (TWIP) effects, and massive dislocation multiplication occurs during tension, resulting in strong strain hardening.

Influence of alloying elements and composition on microstructure and mechanical properties of Cu-Si, Cu-Ag, Cu-Ti, and Cu-Zr alloys

This study aims to quantitatively compare the effects of alloying elements on the microstructures and mechanical properties of Cu–Si, Cu–Ag, Cu–Ti, and Cu–Zr binary alloys over an alloying content range up to 2 wt%. The alloys were produced using vacuum arc melting, followed by homogenization and cold-rolling into plates. Subsequently, the annealing response of the cold-rolled plates was examined over a temperature range of 200–700 °C. The as-cast alloys show distinct microstructural features attributable to the alloying elements. Following the homogenization and cold-rolling processes, substantial microstructural transformations were observed. The analysis of mechanical properties revealed that solid solution hardening played a dominant role in increasing strength in Cu–Si alloys. Cu–Ag alloys displayed a minor increase in strength with alloying content, implying the influence of Cu–Ag precipitates on strength. Conversely, Cu–Ti and Cu–Zr alloys demonstrated remarkable strength improvements due to the presence of intermetallic precipitates and grain size reduction. While all other alloys displayed an inverse relationship between strength and elongation with increasing alloying content, the Cu-Si alloys exhibited a simultaneous enhancement of both strength and elongation. This effect can be attributed to the twinning-induced plasticity, brought about by the reduction of stacking fault energy in Cu through the addition of Si.

TRIP-TWIP effect in deformation mechanisms of Co–Cr–Ni medium entropy via molecular dynamics simulations

Recently, Co–Cr–Ni medium-entropy alloys (MEAs) have garnered significant attention in the materials field owing to exceptional properties. However, the various mechanisms of transformation induced plasticity (TRIP) and twinning induced plasticity (TWIP) effects with variation of chemical compositions, strain rates, temperature and grain size in polycrystalline Co–Cr–Ni MEAs remains challenging. By utilizing molecular dynamics simulations, the uniaxial tensile deformation of polycrystalline Co–Cr–Ni MEAs, including equiatomic CoCrNi, and non-equiatomic Co10(CrNi)90, Cr10(CoNi)90 and Ni10(CoCr)90, has been investigated. The influence of strain rates and deformation temperatures on the mechanical properties and deformation mechanisms of CoCrNi MEA has also been explored under uniaxial tensile loading. Further, dislocation multiplication, slip motion, microstructure evolution, and their interplay with tensile deformation under different conditions have also been studied. Additionally, the relationship between different grain sizes and the flow stress of polycrystalline CoCrNi MEA has also been discussed. The findings reveal that Co10(CrNi)90 MEA exhibits highest yield stress, Young's modulus, and flow stress. While CoCrNi MEA and Cr10(CoNi)90 MEA with equiatomic ratios display similar mechanical properties, Ni10(CoCr)90 MEA demonstrates superior ductility owing to the strong TWIP and TRIP effects. Besides, strain rate, deformation temperature, and grain size all have significant impacts on the deformation mechanisms of polycrystalline CoCrNi MEA.

Twinning-Induced Plasticity Behavior of Pulse Laser Powder Bed-Fused 316L Stainless Steels

Twinning-Induced Plasticity Behavior of Pulse Laser Powder Bed-Fused 316L Stainless Steels

On the development of twinning-induced plasticity in additively manufactured 316L stainless steel

On the development of twinning-induced plasticity in additively manufactured 316L stainless steel

Investigation of the post-expansion collapse strength of solid expandable tubulars made of different steels

At present, there are different ideas about on the main factor influencing post-expansion collapse strength of solid expandable tubulars (SETs). In this study, three SETs with the same dimensions, which were made of 20 (Chinese grade), a twinning-induced plasticity (TWIP) and a transformation-induced plasticity (TRIP) steels, were expanded so the inner diameter increase by about 14%. The test results showed that the SETs made from high-strength steels (a TWIP and a TRIP) had poor resistance to collapsing after expansion. Through a combination of finite element method (FEM) simulations and experimental tests, the post-expansion collapse strength of three SETs were comparatively analyzed to find out the main influencing factor. After isolating the influences of geometric factors on the collapse strength, the influences of the Bauschinger effect and the residual stress on the collapse strength were studied. There was no correlation between the obvious degree of the Bauschinger effect of the three steels and the post-expansion collapse strength of the three SETs, which suggested that the Bauschinger effect was not the main factor influencing the post-expansion collapse strength. This is obviously different from the conclusion for SETs made from only one steel. The post-expansion collapse strength calculated by FEM simulations differed greatly from that of the actual measurement if the residual stress after expansion was ignored, though both were very close when the residual stress after expansion was considered. This clearly indicates that the residual stress after expansion has a significant effect on the post-expansion collapse strength and it is the main factor influencing the post-expansion collapse strength.

A Systematic Review of Medium‐Mn Steels with an Assessment of Fatigue Behavior

Deformation‐induced mechanisms, namely, transformation‐induced plasticity (TRIP) and twinning‐induced plasticity (TWIP), are primarily responsible for improved tensile properties in medium‐Mn steels. Additionally, lower density and processing costs make these steels useful in various industries, particularly the automotive industry, which mandates a good understanding of underlying processing–microstructure–property correlations. Therefore, the present study reviews different thermomechanical processes and corresponding microstructural evolutions, followed by mechanical properties. In addition, an assessment of the fatigue behavior of medium‐Mn steels based on duplex or multiphase microstructure and associated mechanisms has been presented. In high‐cycle fatigue (HCF) loading, strain‐induced martensite formation through TRIP at the crack tip is a barrier to dislocation motion. It deviates the crack propagation path to adjacent phases, which results in higher fatigue life. On the other hand, relatively high martensite boundaries initiate microcracks and accelerate crack propagation, resulting in lower life in low‐cycle fatigue (LCF). However, the TWIP mechanism prevents cyclic softening and promotes cyclic saturation, extending fatigue life. The compositions of medium‐Mn steel for enhanced fatigue resistance have been proposed. To that end, it is hypothesized that the TRIP + TWIP mechanisms lead to exceptional LCF performance. Further, microalloyed medium‐Mn steels are expected to exhibit improved LCF and HCF behavior.

TWIP-assisted Zr alloys for medical applications: Design strategy, mechanical properties and first biocompatibility assessment

This study proposes a novel strategy for the design of a new family of metastable Zr alloys. These alloys offer improved mechanical properties for implants, particularly in applications where conventional stainless steels and Co-Cr alloys are currently used but lack suitability. The design approach is based on the controlled twinning-induced plasticity (TWIP) effect, significantly enhancing the ductility and strain-hardenability of the Zr alloys. In order to draw a “blueprint” for the compositional design of biomedical TWIP (Bio-TWIP) Zr alloys—using only non-toxic elements, the study combines d-electron phase stability calculations (specifically bond order (Bo) and mean d-orbital energy (Md)) with a systematic experimental screening of active deformation mechanisms within the Zr-Nb-Sn alloy system. This research aids in accurately identifying the TWIP line, which signifies the mechanism shift between TWIP and classic slip as the primary deformation mechanism. To demonstrate the efficacy of the TWIP mechanism in enhancing mechanical properties, Zr-12Nb-2Sn, Zr-13Nb-1Sn, and Zr-14Nb-3Sn alloys are selected. Results indicate that the TWIP mechanism leads to a significant improvement of strain-hardening rate and a uniform elongation of ∼20% in Zr-12Nb-2Sn, which displays both {332}<113> mechanical twinning and dislocation slip as the primary deformation mechanisms. Conversely, Zr-14Nb-3Sn exhibits the typical mechanical properties found in stable body-centered cubic (BCC) alloys, characterized by the sole occurrence of dislocation slip. Cell viability tests confirm the superior biocompatibility of Zr-Nb-based alloys with deformation twins on the surface, in line with existing literature. Based on the whole set of results, a comprehensive design diagram is proposed.