Twin Cities Research Articles

Cooperation Analysis of Tax-Base Sharing in the Twin Cities: School Districts, Human Resources, and Structural Justice

This article introduces educational human resource researchers to Minnesota’s unique tax-base sharing program in the Twin Cities metro region. It also introduces a social justice methodology called cooperation analysis for school finance research, and specifically its concept of structural justice. The article applies cooperation analysis to tax-base sharing in the Twin Cities metro region, focusing on human resource expenditure and overall indicators. The analysis finds that the Twin Cities metro region has the highest overall cooperation of any metro region in relevant datasets and the second highest cooperation in human resource expenditure, making it a model to highlight and replicate nationally. However, the analysis also finds that overall cooperation around resource distribution need not imply cooperation in resource expenditure, specifically on human resources. Furthermore, tax-base sharing does not impact cooperation in student population imbalance, nor does it mitigate expropriation with respect to district debt service, trapping the regions’ districts in cycles of austerity.

Mapping Prejudice

Problem, research strategy, and findings Following the murder of George Floyd, Minneapolis (MN) residents and city officials turned to Mapping Prejudice—a project that mapped every racial covenant in the city and its suburbs—to understand Minneapolis’s deep racial disparities. For this study, we investigated how data on racial covenants, clauses that were used historically to prevent the sale of a property to a person of color, had influenced planning practice in the Twin Cities. In doing so, we considered whether and how engagement with data on structural racism might meaningfully advance anti-racist planning outcomes that enhance the self-development and self-determination of racially marginalized communities. To address this question, we conducted 16 semistructured interviews with 24 planners who have used the data on racial covenants, asking specifically about how racial covenant data shaped planning practice, the planning and policy outcomes that resulted from engaging with racial covenant data, and the characteristics of the racial covenant data that made it influential. This approach assessed planners already interested in addressing racial disparities. Interviews suggest that data on racial covenants were highly influential, leading to a new understanding of structural racism, critical reflection on Whiteness and planning, and a new narrative tool for explaining and addressing racial disparities. Policy outcomes included adopting new housing policies, helping residents remove racial covenants from deeds, and implementing redistributive financial policies. Planners felt these data were important because they could be mapped and visualized and because of their fine geographic scale, narrative qualities, and the process in which they were collected. Takeaway for practice We draw insights about the kinds of data projects that other planners and researchers might produce to advance and inform anti-racist planning, including data that foreground White privilege, focus on phenomena appropriate for specific geographic and historic contexts, are produced using participatory and transparent processes, and tell a compelling story.

In Case You Haven't Heard …

In observance of National Suicide Prevention Month in September (also known as Suicide Awareness Month), Facing Suicide, a new documentary and impact campaign from Twin Cities PBS that tells the stories of Americans impacted by suicide and shares insights from the medical and scientific researchers who are working to help people at risk, will premiere Sept. 13 on PBS nationwide, a news release stated. The documentary will introduce viewers to a diverse group of Americans who have been affected by suicide, including high school basketball champions on a Native American reservation in Montana who responded to the suicide crisis in their community with a prevention campaign that went viral, the wife of a Midwestern farmer who is determined that she and her children will live a full and hopeful life after her husband's death, and a Black woman in Charlotte, North Carolina who overcame her own mental health challenges to become a suicide prevention advocate. The film also features leading scientists, practitioners, and innovative thinkers whose discoveries in neuroscience, genetics, psychology and other fields have revealed the true nature of the problem as well as promising solutions. National outreach partners for the Facing Suicide project include the National Action Alliance for Suicide Prevention, the American Foundation for Suicide Prevention, The Jed Foundation, and Suicide Awareness Voices of Education.

Assessing mental health literacy in Pakistani youth using case-vignettes

PurposeThis study aims to assess mental health literacy (MHL) in the general population using six case vignettes related to depression, mania, psychosis, conversion disorder (CD), obsessive compulsion disorder (OCD) and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).Design/methodology/approachEach vignette had nine items related to MHL. The sample comprised 4,590 young adults conveniently selected from twin cities in Pakistan. Participants’ responses were converted into percentages and percentiles to find MHL levels.FindingsThe men had moderate MHL in depression and inadequate MHL in the remaining five illnesses. The women had adequate MHL in depression and moderate MHL in mania, psychosis, OCD and PTSD while inadequate in CD. Comparing item-wise understanding, the participants had an adequate understanding of identifying the illness, who could suffer and whether the illness was treatable. However, they struggled with naming the illness, knowing about it and how to treat and identify the person who can treat it.Research limitations/implicationsThe findings of this study are helpful for mental health professionals, policymakers and individuals who identify the target areas for engagement and improving MHL in the general population.Originality/valueThis study provides data about MHL related to six mental illnesses, unlike previous studies focusing on a few illnesses. This study recommends awareness sessions, community workshops and engaging social and electronic media for improving MHL and seeking help from relevant health professionals for mental illnesses instead of spiritual healers and witchcraft.

Research on the Evolution of the Economic Spatial Pattern of Urban Agglomeration and Its Influencing Factors, Evidence from the Chengdu-Chongqing Urban Agglomeration of China

To investigate the spatial evolution process of economic development in the urban agglomeration and its influencing factors, the network construction method, modified gravity model, geographic detector and Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR) model are used to analyze the intensity of urban association; then, the evolution of economic, spatial pattern and its influencing factors are further discussed, and the Chengdu-Chongqing urban agglomeration of China from 2005 to 2020 is studied as an example. The results show that: (1) the economically developed zones of the Chengdu-Chongqing urban agglomeration mainly concentrated in the core cities of Chengdu and the central city of Chongqing, and the region shows an uneven spatial pattern of economic development distribution. (2) The share of economic linkages with the central city of Chengdu and Chongqing as the twin cities is significant, the intensity of Chengdu and its neighboring cities is gradually decreasing, while the central city of Chongqing has increased, but it still has an insufficient influence on the peripheral areas. (3) The intensities and directions of the factors influencing economic development in the Chengdu-Chongqing urban agglomeration are different. The total output value of the secondary industry, total social fixed asset investment, the number of beds in health institutions, and road freight turnover are significant factors with consistently strong explanatory ability for economic development. The promotion effect of these four significant factors on economic development is mainly concentrated in the eastern and western regions of Chengdu-Chongqing urban agglomeration, while the inhibiting effect is mainly on the cities in the south and north. Based on this study, relevant recommendations are made to promote the coordinated development of the Chengdu-Chongqing urban agglomeration.

Interaction of twin cities as a socio-cultural practice in the integration processes of the Eurasian space

The article deals with the relationship of twin cities and their role in the integration processes of the Eurasian space. First of all, it concerns the socio-cultural aspect of cooperation between twin cities. The existing developments of international practices of twinning movement have been studied and the most suitable ones for enhancing the ties of twin cities in the Eurasian space were suggested. The factors that slow down the interaction of Russian cities with their twin cities are highlighted. The author points out the lack of information support for twinning and proves the involvement of young people in this process within the framework of Eurasian integration.

Walking the Old Road: A People's History of Chippewa City and the Grand Marais Anishinaabe by Staci Lola Drouillard (review)

Reviewed by: Walking the Old Road: A People's History of Chippewa City and the Grand Marais Anishinaabe by Staci Lola Drouillard Katrina Phillips (bio) Walking the Old Road: A People's History of Chippewa City and the Grand Marais Anishinaabe by Staci Lola Drouillard University of Minnesota Press, 2019 THE CITY OF GRAND MARAIS, nestled along the North Shore of Lake Superior in northern Minnesota, sits two hours north of Duluth, less than an hour south of Grand Portage and the Grand Portage Reservation, and an hour and a half south of Thunder Bay. It is often called the gateway to both the Boundary Waters Canoe Area and to the Gunflint Trail. Grand Marais has been a popular destination for tourists, particularly those from the Twin Cities, since the early twentieth century. As someone who grew up in the region, I should note that the less charitable among us might say it's overrun with tourists, especially during the summer months. However, as Staci Lola Drouillard explains, not many of the people driving along Highway 61 would notice as they drove though Chippewa City, the small town just to the north of Grand Marais. In the nineteenth century, though, Chippewa City was an Anishinaabe community where its residents lived and worked, celebrated and mourned, worshipped and played. The Chippewa City Church—formally known as St. Francis Xavier, now under the domain of the Cook County Historical Society—played a central role in the community, a long-standing fixture alongside what locals called the "Old Shore Road," a well-trodden path to and from Grand Marais (10, 17, 1). Walking the Old Road includes a mixture of oral history and memoir, tracing Drouillard and her family's connections to the area while also including the voices of elders she began interviewing in the late 1980s. Her first interview with artist George Morrison, part of a class assignment at the Minneapolis College of Art and Design, led to more questions and interviews and research. Drouillard's research, driven by the oral interviews, is like her search to find the road between Chippewa City and Grand Marais (2). Her goal, as evidenced by the book's subtitle, is to tell the story of the people of Chippewa City through the voices of those who lived there. The book reads like a conversation, the kind of conversation you have when you're sitting around a bonfire along the shores of Lake Superior, the words intertwined with the crackle of the firewood and the rhythm of the waves on the rocks. From recounting the history of the Ojibwe arrival [End Page 175] at what is known as the Pigeon River and intermarriage with French fur traders, through treaty signings and the Dawes Act to the Nelson Act and eventual Ojibwe dispossession, Drouillard underscores what Chippewa City meant to those who lived there. While its title might suggest that the book is simply a hyperlocal history, Drouillard draws on broader narratives of federal Indian policies while highlighting the devastating effects those policies had on the residents of Chippewa City. Drouillard and her sister do not meet the blood quantum requirement the federal government forced upon the Minnesota Chippewa Tribe, and so they could not inherit their father's parcel of reservation land at Grand Portage. "Not unlike our ancestors before us," Drouillard muses, "we had land only to have it taken away" (50). Drouillard's interviews—and the way she weaves them throughout the book—offer a rich recollection of Chippewa City. Jim Wipson, born in Chippewa City in 1918, shared stories of his grandmother, Kate Frost, and how the two of them would walk the Old Road. "Everybody in Grand Marais knew Kate Frost and her little grandson," he recalled (100). Others shared stories of old traditions like "Happy New Year-ing," of church services sung in Ojibwe and visits to medicine men, of selling homemade crafts to tourists along Highway 61 or in local shops and stands. People who lived in Chippewa City worked in Grand Marais or went to town for medical services, while Grand Marais proprietors relied on Chippewa City labor and wilderness skills to keep their businesses running. "So where...

A self-attention based global feature enhancing network for semantic segmentation of large-scale urban street-level point clouds

• A novel network for semantic segmentation of large-scale urban point clouds. • A self-attention-based channel-wisely enhanced global feature is constructed. • A weighted semantic mapping module for highly accurate semantic segmentation. Point clouds of large-scale urban street scenes contain large quantities of object categories and rich semantic information. The semantic segmentation is the basis and key to subsequent essential applications, such as digital twin engineering and city information model. The global feature of point clouds in large-scale scenes can provide long-range context information, which is critical to high-quality semantic segmentation. However, the learning of global spatial saliency considering class label constraints is often ignored in the feature representation of some deep learning models. With regard to this, we propose a Global Feature Self-Attention Encoding (GFSAE) module and a Weighted Semantic Mapping (WSM) module to make the semantic segmentation model of point clouds in large-scale urban street scene focus more on the global salient feature expression by self-attention enhancement channel by channel and take into account the constraints of semantic categories to learn a better semantic segmentation model for urban street scenes. The experiments are performed on the Semantic3D dataset and our own collected vehicle Mobile Laser Scanning (MLS) point cloud dataset. The segmentation results show that the GFSAE and the WSM proposed by us can improve the semantic segmentation of point clouds in large-scale urban street scenes and prove the effectiveness of our model compared with other state-of-the-art methods.

Therapeutic Guidelines and Antimicrobial Resistance of Helicobacter Pylori in Patients with Peptic Ulcer at Tertiary Care Hospitals of Rawalpindi and Islamabad

Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence of antibiotic resistance among Helicobacter pylori isolates obtained from patients suffering from peptic ulcer disease in Rawalpindi and Islamabad, Pakistan, and to propose a novel anti-H. pylori therapy strategy for use in these locations. Methodology: A total of 132 H. pylori from the patients suffering with peptic ulcer disease were reported for clinical treatment in institutions in the twin Cities that provide tertiary care. Antibiotics such as ciprofloxacin, clarithromycin, amoxycillin, metronidazole, and tetracycline were tested on the isolates to determine their levels of susceptibility to these drugs. The Epsilometer test, often known as the E-test, is a quantitative disc diffusion method that is used to determine antibiotic sensitivity. This test was utilised for the purpose of verifying isolates. Results: The overall rate of resistance among H. pylori was found to be 27.9% for amoxycillin, 38.9% for clarithromycin, and 73.6% for metronidazole. 47 out of 132 isolates exhibited multiple drug resistance, with metronidazole, clarithromycin, and amoxycillin showing the highest frequency of two, three, and four drug resistance patterns. Ciprofloxacin had a low level of tetracycline resistance, ranging from 1.2 to 4%, whereas metronidazole resistance was substantial. In the population of Pakistan, the frequency of H. pylori resistance to metronidazole is quite high, whereas it is moderate in response to clarithromycin and amoxycillin, and low in response to ciprofloxacin and tetracycline. The rates of resistance to clarithromycin and amoxycilin were higher in Rawalpindi than they were in Islamabad. It is imperative, for the sake of the public's health, that Pakistan make an adjustment to its policy regarding antibiotics, one that will permit the use of antibiotic rotation in the treatment of H. pylori. Keywords: Peptic ulcer, Helicobacter pylori, antibiotic susceptibility.

Citizen or City Diplomacy? Diplomatic Co-Production and the Middle Ground in Municipal Twinning Relationships

SummarySince their early origins in the Cold War, municipal twinning relationships have relied on citizen initiative and participation. Where does the government end and the citizen begin? Using examples from Canada–Asia city twinning, we argue that municipal twinning relationships should be viewed as a co-produced diplomatic ‘middle ground’ formed by the interactions of official and domestic society actors. We map how the concept of a co-produced middle ground helps us better understand the identities, capacities, continuities, criteria and conceptions at the heart of municipal twinning relationships. These insights could inform a co-productive model for municipalities to approach the design and implementation of twinning relationships. As a preliminary examination of domestic society actors in municipal twinning using the interpretative framework of co-production, this article points towards possibilities for future avenues of research and policy-making that more carefully attend to the actors, sites and scales of subnational diplomacy.

Case Study of Property Value Transfer Attributed to Transit: Spatial and Temporal Hedonic Price Impact of Light Rail in Minnesota’s Twin Cities

Does the proximity of transit increase property values, and can one example apply to another? Using a spatial and temporal hedonic price framework, this study of light rail transit’s impact on residential property values compares the station area property impacts of the Green and Blue Lines in Saint Paul and Minneapolis, Minnesota. The study also points to when “value transfer” (used here to describe the comparison and application of property value impacts near transit) is appropriate, and what practitioners should keep in mind to maximize the effectiveness of the exercise. In the case of value transfer for transit, the study finds that intimate local knowledge matters more than special modeling specifications to appropriately capture the impacted properties and transfer the return of investment.

Method for 2D-3D Registration under Inverse Depth and Structural Semantic Constraints for Digital Twin City

A digital twin city maps a virtual three-dimensional (3D) city model to the geographic information system, constructs a virtual world, and integrates real sensor data to achieve the purpose of virtual–real fusion. Focusing on the accuracy problem of vision sensor registration in the virtual digital twin city scene, this study proposes a 2D-3D registration method under inverse depth and structural semantic constraints. First, perspective and inverse depth images of the virtual scene were obtained by using perspective view and inverse-depth nascent technology, and then the structural semantic features were extracted by the two-line minimal solution set method. A simultaneous matching and pose estimation method under inverse depth and structural semantic constraints was proposed to achieve the 2D-3D registration of real images and virtual scenes. The experimental results show that the proposed method can effectively optimize the initial vision sensor pose and achieve high-precision registration in the digital twin scene, and the Z-coordinate error is reduced by 45%. An application experiment of monocular image multi-object spatial positioning was designed, which proved the practicability of this method, and the influence of model data error on registration accuracy was analyzed.

Effectiveness and future implications of COVID-19-related risk stratification for managing retinopathy of prematurity: The Indian twin cities retinopathy of prematurity study report number 10.

To evaluate the effectiveness and future implications of COVID-related risk stratification for managing retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). A prospective study was conducted at a tertiary eye care center from the beginning of the lockdown in India from 23 March 2020 till the end of the first phase of lockdown on 29 May 2020. We evaluated 200 prematurely born infants (< 34 weeks of gestational age) using the new safety guideline protocols for low-risk babies developed in conjunction with the Indian ROP Society for care during the COVID-19 pandemic. Low risk included babies born at more than 30 weeks of gestational age, post menstrual age 34 weeks or above at presentation, more than 1000 grams of birth weight, and stable systemically with good weight gain. New guidelines were implemented in 106 (53%) infants who were low risk while 94 (47%) infants with high risk were followed up as per the old guidelines. Out of the 106 infants (212 eyes) managed by the new guidelines, good outcome (group 1) was seen in 102 (96.2%) infants. Twenty-seven of the 102 infants had some form of ROP and 5 of these infants needed treatment. None of the low-risk babies with no detachment at presentation managed by new guidelines required surgery later (group 2). Two (1.9%) infants came with retinal detachment at presentation and underwent successful surgery (group 3) and two infants (1.9%) were lost to follow up. New risk stratification during the COVID-19 pandemic was an efficient and safe strategy in managing low-risk ROP babies.

Impact of job insecurity during COVID-19 on green entrepreneurial intention of Pakistani entrepreneurs: a moderated mediation model

PurposeThe study aimed at identifying job insecurity during COVID-19 as a determinant of green entrepreneurial intentions under the mediating role of entrepreneurial passion. Further, moderated mediation model of environmental consciousness and environmental knowledge on the relationship between job insecurity during COVID-19 and green entrepreneurial intentions through entrepreneurial passion as a mediator is also measured.Design/methodology/approachThe study employed Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) and analysis of a moment structure (AMOS) to calculate the measurement and structure model. Data was collected from the twin cities of Pakistan (Islamabad and Rawalpindi). A total of 389 usable responses were included in the analyses.FindingsConsidering entrepreneurship as a process, the result shows a significant relationship between the study variables. Also, it is realized that entrepreneurial passion serves as an important mediator between job insecurity during COVID-19 and green entrepreneurial intention. Both entrepreneurial knowledge and environmental consciousness have an indirect conditional effect on the relationship between job insecurity during COVID-19 and green entrepreneurial intention with entrepreneurial passion as a mediator. The study tested a novel relationship between job insecurity during COVID-19 and entrepreneurial passion under the lens of contingency theory and entrepreneurial event theory.Research limitations/implicationsThe extreme necessity to choose an alternative to full-time jobs is entrepreneurial endeavors that can be explored by entrepreneurs. Policymakers can capitalize on this scenario by proposing entrepreneurial opportunities which are green as well. The term Green represents an environmental friendly business, which one can start in the context of COVID-19 when everyone is oriented to cleanliness, personal hygiene and environment friendly.Originality/valueThe study tested a novel relationship between job insecurity during COVID-19 and entrepreneurial passion under the lens of contingency theory and entrepreneurial event theory. It contributes to the present stock of knowledge and understanding of the subject by contextualizing the concept of green entrepreneurial intention.

Khatt Islāmi: Sacred Scripts from Islamic Africa

Khatt Islāmi: Sacred Scripts from Islamic Africa

Assessing the Economic Energy Level of the Chengdu–Chongqing Economic Circle: An Integrative Perspective of “Field Source” and “Field”

As a densely overlapping area under the national overarching development strategy, the Chengdu–Chongqing Economic Circle (CCEC) possesses a significant strategic location. However, compared with the other three growth pillars, the economic energy of the CCEC is still at a low level and in urgent need of improvement, which has to be implemented step by step in a systematic manner. At present, the focus remains on the two central cities—Chengdu and Chongqing. In contrast to the traditional evaluation of the regional economic energy level (EEL) solely from the “internal comprehensive development level”, this paper takes an angle on the interdependence and co-existence of “field source” and “field” to construct a preliminary index system which accounts for the “external economic connection level” as well. We then calibrate and validate the proposed model from both statistical and empirical angles. Finally, by optimizing the model, this paper evaluates the EELs of the Chengdu–Chongqing twin cities by fuzzy integrals of comprehensive weights. The results show the following: (1) From the perspective of overall indicators, the EELs of Chengdu and Chongqing have been rising from 2000 to 2018. In 2019, due to deglobalization and the Sino-US trade war, both cities appeared to reach an inflection point. (2) In terms of horizontal comparison, the EELs of the two cities basically coincide with each other, in line with the positioning of Chengdu–Chongqing as the two leading cities in Western China. However, their EELs have been lagging behind those of Beijing, indicating more room for further improvement. (3) From the point of view of sub-indexes, Chongqing has the advantage in the “external economic connection level” while Chengdu has the advantage in the “internal comprehensive development level”. The dislocation and complementarity of Chongqing and Chengdu has become an opportunity to break away from the stiff competition and jointly improve their EELs. (4) By comparing our evaluation with the traditional assessment, we note that the EEL tends to be misestimated if comprehensive factors regarding the “external economic connection level” are not taken into account.

Consumer's perception towards electricity theft: A case study of Islamabad and Rawalpindi using a path analysis

Electricity theft is a chronic issue and energy worth billions of dollars is stolen annually from electricity grids mainly in the developing countries. This study highlights socio-economic and institutional factors deteriorating the electricity theft situation using the path analysis by employing a measurement model in the analysis of a moment structures (AMOS). Preceding the path analysis, statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) is used for descriptive statistics, reliability analysis through Cronbach's alpha test, and exploratory factor analysis through KMO & Barlett's test of sphericity. The study analyses the factors that facilitate the illegal consumption of electricity in the service area of Islamabad Electric Supply Company, Pakistan, utilizing a primary dataset collected through a structured questionnaire from the twin cities of Islamabad and Rawalpindi. The analysis is based on perception of the consumers. The factors that significantly and positively affect the behavior towards theft include corruption diluting deterrence and power outages/load shedding, whereas the age of the respondent negatively affects their perception towards electricity theft. The role of electricity tariff rate, electricity consumption pattern, probability of detection, the rule of law, education of the respondent and quality of conduct of utility officials appeared insignificant in motivating consumers to steal electricity.

State resilience and rate of recovery among addicts: Moderating role of social skills.

The present study intended to explore the moderating role of social skills in State Resilience and the rate of recovery among drug addicts. The sample size was 100 recovering addicts from different drug rehabilitation centers were recruited from twin cities (Islamabad and Rawalpindi) of Pakistan. The Social Skills Inventory (SSI) was used to assess social skills, while Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC) and Substance Use Recovery Evaluator (SURE) was used to assess state resilience and recovery among study participants. Results suggest a significant positive correlation between social skills and recovery (r = 0.27; p < 0.01). Similarly, state resilience was found to be significantly correlated with social skills (r = 0.35; p < 0.01), while state resilience was not significantly correlated with recovery. The moderation analysis for the interaction of social skills on state resilience was non-significant [β = 0.002, 95% CI (−0.002, 0.00), t = 1.01, p = 0.316]. Results also indicate the significant relationship of social skills in the prevention of relapse against drug use.

Municipal solid waste management for reaching net-zero emissions in ASEAN tourism twin cities: A case study of Nan and Luang Prabang

Waste generation rates have increased with rapid population and economic growth worldwide, especially in tourism cities. Nan Province and Luang Prabang (LPB) are twin cities that have been popular tourist destinations. The impact of unmanaged waste threatens the socioeconomic environment in both places. Three waste management scenarios were developed to achieve net-zero greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from the municipal solid waste (MSW) sector in Nan and LPB by 2030. Sensitivity and benefit–cost (B/C) analyses were performed, and alternative scenarios were proposed. With the use of available waste management technology, all developed scenarios in both locations could achieve net-zero emissions within the difference contexts of the city such as waste composition. From this study, on-site waste sorting is the key for waste management to achieve net-zero emissions. Sensitivity analysis revealed that, with an average carbon price of 28.42 USD/tCO2e, all scenarios in Nan and LPB were feasible, except for scenario 2 (off-site waste sorting) in LPB. This study found that it would be challenging but achievable to reach the net-zero emissions target. The challenge includes the increased on-site waste separation rate and raising public awareness concerning municipal solid waste management as well as its importance for effective waste management. These developed scenarios show a pathway for the waste sector to achieve net-zero emissions by 2030 with available waste management technology in Nan and Luang Prabang, and the possibilities for other locations facing similar situations.

Patient’s Awareness and Knowledge of Root Canal Treatment (RCT): A Survey-Based Original Research at RIPHAH International

Objectives: The goal of this research was to find out whether people's perspectives about root canal therapy have shifted over time in a representative sample of the Islamabad community and, if so, in what ways. Materials and Method: At the Islamic International Dental Hospital, 103 patients underwent a cross-sectional study. The study's goal was to find out how much participants knew about root canal therapy (RCT). Root canal therapy patients completed a self-report questionnaire, which included 18 items with multiple choice answers. Results: 103 patients were studied. Among those 77 out of 103 were females and 26 were males. Out of 103 individuals 20 people had no previous knowledge of treatment, 5 individuals were not interested and the remaining 78 had a varying degree of knowledge. Regarding the fears leading to apprehensive attitude among patients to seek treatment the most common fear was the fear of pain prevailing in 57 out of 103 individuals. Chi-square test was run to analyze association among age groups, gender identity and qualification of the respondents with all the questions from the questionnaire from the twin cities. There was a significant relationship between the knowledge and awareness among patients i.e 0.___ Conclusion: Ache in the tooth is the main cause of patients coming to dental hospitals. The awareness about dental therapy has been elevated among the people but the dentists should still inform and educate the patient about importance of dental health and dental treatments. Keywords: Awareness, Dentistry, Endodontic, Knowledge.