Twin Nozzle Research Articles

Performance of Symmetric Double Flat Fan Nozzles against Fusarium Head Blight in Durum Wheat

Four types of nozzles were tested on large-scale trials with a 40 m2 plot unit size. The Avi Twin 110-01 (80 L ha−1), 110-02 (160 L ha−1), 110-03 (240 L ha−1), and 110-04 (320 L ha−1) symmetric double fan injector nozzles were tested during the 2020/2021 and 2021/2022 growing seasons. This study aimed to evaluate the performance of spray nozzles with regard to deoxynivalenol (DON) accumulation in durum wheat grains. Artificial inoculation with Fusarium spp. was performed after durum heads were protected with fungicide. The percentage of heads covered with fungicide droplets, grain yield, yield-related traits, technological quality parameters, and concentrations of DON were determined. Compared to the control (without fungicide treatment), the Avi Twin 04 nozzle caused a reduction of 45.0% in the DON concentration on average across both growing seasons. This positively corresponded to the percentage of heads covered with fungicide droplets, which was highest when this nozzle was utilized. In both trial years, the DON reduction caused by the 110-04 twin nozzle was higher than that caused by the 110-01 nozzle. Treatment with the 110-04 nozzle more effectively improved the grain yield, 1000-kernel weight, and test weight compared to treatment with the 110-01 nozzle and the untreated control. The differences in technological quality were less pronounced when different spray nozzles were used.

The impact of actuator nozzle and surroundings condition on drug delivery using pressurized-metered dose inhalers.

The most commonly used method to deliver aerosolized drugs to the lung is with pressurized metered-dose inhalers (pMDIs). The spray actuator is a critical component of pMDI, since it controls the atomization process by forming aerosol plumes and determining droplet size distribution. Through computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations, this study investigated the effect of two different nozzle types (single conventional and twin nozzles) on drug deposition in the mouth-throat (MT) region. We also studied the behavior of aerosol plumes in both an open-air environment and the MT geometry. Our study revealed that spray aerosol generated in an unconfined, open-air environment with no airflow behaves distinctly from spray introduced into the MT geometry in the presence of airflow. In addition, the actuator structure significantly impacts the device's efficacy. In the real MTmodel, we found that the twin nozzle increases drug deposition in the MT region, and its higher aerosol velocity negatively affects its efficiency.

Evaluation of Uniformity Coefficient and Water Distribution Efficiency of Some Impact Sprinklers in Shambat, Sudan

This study was carried out during May and June 2010 in theDemonstration Farm of the Faculty of Agriculture, University ofKhartoum at Shambat, to evaluate water distribution under different typesof sprinkler heads. The study consisted of evaluating Christiansen'scoefficient of uniformity (CU %) and uniformity of distribution (DU %)under twin nozzle brass impact sprinkler (JIS2), twin nozzle plasticsprinkler (DAN4455) and single nozzle plastic sprinkler (LEGO55). Thetwin nozzle brass sprinkler gave significantly better values for allsprinkler configurations, while the difference between twin and singlenozzle plastic sprinklers was mostly insignificant. At low wind speeds(<2.0 m/s) and narrow configurations, the single nozzle plastic sprinklergave better values of CU% and DU%

Atomization characteristics of twin nozzles for outdoor snow-makers application

Swirl nozzles are the core component of outdoor snow-makers for forming snow crystal artificially. A general experiment setup for simulating the atomization process at the working conditions of outdoor snow-makers was developed. Phantom high-speed camera and PW180-B laser particle size analyzer (LPSA) were used to capture the dynamic atomization process and droplet diameter distributions respectively. The atomization characteristics of a single swirl nozzle and that of twin nozzles were tested and analyzed. For single nozzle, Sauter Mean Diameter (SMD) drops rapidly and then goes up gently due to the action of droplets breakup and coalescence. With the increase of the injection pressure, the SMD of the droplets decreases, and the mass flow rate of the nozzles is improved. Moreover, the spray cone angle increases rapidly and keeps a stable value. For twin nozzles, the cooperation of the swirl nozzles obviously reduces the SMDs of the atomization field because it enhances the probability of droplets collision and separation. The SMDs are determined by the cooperative distances and injection pressure.

A numerical study on near-field pressure fluctuations of symmetrical and anti-symmetrical flapping modes of twin-jet using a high-resolution shock-capturing scheme

Screeching supersonic jets appears at off-design operating conditions and is perceived as an intense tonal noise. In a twin nozzle configuration, mutual interactions between the two jet plumes may occur with various coupling modes developing depending on the operating conditions and lateral distance between the jets. The investigation of the detailed flow behaviors and near-field pressure fluctuations with relevance to the twin jets system, the analysis of the developed instabilities, will enhance understanding of fundamental features associated with jets located close to each other.In the present study, the single jet is considered first to assess the large eddy simulation (LES) approach used and the near-field pressure fluctuation predictions. Based on the validated solver, twin jets are simulated. Two different twin-nozzle configurations having different separation distance or nozzle-to-nozzle centerline spacing are scrutinized for the same Mach number of 1.358. Notably, the twin jets are screeching by the coupling mode for both set-ups; however, the case of closer inter-nozzle distance presents a symmetrical dominant flapping mode, while the other case shows an anti-symmetrical flapping mode. The strength of the pressure fluctuation at the fundamental frequency changes depending on the location of the observer point (upstream or downstream) and the reference plane (twin-jet and normal to the twin-jet plane). The screech tones of the two cases, observable in the upstream region, are significantly different in the normal to the twin-jet plane direction because of the phase difference of fluctuating pressure. However, the first harmonic component remains strong, regardless of the flapping mode. It is also observed that, at the fundamental frequency, the amplitude of the pressure fluctuation at downstream locations is found to be strong in the normal to the twin-jet plane when the symmetrical flapping mode occurs. This feature is also observed in the twin-jet plane in the case of the opposite mode. By analyzing the developed vertical structures and performing correlation analyses of pressure fluctuations along jet shear layers, the periodicity of the flow in the downstream region with relevance to the fundamental frequency is revealed.

Experimental and numerical investigation of the influence of nozzle design on the industrial convection drying of thin films

Analytical simulation is a powerful tool for the optimization of the convective drying of continuous thin film coatings. Knowledge of the heat transfer coefficient is a prerequisite for applying such simulations. In this work, the heat transfer coefficient distributions in industrial dryers with oblique twin nozzles is investigated. Convergent nozzles show higher heat transfer than divergent nozzles. The results are used as boundary condition for a dryer simulation, which is in good agreement with experimental data. An alternative nozzle design, using a wider outlet area and a lower velocity is also investigated. A more homogeneous local Nusselt number is observed.

Development of Resin Fibrous Grinding Wheels Using Twin Nozzle PELID and Analysis of Their Grinding Performance

The development of grinding wheels that are capable of improving the grinding accuracy and the finished surface roughness via the grinding process is increasingly sought in industries. The refinement of grinding wheels comprising abrasive grains is an effective means of improving the ground surface quality. The general methods used for fabricating grinding wheels tend to facilitate the aggregation of fine abrasive grains, resulting in poor abrasive distribution. Therefore, we focused on the electro-spinning mode of Patterning with Electrostatically Injected Droplet (PELID), which is capable of forming micro resin fibers. Subsequently, we attempted to fabricate fibrous grinding wheels containing abrasive grains by using the twin nozzle PELID technique that applies this mode. We confirmed through experiments that resin fibers containing abrasive grains can be manufactured efficiently using PELID and succeeded in manufacturing fibrous grinding wheels containing abrasive grains.

Particle Image Velocimetry Measurements of Turbulent Jets Issuing From Twin Elliptic Nozzles With Various Orientations

Abstract The effects of nozzle orientation on the mixing and turbulent characteristics of elliptical free twin jets were studied experimentally. The experiments were conducted using modified contoured nozzles with a sharp linear contraction. The centers of the nozzle pair had a separation ratio of 5.5. Two nozzle configurations were tested, twin nozzles oriented along the minor plane (Twin_Minor) and twin nozzles oriented along the major plane (Twin_Major) and the results were compared with a single jet. In each case, the Reynolds number based on the maximum jet velocity and the equivalent diameter was 10,000. A planar particle image velocimetry (PIV) system was used to measure the velocity field in the jet symmetry plane. It was observed that the velocity decay rate is not sensitive to nozzle orientation. However, close to the jet exit, the spread rate was highest in the minor plane. In addition, contour plots of swirling strength, Reynolds shear stress and turbulent intensities revealed significant differences between the minor and major planes. Velocity profiles showed little variation close to the jet exit, while further downstream the variations between the velocity profiles were more pronounced between the major and minor planes.

Application of Machine Learning Method to Quantitatively Evaluate the Droplet Size and Deposition Distribution of the UAV Spray Nozzle

Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) spray has been used for efficient and adaptive pesticide applications with its low costs. However, droplet drift is the main problem for UAV spray and will induce pesticide waste and safety concerns. Droplet size and deposition distribution are both highly related to droplet drift and spray effect, which are determined by the nozzle. Therefore, it is necessary to propose an evaluating method for a specific UAV spray nozzles. In this paper, four machine learning methods (REGRESS, least squares support vector machines (LS-SVM), extreme learning machine, and radial basis function neural network (RBFNN)) were applied for quantitatively evaluating one type of UAV spray nozzle (TEEJET XR110015VS), and the case of twin nozzles was investigated. The results showed REGRESS and LS-SVM are good candidates for droplet size evaluation with the coefficient of determination in the calibration set above 0.9 and root means square errors of the prediction set around 2 µm. RBFNN achieved the best performance for the evaluation of deposition distribution and showed its potential for determining the droplet size of overlapping area. Overall, this study proved the accuracy and efficiency of using the machine learning method for UAV spray nozzle evaluation. Additionally, the study demonstrated the feasibility of using machine learning model to predict the droplet size in the overlapping area of twin nozzles.

ツインノズルPELIDを用いた砥粒含有ファイバー砥石の開発 第4報 ファイバー径制御法の検討

ツインノズルPELIDを用いた砥粒含有ファイバー砥石の開発 第4報 ファイバー径制御法の検討

Composite Technology of Abrasive Grains Using Twin Nozzle PELID (Composite Experiment of Abrasive Grains in Liquid)

Composite Technology of Abrasive Grains Using Twin Nozzle PELID (Composite Experiment of Abrasive Grains in Liquid)

Production technology of Resin Fibrous Grinding Wheels Using Twin Nozzle PELID (Effect of fiber diameter on grinding characteristics)

Production technology of Resin Fibrous Grinding Wheels Using Twin Nozzle PELID (Effect of fiber diameter on grinding characteristics)

Experimental study on enhancement of supersonic twin-jet mixing by vortex generators

Experimental results on the mean flow evolution and the control of single and twin compressible jets at Mach 1.6 are presented. The jets issue from conical CD nozzles closely placed side-by-side resembling the twin nozzle configuration of supersonic aircrafts. The results are relevant to scenarios where turbulent jet mixing, supersonic core length, thermal radiation and acoustic loading are of concern. Experiments show that closely spaced twin jets grow, merge and interact near the inter-nozzle region that influences the characteristic decay and jet spread. Moreover, the deviation in centerline characteristic decay is more significant at off-design conditions. Vortex generators in the form of small metallic rectangular tabs mounted at the nozzle exit plane in different azimuthal orientations are used to control the mixing characteristics and the spread of these jets. Abrupt reduction in the core length and suppression of shock cell structure is achieved in over to under-expanded conditions. Furthermore, the orientation of vortex generators is found to significantly influence the development of jet flow field. The jet bifurcation and formation of daughter streams with distorted quasi-periodic shock cells structure are visualized using the schlieren technique. The underlying mechanisms for the observed effects and the behavior of daughter streams are discussed.

Nonlinear dynamics of self-organising bubble departures from twin nozzles

The nonlinear dynamics of self-organising bubble departures from twin nozzles in engine oils was analysed. Air bubbles were generated from twin brass nozzles with an inner diameter equal to 1 mm. The flow of bubbles in bubble chains was recorded using high-speed camera. The time series of air pressure oscillations and signal from laser–phototransistor identifying the presence of bubbles over the nozzles outlet were recorded simultaneously. The self-organising bubble departures were observed and their stability was analysed. It was found that self-organising bubble departures become unstable because of successive (during subsequent bubble departures) decrease of the mean air pressure in one of the nozzle air supply system. It was shown that instability of self-organising bubble departures leads to equalization of pressures in both nozzles air supply systems which causes that simultaneous bubble departures appear. In the present experiment, this process was repeated in a cyclic and chaotic way. It was shown that stable self-organising bubble departures are accompanied by periodic air pressure oscillations in one of the nozzles and chaotic air pressure oscillations in the second one.

English

Development and introduction of high capacity, precise, reliable and energy efficient machinery/equipment is the need for judicious use of inputs. Manufacturing of agricultural machinery in India is varied in nature and starts from village artisans, tiny units, cottage to small scale industries, organized tractor and agricultural machinery manufacturers including energy and processing machinery industry. Precision in application rates for higher input-use efficiency can be achieved only by improving the designs of the existing machinery/equipment. Precision index (PI) of machine/equipment is based on its capability to perform a given task in an accurate manner. It is a worthwhile attribute to compare the performance of different equipment and operations to enhance the productivity of a given farm. The purpose of study was to propose an index, that is, PI to select efficient and precise machine/equipment for the farmers. PI values were calculated for three types of machinery namely zero seed cum fertilizer drills, planters and spraying machines. It was concluded that drill Make 2, tested in the year 2004, was having the highest PI value, that is, 0.97 or 97% followed by drill Make 1 having PI value 0.95 or 95% tested in the same year. Drill Make 5 tested in the year 2013 was having minimum PI value, that is, 0.80 or 80%. PI value for happy seeder machine was 0.88 or 88%. During the testing of multi-crop planter in year 2014, the variability of doubling attribute was more, that is, 28% followed by missing having 20% value and produced influence on PI which was observed to be 0.83 or 83%. PI of semi-automatic and automatic potato planter was found to be 0.70 and 0.80, respectively. The value was not much satisfactory and could be ranked under average category. PI of electrostatic sprayer mounted with single as well as twin nozzle was observed to be the highest, that is, 0.89 followed by PI of air assisted sprayer with single and double nozzle, that is, 0.83 and 0.84, respectively. Key words: Precision index, zero till seed cum fertilizer drill, happy seeder, spraying machines, planting machines.

Development of nano-diamond-containing fiber grinding wheel using twin nozzle PELID

Development of nano-diamond-containing fiber grinding wheel using twin nozzle PELID

Formation of bubble chains over twin nozzles

In the paper the formation of bubble chains over two nozzles has been experimentally investigated and modelled. Bubbles were generated from twin brass nozzles (with the inner diameter equal to 1 mm) to distilled water. The appearance and disappearance of alterative bubble departures have been investigated. It has been found that during disappearance of alternative bubble departures bubbles depart from nozzle outlets simultaneously. The PIV method was used to reconstruct the liquid velocity field around the bubble chains. The results of experiment were comparing with results of numerical simulation in which the Level Set method has been used. The PIV method show that during the alternate bubble departures the range of the velocity field formed by the bubble chain is smaller than in case when bubbles depart in non-alternative way. In this case the bubbles velocity above the nozzles outlet is greater in comparison with bubble velocity during the simultaneously bubble departures. The numerical simulations show that in alternative bubble departures bubble just after its departure is attracted to the common bubble chain. The hydrodynamic interactions between departing bubbles lead to uniform distribution of bubbles in bubble chain.

Development of grinding wheels made of fibers containing abrasive grains using twin nozzle PELID

Development of grinding wheels made of fibers containing abrasive grains using twin nozzle PELID

Development of Grinding Wheels Made of Fibers Containing Abrasive Grains Using Twin Nozzle PELID

Development of Grinding Wheels Made of Fibers Containing Abrasive Grains Using Twin Nozzle PELID

Grinding wheel fabrication using twin nozzle PELID and its characteristics

Grinding wheel fabrication using twin nozzle PELID and its characteristics