Twill Weave Research Articles

Interface failure identification of argon/nitrogen double plasma modified hybrid laminated para‐aramid composites

AbstractThis work reveals the synergistic effect of argon/nitrogen double plasma alteration on the mechanical properties of para‐aramid fiber/epoxy resin composites with various laminating sequences. Acoustic emission monitored interface failure during tensile, bending and fracture testing. A comparative analysis was conducted on the bending performance of the composites modified by argon/nitrogen double plasma and single plasma. The results showed that the synergistic effect of nitrogen and high‐energy molecule argon optimized the modifying effect of argon/nitrogen double plasma. The optimal modification parameters obtained through fiber extraction testing analysis are power 200 W, time 120 s, and Ar/N2 double gas flow rate of 12 sccm. After plasma treatment, twill weave modifies better than plain weave. The AE signal amplitude of PX1 is minimized during stretching. Due to the difference in internal bending stiffness of PX2, interface delamination failure is more likely to occur. The PX5 had greater fiber and matrix debonding failure between mode‐II fracture tests due to the weak modification effect of plain weave and its difficulty in deformation. In ballistic testing, PX1 blocks impact force through fiber bundle stretching deformation, while PX4 is more brittle.Highlights Prepare para‐aramid/epoxy resin composites with various laminating sequences. Study on the interfacial properties of composites treated with double plasma. The composites with different gas sources treatment were analyzed. Acoustic emission analysis was used to identify interface failure modes. The bonding strength between plain and plain interfaces is the lowest.

Effect of various weaving architectures on mechanical, vibration and acoustic behavior of Kevlar-Hemp intra-ply hybrid composites

Due to the benefits of including high stiffness, low density, low cost, ecologically benign nature and abundant availability, natural fibers are employed as reinforcement in composites. These fibers however have a few shortcomings, including poor moisture resistance and incompatibility with most matrices. Therefore, the goal of this research is to combine the benefits of natural fiber (hemp) with synthetic fiber (kevlar) to develop a hybrid composite. Hemp and Kevlar yarns were handloomed to form fabrics with different architectures such as plain, twill and basket. These hybrid fiber epoxy composites were fabricated using compression molding and the samples were subjected to mechanical testing, free vibration and acoustic emission characteristics. Hemp and Kevlar fiber composites were also fabricated for comparison purpose. The results revealed that the twill and basket weave intra ply hybrid composites exhibited the better mechanical properties when compared with the plain weave hybrids. Whereas, the free vibration results showed that the all the hybrids exhibited better performance that the mono-fiber composites. Acoustic behavior of the basket weave hybrid was found to have the highest sound transmission loss value of 13.7 dB in the higher frequency range. On the other hand, the hemp-epoxy composites exhibited the highest sound transmission level of 6.3 dB in the lower frequency range.

Two-stage bubble point pressure: A newly found feature of Dutch Twill weave porous screen

The porous screen is a vital material in the area of in-orbit propellant management, due to its efficient performance to separate gas and liquid in microgravity conditions. Among the diversities of screens, the Dutch Twill weave (DTW) screen is the most commonly used owing to its extensive adaptability of different fluids including storable and cryogenic propellants. This study focuses on the bubble point pressure (BPP), a quite important characteristic parameter of the screen applied to gas-liquid separation. It has been commonly considered by previous researchers that BPP for a given working fluid and fixed screen structure has a certain value. However, the two-stage-bubble-point pressure phenomenon that was newly found in an experiment reveals three new parameters of DTW screens: the first order BPP, the second order BPP, and the critical depressurizing level. After a bubble breakthrough occurs, only if the driving pressure is decreased to under the critical depressurizing level, can the screen be fully resealed; otherwise, the screen can be just partially resealed. For the pressurization beginning at the fully resealed state, the critical value of the driving pressure to trigger a bubble breakthrough is the first order BPP; but for the pressurization beginning at the partially resealed state, the critical value becomes the second order BPP. To understand this phenomenon, we analyzed the microstructure of DTW screens and then reconstructed the conceptual model of screen pore, according to the distribution mode of pore diameter. The new model explain the phenomenon by introducing three special character parameters: the first order BPP, the second order BPP, and the critical depressurizing level, which are corresponding to the locations of the first throat, the second throat, and the abdomen in a pore passage, respectively. The detailed mechanism was quantitatively illustrated by a CFD simulation. The discovery of this feature of DTW screens should be a meaningful reminder that after bubble breakthrough occurs, only when the driving pressure is decreased to below the critical depressurizing level, can the original performance of screen be recovered fully.

"Utilizing Twill Weaves to design upholstery fabrics characterized by optical illusion "

"Utilizing Twill Weaves to design upholstery fabrics characterized by optical illusion "

Effect of Fabric Areal Weight on the Mechanical Properties of Composite Laminates in Carbon-Fiber-Reinforced Polymers

The present work aims at studying the effect of the reinforcing fabric areal weight on the mechanical properties of composite laminates in carbon-fiber-reinforced polymers. Three different pre-impregnated 2 × 2 twill weaves, characterized by the different areal weight values of 380, 630, and 800 g/m2 were used to produce laminates. These areal weights were selected to represent typical values used in structural application. A hand lay-up technique followed by an autoclave cycle curing was employed to produce the laminates. The desired final thickness of the laminates was obtained by laying-up a different ply number, as a function of the areal weight and thickness of each fabric. Uniaxial tensile and in-plane shear response tests were performed on samples obtained from laminates after curing. Furthermore, the presence of voids in composite materials were detected by performing resin digestion tests. Finally, light optical microscopy and stereomicroscopy analyses allowed observing the different arrangement of the plies in the cross-sections of laminates after curing and evaluating the degree of compaction as a function of the reinforcing fabric used. It was demonstrated that the fabric areal weight significantly affects the mechanical performances of the composite laminates; specifically, the decrease in the areal weight of the twill weave leads to an increase in tensile strength, elastic modulus, and in-plane shear stress, i.e., of about 56.9%, 26.6%, and 55.4%, respectively, if 380 g/m2 and 800 g/m2 fabrics are compared. These results are crucial for an optimal material selection during the design process for industrial applications and help to better understand composite material behavior.

Evaporative wicking in thin porous media

Evaporation cooling as an environment-friendly and energy-saving cooling option is usually realized by using porous medium to enhance the transport process, where the evaporation and wicking emerge simultaneously. Thin porous media are commonly applied in the evaporative wicking process. However, the evaporation on thin porous medium imposes significant impact on flow and heat transfer performance of evaporative wicking, which makes the prediction of evaporative wicking behavior more difficult. In this work, experimental studies of evaporative wicking of ethanol in Dutch Twill Weave (DTW) screens are carried out, where the evolution of wicking front and temperature distribution are captured by infrared thermography. Moreover, the numerical model that describes capillary rise, evaporation and heat transfer during evaporative wicking is built, which agrees well with the experimental results. Further investigation suggests that considering the evaporative cooling effect is indispensable for accurately predicting the evaporative wicking behavior in DTW screens. In addition, it is found that there is a rapid increase in temperature difference between the liquid and metal wires around the wicking front based on the local non-thermal equilibrium model.

Effect of solution-blown nanofibrous web on quasi-static punch shear test results and quasi-static indentation behavior of carbon fiber-reinforced epoxy matrix composites

This study investigated the effects of the nanofiber interlayer in carbon fiber-reinforced epoxy matrix composites on quasi-static loading behaviors such as quasi-static punch shear (QS-PST), quasi-static indentation (QSI), and short-beam shear (SBS) loading. The solution-blowing technique was used to produce polyamide-6 (PA6) nanofiber with 1 g/m2 areal density. A 2×2 twill weave carbon fiber fabric with an areal density of 200 g/m2 was covered with solution-blown nanofibers. The vacuum-assisted resin transfer molding (VARTM) method was used to manufacture nanofiber interlayered composites and non-interlayered composites. QS-PS experiments were conducted at three different span to punch ratios (SPR), namely 1.1, 2, and 4. The PA6 nanofiber had a synergetic effect on the composite structure. In the QS-PST experiments, it increased the amount of work achieved by the specimen at rates of 29.5%, 13.5%, and 5.66% for SPR 1.1, 2, and 4, respectively while it provided increases in the maximum force at rates of 15.3%, 15%, and 5.7%, respectively. Additionally, the PA6 nanofiber contributed to the composite material properties determined based on the QSI test including the maximum force, punch crush strength, crush stiffness, and through-thickness modulus at rates of 7.5%, 7.56%, 2.72%, and 5.76%, respectively. Finally, an increase at a rate of 11.43% was determined in the SBS strength of the nanofiber interlayered composite, while it showed an increase in maximum force observed during the SBS experiment at a rate of 12.28%. The enhancements of mechanical properties of structural composites make them more reliable for high technology applications like aerospace, and automotive.

Investigation of Performance Properties of Dyed and Raised Twill Woven PES/VIS Fabrics by Full Factorial and Taguchi Experiment Design Methods

In this study, full factorial experimental design and Taguchi experimental design for the optimization of selected fabric quality parameters were examined comparatively with an experimental study. The aim of the study is to show that Taguchi Experimental Design can be used instead of Full Factorial Experimental Design, which is a classical experiment plan in textile engineering studies. In the experimental study developed in outerwear woven fabric dyeing-finishing enterprises; The woven fabric in three different twill forms, having the same blend, was dyed at three different rates and produced in three different raising conditions. The fabrics were woven 100 m in factory conditions and dyed and raised under the same conditions. The selected twill texture is 3/1, 2/1, 2/2, dyeing ratio, 1%, 3%, 5% and raising status-no raising, single passage raising, two passage raising (shearing process is included in all raising). Selected woven fabric performance tests were applied to the fabrics. In the study, 27 fabric samples were used for the Full Factorial Experiment Design and 9 fabric samples were used according to the Taguchi Experiment Design. The results of the performance tests obtained according to both experimental designs were compared. As a result, it has been shown with this study that 9 samples according to the Taguchi method can be used instead of 27 samples according to the full factorial experimental design for optimum results. Experimental design based on Taguchi Method can be used effectively with less experiments in experimental studies where production is very difficult and costly in the field of textile engineering.

Multi-scale finite element analysis on the soft impact behavior of twill weave laminate

This work proposed an impact momentum flexibility (IMF) to precisely and concisely characterize the soft impact behavior of twill weave laminate based on multi-scale finite element analysis. A multi-scale finite element model taking into consideration the microstructure and properties of constituents is established for twill weave laminate. The equivalent properties of fiber tows and twill weave laminate are predicted by micro-scale model and meso-scale model, respectively. Then the soft impact behavior of the laminate is investigated by macro-scale model. The multi-scale model is validated on different scales by comparing the experimental and simulated results of quasi-static compression and soft impact. On this basis, the deformation and failure of the laminate under soft impact are analyzed. The soft impact response is categorized according to the damage morphology and impact velocity. Moreover, the IMF is proposed to depict the ability to resist soft impact deformation of the laminate, and can be further adopted to rank the soft impact property of different materials.

The Effect of Clearance Angle on Tool Life, Cutting Forces, Surface Roughness, and Delamination during Carbon-Fiber-Reinforced Plastic Milling.

This study aimed to investigate the effect of the clearance angle of the milling tool on wear, cutting forces, machined edge roughness, and delamination during non-contiguous milling of carbon-fiber-reinforced plastic (CFRP) composite panels with a twill weave and 90° fiber orientation. To achieve the objective of the study, it was first necessary to design suitable tools (6 mm diameter sintered carbide shank milling cutters) with a variety of clearance angles (8.4°, 12.4°, and 16.4°) and all the machinery and measuring equipment for the research to be carried out. Furthermore, measurement and evaluation methods for cutting tool wear, cutting forces, machined edge roughness, and delamination were developed. Last but not least, the results obtained during the research were summarized and evaluated. From the experiments conducted in this study, it was found that the tool clearance angle has a significant effect on tool wear, roughness of the machined surface, and delamination of the carbon fiber composite board. The tool with a clearance angle of 8.4° wore faster than the tool with a clearance angle of 16.4°. The same trend was observed for cutting force, machined surface roughness, and delamination. In this context, it was also shown that the cutting force increased as the tool wear increased, which in turn increased surface roughness and delamination. These results are of practical significance, not only in terms of the quality of the machined surface but also in terms of time, cost, and energy savings when machining CFRP composite materials.

Stent-Graft Fabrics Incorporating a Specific Corona Ready to Fenestrate.

In situ fenestration of endovascular stent-grafts has become a mainstream bailout technique to treat complex emergent aneurysms while maintaining native anatomical visceral and aortic arch blood supplies. Fabric tearing from creating the in situ fenestration using balloon angioplasty may extend beyond the intended diameter over time. Further tearing may result from the physiologic pulsatile motion at the branching site. A resultant endoleak at the fenestrated sites in stent-grafts could ultimately lead to re-pressurization of the aortic sac and, eventually, rupture. In an attempt to address this challenge, plain woven fabrics were designed. They hold a specific corona surrounding a square-shaped cluster with a plain weave fabric structure, a 2/2 twill, or a honeycomb. The corona was designed to stop potential further tearing of the fabric caused by the initial balloon angioplasty and stent or later post-implantation motion. The cluster within the corona was designed with relatively loose fabric structures (plain weave, 2/2 twill weave, and honeycomb) to facilitate the laser fenestration. Two commercial devices, Anaconda (Vascutek, Terumo Aortic) and Zenith TX2 (Cook), were selected as controls for comparison against this new design. All the specimens were characterized by morphology, thickness, and water permeability. The results demonstrated that all specimens with a low thickness and water permeability satisfied the requirements for a stent graft material that would be low profile and resistant to endoleaks. The in situ fenestrations were performed on all fabrics utilizing an Excimer laser followed by balloon angioplasty. The fabrics were further observed by light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The dimension of the fenestrated apertures was smaller than the balloon's diameter. The tearing was effectively confined within the corona. The clinical acceptability of this concept deserves additional bench testing and animal experimentation.

Study on Properties of Sisal-Cotton Union Fabrics Developed in Handloom and Power-Loom for Textile Application

Present study was done to explore the properties of sisal-cotton union fabrics developed in handloom and power loom. Cotton yarn of 2/20 used as warp and sisal-cotton blended yarn of 12s count used as weft. Ratio for blended yarn (sisal:cotton) was taken as 35:65. Union fabrics were developed in three weaves i.e., plain, basket and twill and analysed for their physical and mechanical properties. The developed union fabric samples were shown to a panel of ten judges consisting of industrial person, interior designer and the professional from Apparel and Textile Department and Family Resource andManagement department and preferences were taken for smoothness, softness, surface texture, uniformity, aesthetic appearance and tactile sensation. On the bases of these properties preferences were taken for product development. Handloom twill weave found to be best for its smoothness and handloom plain weave for tactile sensation. So, it can be used in upholstery, home textiles and in some parts of garments using lining.

Effects of ZnO nanowire and silica coatings on the inter-yarn friction and ballistic properties of Kevlar fabrics

This paper focused on improving the ballistic performance of plain weave (PW) and twill weave (TW) Kevlar fabrics without affecting the weight. Single layers of fabrics were subjected to two different surface coatings, one with ZnO nanowires (ZnO NW) and other with Silica nanoparticles. Tensile, inter-yarn friction and ballistic properties of bare and surface coated fabrics were evaluated and compared with each other. All types of PW fabrics were found to have superior tensile strain energy, inter-yarn friction and ballistic energy absorption than corresponding TW fabrics. Both ZnO NW and Silica coatings were found to significantly improve the strain energy, inter-yarn friction and ballistic energy absorption of fabrics with only less than 8% increase in the areal density of the fabrics. Among the two surface treatments, Silica coating was found to provide maximum improvement in properties. It increased the strain energy, yarn pull-out energy and ballistic energy absorption in PW fabrics by 67%, 694% and at least 240%, respectively. Also, it increased the strain energy, yarn pull-out energy and ballistic energy absorption in TW fabrics by 42%, 1350% and 387%, respectively. The work demonstrated promising ways of improving the ballistic performance of Kevlar fabrics.

Functional performance of thin Ag, SS, and Ti films on retro-reflective fabrics

Retro-reflective materials are gradually increasing in popularity and use due to their safety properties, and aesthetic advantages. This study details an experimental procedure of the functional performance of silver (Ag), stainless steel (SS), and titanium (Ti) coatings of 150 nm in thickness on retro-reflective fabrics (with plain, twill and diamond weave structures) via magnetron sputtering. The deposited thin films were characterised using CIE L* a* b* values, SEM, contact angle, air permeability, thermal conductivity, anti-static, IR and UV protection. The results reveal that Ag coated fabric can transfer away body heat, hence ensuring a feeling of coolness. The Ag coated fabric samples have an overall good infrared (IR) protective property followed by SS, with Ti having a poor IR protective performance. All of the coated fabrics show excellent ultraviolet protection with 50+ UPF ratings. Furthermore, the coated fabrics have good anti-static properties which prevent the build-up of static charge that can cause discomfort to the wearer, especially in dry weather conditions. The deposition of Ag, SS or Ti nanoparticles on the surface of the fabric increases the hydrophobicity of the material or results in a fabric with low wettability as evident from the measured contact angles.

Effects of multiple post cure cycles on properties of composite carbon fibre and epoxy materials

Post-curing cycles have an effective impact on the thermal and mechanical properties of thermoset composite materials. Typically, post-cure cycles use heat to expose cured resin parts to high temperatures in an attempt to maximize their final properties. In most cases, these processes allow composite parts to achieve the highest possible strength and become stable. In industrial practice, however, it has been found that there are potential consequences of performing localized repairs on composite parts in an autoclave where the localized repair undergoes a normal curing process while the parent part undergoes an additional curing process. Thus, for the parent part, prolonged exposure to high temperatures can trigger a process of decomposition of the resin matrix, as could be the aging phenomena of composites in service. In such a scenario, two practical questions are worth asking: (1) to what extent can a resin matrix be post cured without risking degrading its thermal properties? (2) what are the residual mechanical and physical properties resulting from prolonged exposure of composite parts to elevated temperatures? In this work, an analysis was carried out to estimate the potential adverse effects on thermoset composite parts made of carbon fibre and epoxy resin materials commonly used in aerospace, in terms of thermal, physical and mechanical properties after a long exposure to high temperatures caused by multiple post cure cycles. Two types of prepreg laminates were used to make monolithic test panels using twill and plain weave architectures for the M21 and 8552 test panels respectively. Thermal tests were conducted to evaluate the evolution of the degree of cure, the glass transition temperature and the inter-laminar shear strength of post-cured panels, which were subjected to a different number of post cure cycles. The study found that multiple post cure cycles alter thermal properties, which in turn have adverse effects on physical and mechanical properties. The results demonstrated that the two types of composite materials respond differently to changes in properties. Twill weave panels quickly reach full cure after three stages while plain weave panels have undergone gradual curing. This difference in the curing process of the resin matrix clearly influenced the changes in the measurements of shear, surface hardness and compressive strengths.

Assessment of a unique reinforcement construction on mechanical behaviour of composite structures

The construction type of reinforcement material is a critical factor playing an essential role in the mechanical performance of composite materials. Recently, much attention has been attracted to discovering the mechanical behaviour of glass woven fabric, such as plain and different variations of twill and satin reinforced composites. In this paper, it is aimed to test the effect of a combination of unique characteristics of woven and knitted fabrics in the same matrix on the mechanical behaviour of composites. In this direction, carbon tows are fabricated into plain woven, 2/2 twill woven and interlock knitted fabrics. The effect of reinforcement construction on bending and tensile properties like strength, modulus and strain of epoxy composites manufactured in three variations as woven, knitted and woven/knitted reinforced was investigated by conducting 3-point bending and tensile tests. Experimental results indicated that hybrid composites displayed lower bending strength than woven fabric composites. However, a combination of 2/2 twill woven and knitted fabric in hybrid composites, including five fabric layers, had a higher bending modulus than 2/2 twill woven composites, including seven fabric layers. Also, it was observed that the mechanical performance of hybrid composites under tensile load was poor compared to the woven fabric composites.

Buckling in rectangular hybrid composite plates with angled groove-shaped cut-outs

Abstract In this paper, eight-layer composite laminates were produced using twill and plain woven glass and carbon laminate fibers as a reinforcement element and as a matrix with epoxy resin. All laminates having the layup of [(0°/90°)2]s but the hybrid laminate arrangement varies between the number of woven glass and carbon laminates. The buckling behaviour of woven composite laminates used for typical of the aerospace industry is investigated. Un-grooved and grooved with centered elliptical groove angles with 0°, 15°, 30°, 45°, 60°, 75° and 90° specimens were subjected to buckling tests. It was investigated how the woven type, laminate designation, and groove angles affect the buckling behaviour. Cut-out causes to decrease of buckling load of composite plates. It is understood that the buckling load increased with regard to the increase groove angle (from 0° to 90°) of the composite plates. As the laminate designation changed, the buckling load also changed significantly. The buckling load of composite plates is highly influenced by its weave type. As a fiber, it has been determined that the buckling behaviour of carbon fiber is better than glass fiber. In addition, it was concluded that the twill weave type is generally better than the plain weave type.

A sustainable blend of Tencel/jute fibers as an alternative to cotton/polyester for clothing

The increasing concern about the environment has enhanced the utilization of sustainable products in every field of life, from common household items to fabrics. Although cotton is a plant-based fiber, its cultivation requires large amounts of water and pesticides. Therefore, the future of product development demands environmental friendliness. To overcome the problems of cotton related to the environment, a novel sustainable fabric was developed by using Tencel and jute fiber for the apparel industry to reduce the usage of cotton. In this current study, six blended yarns of two counts (10 & 20 Ne) of Tencel and jute (90:10, 80:20, and 70:30) were developed by ring spinning to weave fabric in two weave designs (Plain & Twill). These developed fabrics were assessed for mechanical, comfort, and hand properties. The results revealed that the blended fabric with a high content of Tencel is good in terms of mechanical, comfort, and hand properties, except for stiffness, pilling resistance, resilience, and drapeability. Additionally, fabric woven with a fine yarn count is also good in the above-stated properties, except for stiffness, resilience, and wrinkle recovery. However, fabrics woven with a twill weave design have good comfort and hand properties, except for smoothness and drapability. On the other hand, fabric with a plain weave design is good in terms of mechanical properties, except for tear strength. The comparison of TJ blended fabric with PC blended fabric shows that the tensile strength, air permeability and OMMC of JT blended fabric is 8.31%, 96%, and 29.46% higher than PC blended fabric but tear strength is 99% less. Furthermore, statistical analysis was performed to check the effect of the input variables on the response factors, and it was found that the effect of yarn count on all output responses is statistically the most significant.

Leverage of weave pattern and composite thickness on dynamic mechanical analysis, water absorption and flammability response of bamboo fabric/epoxy composites

Spar caps, which cover 50% of the cost of windmill blades, were made of unidirectional and biaxial glass/carbon reinforcements of 600 gsm with thicknesses ranging from 100 to 150 mm for blades 70–80 m long. The significance of this study was to utilize an economical biodegradable material i.e bamboo fabric of 125 gsm to fabricate a lightweight composite and study its behavior for spar caps applications. The aim of this research was to investigate the effect of weave pattern and composite size at coupon level under thermal, dynamic, water absorption, and flammability conditions. Composites comprising 125 gsm plain and twill weave bamboo as reinforcements/AI 1041 Phenalkamine bio-based hardener with epoxy B-11 as matrix were tested. Thermo-Gravimetric Analysis revealed that the weave pattern and composite thickness had an effect on the rate of weight loss and sustenance until 450 °C. The pattern had an effect on the glass transition temperature, as seen by Differential Scanning Calorimetry. The weave pattern and size thickness had an effect on energy storage and dissipation, displaying the damping behavior in DMA. The weave pattern and size had an effect on the rate of water absorption, which saturated after a few hours. The wettability and thickness of composites hampered the burning rate, with 5.4 mm thickness resulting in a 30% decrease.

EFFECT OF TENSILE FATIGUE CYCLIC LOADING ONPERFORMANCE OF TEXTILE-BASED STRAIN SENSORS

Textile-based strain sensors are a potential platform used in wearable devices for sensing and. 8 sensors containing monitoring the human body. These sensors not only have all the conventional sensors benefits but also, they are low-cost, flexible, light-weight, and easily adopted with three-dimensional shape of the body. Moreover, recent research has shown they are the best candidates for monitoring human’s body motion. In this study, the effect of tensile fatigue cyclic loads on performance and sensitivity of textilebased strain sensors was investigated polyester/stainless steel staple fiber blend yarn as a conductive part with different structures were produced. The sensors varied in weft and warp density, percentage of stainless steel in conductive yarn, the number of conductive yarns, and weave pattern. The sensors were subjected to 500 cyclic loads operations and their tensile properties and sensitivity were investigated and compared before and after applying tensile fatigue cyclic loads. The results showed the textile-based strain sensors containing less percentage of stainless-steel fiber, lower number of conductive yarns, twill weave pattern and lower density in warp and weft direction have shown better performance after tensile fatigue cyclic loads.