TV Networks Research Articles

How Do Television Networks Use Twitter? Exploring the Relationship between Twitter Use and Television Ratings

ABSTRACTTelevision networks are increasingly using social-networking sites to promote programs and to interact with the audiences of those programs. Through a content analysis of 1,656 tweets from the Twitter sites of 20 popular programs featured on U.S. television networks, this study examined how television networks used Twitter and the relationship between the extent of their Twitter use and the ratings of television programs. Analyses revealed a significantly positive relationship between TV networks’ extent of Twitter use and television ratings. Additionally, this study found significant differences in the Twitter usage among television networks. The theoretical and practical implications of this study are also discussed.

From the couch to the desk: study of gender interactions around Spanish TV series on YouTube

This study explores YouTube users’ creation and consumption of videos related to primetime Spanish TV series, from a comparative gender perspective. The exploration is based on a sample of more than 100 short YouTube videos about 21 Spanish TV series broadcast in 2013 by the three most popular mainstream national TV networks in Spain (Telecinco, Antena 3 and La1). These videos were classified according to the (apparent) gender of their uploaders, their indicators of popularity (number of views, likes, dislikes, comments, and channel subscribers), and the nature of their content (their inclusion of original material with respect to the content broadcast on TV). In addition, the YouTube and TV audiences of the five most popular TV series in 2013 (according to audience share) were examined and compared according to gender. The analysis provided some unexpected results: despite women constituted the majority of the series’ TV audience, male audiences showed greater activity on YouTube around the videos related to such series. Moreover, while men uploaded more videos and scored higher in views and popularity indicators in the video-sharing social network, the videos created by women, comparatively, generated more comments.

Bundling, à la carte pricing and vertical bargaining in a two-sided model

We develop a two-sided market model with an upstream–downstream structure. More specifically, the platform consists of two rival upstream firms and a downstream monopolist. Each upstream firm negotiates the input price (license fee) with the downstream monopolist and also chooses the amount of advertising that is embedded in the good it sells to the downstream monopolist. The downstream monopolist can offer the two goods either on an à la carte basis or as a bundle. We use this model to understand the incentives to bundle and the welfare properties of bundling in a two-sided market framework. We also contribute to the ongoing debate on à la carte pricing in the TV industry, where the two upstream firms can be viewed as two rival TV networks and the downstream monopolist as a cable operator. We show that an à la carte regulation will raise consumer surplus and downstream profit, while it will decrease the profits of the upstream TV networks.

Managing TV commercials inventory in the Italian advertising market

This paper studies the problem of a TV broadcaster, managing its programs schedule. A TV network is considered that has to decide on accepting and scheduling requests from its advertisers. A request is formulated both in terms of people to be reached and of budget available for the advertisement campaign. Moreover, several formulations of the problem are presented and defined in such a way as to handle different aspects of the real process: compatibility among advertisements that are scheduled in the same break; compatibility between advertisements and breaks; price discrimination due to the different positions of the advertisements within a break. Since the introduced models are computationally intractable, several heuristics are presented whose performance are evaluated in an extensive computational study based on test problems defined by considering the peculiarities of the Italian advertisements market.

Framing responsibility for depression: how U.S. news media attribute causal and problem-solving responsibilities when covering a major public health problem

ABSTRACTThis paper analyzes how major U.S. print and broadcast news media framed depression causal and problem-solving responsibilities at individual and societal levels over the past three decades. Results from the content analysis showed that the media placed more causal and problem-solving responsibilities on individuals than the society. However, references to societal solutions increased moderately over time. Organizational differences emerged in news attribution of responsibilities, as print media presented more individual-level causes while broadcast media focused more on solutions at both individual and societal levels. Additionally, local newspapers put more problem-solving responsibilities on individuals than national newspapers, while a cable news channel allocated more time to the discussion of overall depression responsibilities than network TV. Findings are discussed in the context of cultural orientations, organizational constraints, changing practice and trends in health news reporting, and the broader political/social environment in which the news media operate. Practical implications for health journalism, mental health communication and advocacy, and public health policy-making are discussed.

Re-imagining Television Audience Research: Tracing Viewing Patterns on Twitter

Re-imagining Television Audience Research: Tracing Viewing Patterns on Twitter

The Limits of Reflected Glory: The Beneficial and Harmful Effects of Product Name Similarity in the U.S. Network TV Program Industry, 1944–2003

The market fate of a product ultimately determines the success or failure of a firm. A name is a central feature of any product, yet how names affect product market longevity is not well understood. In this paper we develop a theory in which a new product’s name affects the product’s categorization by audiences and, as a result, impacts its survival chances on the market. We predict that the similarity of the new product’s name to names of other products in the industry affects its survival probability, but the direction and magnitude of this effect depends on the popularity and status of products, to names of which the new product’s name is similar. We test our predictions on the population of all TV programs that were introduced during prime time plus early evening and late night on networks in the United States from the beginning of the industry in 1944 through 2003. An event history analysis of this population supports our predictions and thus suggests the importance of names in product market viability.

Frances Cress Welsing

African American psychiatrist who developed theories on racism and white supremacy Elvert Barnes In 1974 Frances Cress Welsing agreed to a debate with William Shockley on the topic of racial...

Television and Globalization: The TV Content Global Value Chain

This study uses the global value chain (GVC) framework to analyze the globalization of television and argues that it has been driven by the dynamics of a newly formed TV content value chain. Distinct segments emerged as the chain globalized and firms sought a competitive advantage by expanding internationally within their sector. This article focuses on four dimensions of the TV content value chain and, documenting the growth of transnational TV networks and formats, argues that the TV industry's millennial global shift was triggered by internationalization of the chain's segments. Finally, it suggests that industry conglomeration should be comprehended in the context of Internet disruption and international fragmentation of production within expanding value chains.

Television Meets Facebook: The Correlation between TV Ratings and Social Media

This study examines the relationship between social media site Facebook and TV ratings drawing from audience factors of integration model of audience behavior. Based on context of Taiwan television network programs, this study collected measures for Facebook likes, shares, comments, posts for three genres of television shows and their Nielsen ratings over a period of eleven weeks, resulting in the size of sample more than 130 observations. This study applied multiple regression models and determined that the key social media measures correlate with TV ratings. In essence, TV shows with higher number of posts and engagement are likely to relate to higher ratings, special in drama shows. Subsequently, this study constructed the TV prediction models with measures for Facebook via SVR. The results suggested that prediction models are a good forecasting of which MAPE was between 10% - 20%, even less than 10%. This implies that TV network should be motivated to invest in social media and engage their audience and analysts can use social media as a mechanism of exante forecasting.

REPETITION-DIFFERENTIATION IN AN ONLINE DEBATE ON SEXUALITIES: RE-IMAGINING IDENTITY MEANINGS

Semiotic Mobility on the WebIn 2014, Globo TV - the leading Brazilian TV network - aired Em familia, a primetime telenovela (soap opera) whose opening plot dealt with varied interwoven storylines on family drama, adultery, and love triangles, developed along mainstream heteronormative premises. In later episodes, however, the show started featuring the relationship between Clara - a simple bored married straight young woman, mother to an eight-year old boy - and Marina - a sensual successful lesbian photographer. The initial flirtation matured into a full blown love affair, leading Clara to disclose the infatuation to her family (parents, sisters, loving husband and son).The madly-in-love couple ended up taking center stage, a scheme which, in a country anchored in Catholic tradition such as Brazil, gave rise to a lot of controversy and heated responses, triggering both backlash and support concerning alternative family bonds. Some fans reacted not only against samesex pairing but also against the destruction of a happy family. Conversely, according to a whole lot of others, gay love was legitimate and the characters had the right to live it to the fullest; moreover, they demanded that the sexual innuendo between the two women be portrayed as explicitly as the intimate scenes involving the straight couples in the show were. Therefore, as Marina and Clara's relationship deepened and turned out to be quite steamy, many fans rooted for their bonding while others sided against it. Amidst these contrasting stances, a special concern gained ground: would a kiss between the two women be aired on a primetime program at a Brazilian television networ k? B eing ca st upon the audience, the doub t spar ked a ll sor t of speculation and dispute.A great part of that contention took place in digital environments (social networks, blogs, websit es and the like), producing Clara/Marina (Clarina) shippers1 and texts which proliferated on the web. The hashtag #clarina, different fanfics in Portuguese and English (All of me, Clarina day by day etc.), and the virtual campaign Globo makes Clarina happen are just some of the exa mples of how t he lesbian narrative beca me a vira l phenomenon, following transnational trajectories - a characteristic of the intense transit of semiotic artifacts which have been marking contemporary communicative landscapes. Everything concerning the production and consumption of cycles of discourse - ideas, texts, images, discourses, knowledges, and identities, for example - moves at unprecedented speed as semioticized commodities (Agha 2011; Chouliaraki and Fairclough 1999). This escalating process, propelled by the development of not only Web 2.0 technologies but also media contexts in general (digital, televisual, and print), intensifies the identity-alterity dialectics, increasing the tension between known and alien meaning repertoires and, as a corollary, enhancing performances of surveillance and protection of perceived identity borders. Although violent language games are a very wellknown outcome of such kind of attrition, lea ding ver y oft en t o physical violence,2 they may, conversely, result in subverting conventional familiarities and/or shaking normalizing apparatuses (Butler 2004; Puar 2005; Lima 2014; Lewis et al. 2014; Moita-Lopes 2015) - as illustrated by the Clarina event above.In previous work I delved into such repetition-transformation activities concerning the negotiation of gendered cultural identities on the internet (Fabricio 2014; 2015). In this paper I shall explore the reification-dismantling of the heterosexual matrix in the cyberspace, by concentrating on the comments section of t he digital version of a popular Brazilia n newspaper, in which participants discuss the love affair between Clara and Marina. Upon approaching their online interaction, I examine how both replication and reorganization of heteronormativity coexist in that environment. In so doing, I seek to observe the pragmatics of iterability and probe the tension between repetition and renewal possibilities, proposing to take repetition-difference as an inseparable pair. …

Analysis and Implement of Broadcast Program Monitoring Data

With the rapid development of the radio and TV industry and the implementation of INT (the integration of telecommunications networks, cable TV networks and the Internet), the contents of programs and advertisements is showing massive, live and interactive trends. In order to meet the security of radio and television, the broadcast of information have to be controlled and administered. In order to master the latest information of public opinion trends through radio and television network, it is necessary research the specific industry applications of broadcast program monitoring. In this paper, the importance of broadcast monitoring in public opinion analysis is firstly analysed. The monitoring radio and television programs broadcast system architecture is proposed combining with the practice, focusing on the technical requirements and implementation process of program broadcast, advertisement broadcast and TV station broadcast monitoring. The more efficient information is generated through statistical analysis, which provides data analysis for radio and television public opinion analysis.

Safe Kids/FedEx children pedestrian road safety program

The Philippines is a low-middle income country with an estimated population of 102 Million and a 2.18 annual population growth rate. The consequent urbanization has rapidly increased the number of motor vehicles resulting in increased number of road traffic injuries in the country. According to the World Health Organization, next to assault, road traffic crashes are the second leading cause of injury deaths for all ages. Among 0 to 17 years old children, road traffic crashes is also the second leading causes of deaths, next to drowning. In 2004, Safe Kids Worldwide Philippines (SKWP) and FedEx worked hand in hand to address this problem using a pedestrian safety program called “Walk This Way”. The aims are to educate the children on pedestrian safety and improve the walking environment of the schools thereby improve the safety of children and other road users while on the roads. SKWP and FedEx started to organize and build coalitions in five cities and used the three E’s - Education, Engineering and Enforcement. For education, it tries to transfer the knowledge by giving training to principals, teachers, children and parents on pedestrian safety. The Engineering component looks into improvements in the walking environment of the children and their guardians to and from the schools by working with concerned government and non-government organizations. The Enforcement component on the other hand seeks to improve implementation of pertinent laws through dialogues, advocacies and events. The Walk This Way Program has been implemented in 6 cities in the span of 11 years, 5 in a given year. In 2014 a modified approach, the Young Road Safety Advocate Program (YRSAP) was introduced. This “peer to peer” approach enlists senior outstanding students to teach younger students in their own schools. The last two years saw the training of about 900 outstanding students on pedestrian safety who in turn taught approximately 100,000 younger students. The Safe School Zone Project was developed in 2009 and was able to improve four (4) public elementary schools through road safety environment education and the installation of road signs and permanent barriers. Safe Kids Worldwide Philippines through the partnership with FedEx has been recognized in the country in the field of injury prevention programs. SKWP has been invited by the Department of Health to be a member of the Technical Working Committee on Violence and Injury Prevention. Coalitions with the various cities and elementary schools have helped increase the knowledge of over a Million children on pedestrian safety. The National TV Networks have recognized and utilized SKWP in discussions about Road Safety and has become a main resource on the recently enacted helmet law for children. National and local governments together with the involved non-government organizations have looked to Safe Kids Worldwide Philippines as a key organization in Children’s Safety Programs.

Rapid increase in e-cigarette advertising spending as Altria's MarkTen enters the marketplace

In early 2014, the nation's largest cigarette maker, Altria1 (formerly Phillip Morris Companies) announced the national launch of their MarkTen e-cigarette. Nu Mark, an Altria company, is behind the design...

Native Americans on Network TV: Stereotypes, Myths, and the “Good Indian”Michael RayFitzGerald. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2014.

Native Americans on Network TV: Stereotypes, Myths, and Good Michael Ray FitzGerald. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2014.There is a restaurant-bar in town where this reviewer lives called Chiefs, Wings and Firewater. The owners apparently do not comprehend inappropriateness of name. This reviewer guesses they think it is a clever name for a bar. It does lively business. Just north of where this reviewer lives, Gaffney High School, home of state champion Indians, plays its football games in a packed stadium called the Reservation. Two hours south on Interstate 85 in Atlanta, Braves fans do the chop at home baseball games. In this reviewer's little corner of world, stereotyping of American Indians-even in present era-is alive, well, and carried out with impunity.For past thirty years, this reviewer has spent considerable time trying to combat dehumanizing impact of such stereotypes, especially as they affect pK-12 students. Therefore, it is not hard to imagine his enthusiastic anticipation of Michael Ray FitzGerald's Native Americans on Network TV: Stereotypes, Myths and Good Indian, a work which is focused on portrayal of American in network shows from TV's earliest days up to present. Outside of The Lone Ranger, most of what has appeared on television regarding American has escaped separate and detailed critical scrutiny. This reviewer anticipated that FitzGerald would add to established body of critical analysis of American Indian stereotypes in films and in popular culture by examining perpetuation of those stereotypes in network TV programming and their effects on viewers. This reviewer anticipated that when combined with analyses of films, songs on radio, romance novels, school textbooks, advertising and other aspects of American popular culture, FitzGerald's analysis of stereotypes of American on television would demonstrate that this reviewer's corner of world is not unique in its continued, collective misunderstanding of American and its disregard for contemporary American Indian peoples. His analysis would help this reviewer better understand why misunderstanding and disregard persist.This book did not disappoint. Logically organized, clearly argued, and meticulously researched and documented, FitzGerald's book presents network television depictions of American as most recent set of portrayals in ...a four-hundred-year history of politically and ideologically tinged representations from Puritan 'captivity narratives' to western dime novels to films and finally to airwaves (and cable) (xiv). The author breaks new critical and analytical ground by applying interdisciplinary methods and by using transcontinental resources to achieve his purpose: One. Analysis of representations of American in network television shows; Two. Description of ways in which Western genre's tropes and narrative strategies serve to perpetuate AngloAmerican 'foundation myth;' and Three, ...deconstruct [ion of] representations of American Indians and analysis of various intertwined histories-American Indian history, conquest of North America by Europeans, history of World War Two and Cold War, history of US network television, and history of African American Civil Rights Movement (xiv-xv). …

Mathematics in business management

Mathematical techniques play a vital role in formulating and solving theoretical and practical problems in the fields of engineering, business, and management. Stella Maris College and Loyola Institute of BusinessAdministration (LIBA), Chennai, jointly hosted the International Conference on Mathematics in Engineering and Business Management during 9–10 March 2012, Chennai, India, inviting mathematicians, engineers, managers, and consultants from leading institutions. Given the important objective of the organizers to host an inclusive and affordable conference designed to reach as wide an audience as possible, the meeting was organized on a non-profit basis with an intense program. The ability to allow the low registration feewas facilitated by the very generous support of the sponsors: SPICEducational Foundation, G. R. Thanga Maligai, Nalli Kuppusami Chetty, Lloyd Insulation, IOB, Stella Maris College, Ms. Vidya Viswanath, Scintel Technology, Sakthi Finance Limited, Sun TV Network Ltd., CVM Charities, and Science and Engineering Research Board (SERB), DST, Government of India. The program started each day at 8:30 a.m. and finished at 6:00 p.m. It was very heartening to find that many big names in the fields of applied mathematics and management agreed unhesitatingly to attend the conference. The conference proved to be exceptionally popular and attracted 200+ participants. Seven overseas delegates delivered plenary lectures and more than 10 eminent speakers from various parts of India addressed the participants of the conference. Parallel sessions for paper presentations and poster presentations were included to provide a research platform for young researchers to interact with experts and peers in active research areas. An indication of the success of the conference, in terms of number of papers received, was that extended versions of selected papers were to be published in special issues of four international journals, including this special issue of the Annals of Operations Research.

PP.02.33

Objective: As a results of the MINISAL study, that indicated an excess salt intake in Italy, we planned a “The Lower Salt Community Project”, a trial of feasibility, acceptability and safety of a strategy of moderate and gradual reduction of salt intake (15% over 18 months) in an Italian community in the area of Cilento. Design and method: The baseline salt intake was evaluated by 24-hour urinary sodium excretion in randomized samples of the Cilento community and of a control community in a separate area. The control community undertakes the same anthropometrical, nutritional, biochemical and blood pressure (BP) measurements at baseline and at end of the study as the target community, but is the object of simple observation with no kind of active intervention during the follow-up period. Main outcome measure will be the differential change in dietary salt intake at the end of the study between the two communities. Secondary endpoints will be the changes in BP, nutritional, anthropometric, metabolic and hormonal variables, potential target of dietary salt reduction. The active intervention is currently being implemented through the collaboration with local authorities, GPs and health organizations, opinion makers and local schools. Interaction with restaurants, pizzerias, local food producers and catering organizations are being carried out. A crucial role is played by the interaction with media (private TV networks, radios and local newspapers) and by the activation of an INTERNET website and social network profiles. Results: At baseline, the two randomized samples (aged between 35–75 years) were similar for sex, age, BMI, SBP/DBP and urinary volume. The average salt intake was 9.0 g/day and over 90% of the population had a consumption higher than the recommended standard dietary intake of 5 g/day. Conclusions: The results of this feasibility trial will provide information on the possibility to implement similar salt reduction strategies at the regional and national levels.

IARJSET - Science, Engineering and Technology

The Internet is paramount of modern life. As technology advances, our demand for bigger, better and faster Internet connections. Current Digital TVs (DTVs) which is universally growing across the world have the ability to connect to Internet. So, Digital Terrestrial TV network that also carry Internet data is the objective of this paper. This is another feasible advantage that digital terrestrial TV can offer customers .It would be a user-friendly method just to plug the computers to set-top boxes to access Internet. Consumers can find it convenient to pay for TV content and Internet usage separately. With several technologies like ATSC, DMB, DVB-T2 and ISDB-T already in existence, it is from this background that a concept to improve bandwidth, compression, source coding and line coding is suggested for maximum network exploitation.

Book Review: Two Billion Eyes: The Story of China Central Television, by Ying Zhu

Two Billion Eyes: The Story of China Central Television. Ying Zhu. New York: The New Press, 2014. 304 pp. $ 18.95 pbk. $ 10.49 Kindle.Two Billion Eyes begins with an earthquake-the that hit China's Sichuan Province at 2:28 p.m. on May 12, 2008. Including aftershocks, it killed at least 90,000 people and left 5 million homeless.Ying Zhu, a professor of media culture at the City University of New York, C ollege of Staten Island, was in Beijing at the time, almost 1,000 miles from the epicenter. She felt her apartment building sway. Phoning to check on her, a friend suggested she turn on China Central Television (CCTV), the state-operated broadcaster often derided by netizens as Hee-Hee-TV for its take-it-with-a-grain-of-salt propaganda.What Zhu saw was impressive: Within minutes of the earthquake, CCTV was carrying a rolling ticker with news of the disaster. By 3:00 p.m., reporters were on the air with updates. By 3:20 p.m., News Channel, CCTV's version of CNN, started broadcasting Exclusive Reports on Sichuan.The speed and initial frankness of Chinese media reports from Sichuan were unprecedented, surprising everyone both at home and around the world, Zhu writes in her book. It was a stark contrast to the government-controlled reporting of the runup to the Olympic Games that soon would be held in Beijing. The earthquake coverage was instantly recognized as a milestone in Chinese journalism and disaster reporting, and for a moment, the Chinese media appeared to break free of their assumed propaganda role.Indeed, western journalists relied on and applauded CCTV's work. So did the network's audience: More than 1 billion people-hence, 2 billion eyes-tuned in to CCTV's quake coverage between May 12 and May 21, Zhu notes.Her book bills itself as the first to scrutinize the network, which was founded in 1958 as Beijing TV. Zhu describes the post-Mao transformation of China's only national TV network into an influential multimedia conglomerate.CCTV accomplished this as it juggled competing demands: The government censors the news, but citizens yearn for truth; CCTV's journalists seek professional respect, but the network is officially a mouthpiece for the one-party state; and now, under the market economy reforms of the 1980s, the broadcasting operation must turn a profit by offering programming with popular appeal.As a state-controlled yet commercially operated entity, CCTV has become the very archetype of the Chinese model, Zhu asserts. She calls the network one place we can turn to as we attempt to make sense, at least from the perspective of media and society, of China's transformation and its global ramifications.Zhu provides historical context for CCTV's rise. Because of poverty and other factors, she states, television did not eclipsed radio as the most important mass medium in China until the early 1990s. …

Native Americans on Network TV: Stereotypes, Myths, and the “Good Indian.” Michael Ray Fitzgerald. New York: Rowman & Littlefield, 2014. 278 pp. $75.00 cloth.

Native Americans on Network TV: Stereotypes, Myths, and the “Good Indian.” Michael Ray Fitzgerald. New York: Rowman & Littlefield, 2014. 278 pp. $75.00 cloth.