TV Content Research Articles

Understanding Timelines Within MPEG Standards

Nowadays, media content can be delivered via diverse broadband and broadcast technologies. Although these different technologies have somehow become rivals, their coordinated usage and convergence, by leveraging of their strengths and complementary characteristics, can bring many benefits to both operators and customers. For example, broadcast TV content can be augmented by on-demand broadband media content to provide enriched and personalized services, such as multi-view TV, audio language selection, and inclusion of real-time web feeds. A piece of evidence is the recent Hybrid Broadcast Broadband TV (HbbTV) standard, which aims at harmonizing the delivery and consumption of (hybrid) broadcast and broadband TV content. A key challenge in these emerging scenarios is the synchronization between the involved media streams, which can be originated by the same or different sources, and delivered via the same or different technologies. To enable synchronized (hybrid) media delivery services, some mechanisms providing timelines at the source side are necessary to accurately time align the involved media streams at the receiver-side. This paper provides a comprehensive review of how clock references (timing) and timestamps (time) are conveyed and interpreted when using the most widespread delivery technologies, such as DVB, RTP/RTCP and MPEG standards (e.g., MPEG-2, MPEG-4, MPEG-DASH, and MMT). It is particularly focused on the format, resolution, frequency, and the position within the bitstream of the fields conveying timing information, as well as on the involved components and packetization aspects. Finally, it provides a survey of proofs of concepts making use of these synchronization related mechanisms. This complete and thorough source of information can be very useful for scholars and practitioners interested in media services with synchronization demands.

Longitudinal relations between prosocial television content and adolescents' prosocial and aggressive behavior: The mediating role of empathic concern and self-regulation.

The current study examined longitudinal cross-lagged associations between prosocial TV (content and time) and prosocial and aggressive behavior during adolescence, and explored the mediating role of empathic concern and self-regulation. Participants were 441 adolescents who reported on their 3 favorite TV shows at 2 time points, approximately 2 years apart (M age of child at Time 3 = 13.31, SD = 1.06; 52% female; M age of child at Time 5 = 15.27, SD = 1.06). Results suggested that prosocial content at Time 3 was negatively associated with aggressive behavior 2 years later, and aggressive behavior at Time 3 was positively associated with aggressive content 2 years later. Results also suggested that prosocial behavior toward strangers at Time 3 was associated with both empathic concern and self-regulation at Time 4, which were in turn associated with prosocial and aggressive content at Time 5. Discussion focuses on the important role of behavior and prosocial personality on media selection during adolescence and the relevance of the target of prosocial behavior.

An advertisement method using inaudible sound of speaker

Recently, there are serviced user customized advertisement of various type using smart device. Representative services are advertisement service using light of smart TV screen or audible sound of smart TV to transmit advertisement information. However, those services have to do a specific action of smart device user for advertisement information or need audible audio information of TV contents. To overcome those weakness, therefore, we propose an advertisement method using inaudible sound of speaker based on smart device. This method supports the transfer of advertising content to the smart device user with no additional action or TV audio signal required to access that content. The proposed method used two high frequencies among 18㎑ ~ 22㎑ of audible frequency range which smart TV can send out. And it generates those frequencies synthesized with audio of TV contents as trigger signal which can send advertisements to smart device. Next, smart device analysis the trigger signal and request advertisement contents related to the signal to server. After then, smart device can show the downloaded contents to user. Because the proposed method uses the high frequencies of sound signals via the inner speaker of the smart device, its main advantage is that it does not affect the audio signal of TV content. To evaluate the efficacy of the proposed method, we developed an application to implement it and subsequently carried out an advertisement transmission experiment. The success rate of the transmission experiment was approximately 97%. Based on this result, we believe the proposed method will be a useful technique in introducing a customized user advertising service.

Lietuvos televizijos vaidybinės programos medijų adaptavimo ir konvergencijos aspektu (1957–1967)

TV has expanded the audiovisual media opportunities directly spreading the image and sound to the mass audience. Discussions are taking place: to create an independent TV content, or will other media (music, theater, cinema) be re-broadcasters. The first decade of the Lithuanian television (1957–1967) was the time of controversial experiments of the TV aesthetic principles. Technological characteristics (live broadcast, a small black-and-white TV screen) and a specific audience (looking in the home environment) led to the intimacy of performance. On the other hand, the TV was associated with cinema resolution (angles, montage), so the television performances were inserted elements of cinematography. TV was looking for new ways to literary adaptation. Attempts were made to keep the text of the work, the author's thoughts. A specific early television feature was different forms of expression in a television program. Dramatic elements were inserted in documentary programs simulating live reporting. We see efforts to find distinctive adaptation techniques (intimacy of performance, the desire to read a literary work, drama and documentary television program clusters). It was a time of self-perception of the new media, which later allowed to find a specific expression of the TV form and genre (fiction series, games, reality formats, entertainment shows).

The specific social responsibility of big television companies and risk conten

This paper analyses the strategy of private nationally broadcasted television companies that use Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) compliance reports to gain reputation exhibiting them as socially responsible. The reports released regarding to sustainability initiatives delivered by television companies are confusing as the concept of CSR is not adapted to the specific social purpose of broadcast programming. Under the recent General Law on Audiovisual Communication (LGCA by its initials in Spanish) the authors propose to distinguish between common CSR obligations, such as environmental responsibilities and specific responsibilities of CSR, concerned for their own company. To measure them it is essential to analyze the risk contents of TV programs. The research project developed a protocol of risk content categories. The main TV content rules, legal texts, style guides, self-regulatory codes, broadcasting authorities studies and association viewers studies have been inquired and reviewed to develop this protocol. The ten RC categories obtained by this procedure used in a more comprehensive survey conducted three years ago are now applied in a new project on a 2014 selection of programs to analyze if the TV content continues having a disregard of the television networks and determine whether there have been any significant changes in programming.

Contextual aspects of typical viewing situations: a new perspective for recommending television and video content

In this paper, we present a better understanding of the contextual aspects that determine TV and video viewing situations in the home. The results can be used to design recommender systems algorithms and interfaces for TV and video content that better fits with different viewing situations in the home. This is achieved by taking into account these typical viewing situations and the respective manifestations of contextual factors. In a first, ethnographic, study with 12 households to better understand everyday viewing practices, we obtained insights into the relation between the type of content and the amount of attention paid, the type of content and planned versus spontaneous behaviour, the role of the structure of the household, and the way people discover content. In a second, multi-method, study with seven households, we identified seven typical viewing situations and elaborated on how four important contextual factors—time, mood, content and viewers—constitute these viewing situations or experiences in the home. After combining the results from both studies, two additional contextual aspects were added: content delivery type and viewing mode. The insights from these studies allow us to suggest opportunities for the design of recommender system algorithms that take into account the four contextual aspects and to formulate implications for the design of recommender interfaces.

TV Wars: Exclusive Content and Platform Competition in Pay TV

The article examines incentives for exclusive distribution of premium television programming. Static analysis shows that a vertically integrated operator with premium programming always supplies this content to the rival distributor, using per-subscriber fees to soften competition. In a dynamic setting with switching costs exclusivity confers a market share advantage, benefiting the operator in the future. Under certain conditions this future benefit outweighs the opportunity cost of forgone wholesale fees, making exclusivity the preferred choice. Alternative dynamic mechanisms are explored, identifying essential features. The analysis explains the observed incidence of content exclusivity in pay TV and provides guidance for policy makers.

TV Today, Mobile TV Tomorrow? Extrapolating Lessons from Israeli Consumers’ Adoption of Innovative TV Viewing Technology

The present study aims to analyze consumers’ adoption and use of mobile devices as a mobile TV platform that is replacing the traditional TV. Moreover, the study attempts to promote understanding of users’ behavior by employing a new research approach dealing with the acceptance of innovative technology. For this purpose, the study applies a Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology to assess users’ motivation to view TV content through mobile devices. A sample consists of 280 respondents was obtained from across the Israeli mobile devices user groups. The findings of the study suggest that individual’s intention to use mobile devices to view TV content is significantly influenced by perceived enjoyment, social factors, perceived convenience and viewing quality, viewing cost, and content variety. Implications for TV providers are identified together with consideration of the limitations of the study and avenues for further research.

해외프로그램 리메이킹 과정에서 나타나는 콘텐츠 변화에 대한 연구

본 논문에서는 한국의 대표적인 상업채널인 케이블 방송국에서 방영된 포맷 프로그램에 대한 분석을 통해, 포맷프로그램의 현지화과정에서 한국적 가치가 어떻게 발현되고 있는지, 프로그램 제작에 영향을 미치는 또 다른 요인은 없었는지 등에 대해 분석하는 것을 목표로 한다. 이를 위하여 2014년 시즌 3까지 방영하였으며, 연착륙에 성공하였다고 평가되는 프로그램인 '마스터셰프 코리아' (Master Chef KOREA, '마셰코')의 각 에피소드를 '마스터셰프 USA'와 비교 분석하였다. 사례분석을 통해 포맷 프로그램의 성공요인은 철저한 한국화에 있었다는 점을 확인하였으며, 제작자가 처한 미디어 환경에 따라서 프로그램에서 독특한 특징이 나타난다는 점을 알 수 있었다. 또한 현지화 및 지역화에 성공한 포맷 프로그램이 살아남는다는 기존의 논의는 여전히 유효한 분석틀이나, 포맷 프로그램이 한국화 되는 과정에서 공공성이 강화되고 프로그램에 대한 직간접적 규제가 강화되는 측면이 있다는 기존의 연구결과는 좀 더 비판적으로 접근할 필요가 있음을 확인할 수 있었다. In the age of media convergence the influx of foreign TV content is quickly influencing the landscape of Korean media. The objective of this research is to analyze and explore the localization and Koreanization of Master Chef USA into Master Chef Korea and how its successful adaptation, transformation, and localization was made possible. The study pays close attention to TV personalities' relationships, behaviors and communication skills along with the choice of food ingredients and themes in the 2014 episodes for both Master Chef USA and Master Chef Korea. Furthermore, the research seeks to challenge the widely spread belief that localization of foreign TV content serves the public interest. Rather it seeks to articulate that depending on the media environment, private entities are becoming the benefactors of foreign TV content adaptations.

Sensing of Audience Excitation and Boredom Emotion Based on the Synchrony of Sitting Body Sway

SUMMARYMore and more recent studies of emotion estimation have taken the approach of ambient sensing, where users are monitored without constraining their bodies and without being aware of the sensing system. Few of them, however, focus on audience emotions. We attempted to examine audience emotions, which are difficult to estimate when using only individual data, and which come to be estimated more easily when using ambient sensing of synchrony among multiple users. We developed an ambient sensing chair, which employs wireless sensors to determine the center of force of the seated user, and designed an experiment for an audience watching a soccer game on TV or a technical presentation in order to examine the relationship between audience body sway and emotional states in a natural situation. We found that synchrony could be well correlated with audience excitement and boredom, something not observable in the individual data. These results indicate the possibility of development of service marketing systems that evaluate TV content, and feedback systems that give notice of the emotional state of an audience to a presenter.

IARJSET - Science, Engineering and Technology

The Internet is paramount of modern life. As technology advances, our demand for bigger, better and faster Internet connections. Current Digital TVs (DTVs) which is universally growing across the world have the ability to connect to Internet. So, Digital Terrestrial TV network that also carry Internet data is the objective of this paper. This is another feasible advantage that digital terrestrial TV can offer customers .It would be a user-friendly method just to plug the computers to set-top boxes to access Internet. Consumers can find it convenient to pay for TV content and Internet usage separately. With several technologies like ATSC, DMB, DVB-T2 and ISDB-T already in existence, it is from this background that a concept to improve bandwidth, compression, source coding and line coding is suggested for maximum network exploitation.

Future TV Content Delivery Over Cellular Networks From Urban to Rural Environments

With the increasing number of TV channels and the growing need for on-demand services, the traditional digital terrestrial television is becoming a less attractive way of distributing TV content. As an alternative, we discuss a converged platform in the UHF band for TV and mobile broadband provisioning based on LTE cellular technology and infrastructure, which is here referred to as CellTV. The requirement for CellTV is to provide seamless TV coverage from urban to rural environments and to minimize the spectrum requirement so that the leftover can be used for mobile services. We formulate an optimal spectrum allocation problem for CellTV to distribute different TV channels with different transmission modes. Each TV channel is delivered via either unicast links or the broadcast over single-frequency networks of different modulation orders according to the location-dependent viewing demand and the cellular infrastructure availability. Based on a case study of the Greater Stockholm region, we identify that CellTV only requires a small portion of the UHF band to deliver the TV content in urban areas, thus releasing a significant amount of spectra for mobile broadband services. Meanwhile, the spectrum requirement for CellTV is considerably higher in suburban and rural areas due to the transitions of transmission modes. We further generalize these findings to provide a guiding principle for CellTV deployment in mixed environments and to demonstrate the flexibility advantage of CellTV in adapting to the growing diversity of TV content.

Discovering TV Contents in a Second Screen App: Perspectives from Portuguese and Brazilian Markets

Abstract The actual trends in the TV ecosystem present considerable social, organisational and technological challenges in the value-chain of Pay-TV operators. Among these is the global increase in bandwidth, the shifting of the storage capacity in the cloud, and the affordability of traditional content providers when facing the competitiveness of OTT content. In this framework, Pay-TV operators are presenting their customers with a huge offer of contents available from linear-TV, Catch-up TV and VoD services. However, this overloaded TV ecosystem is likely to lead viewers to get lost and face difficulties when deciding what to watch on TV. To overcome these difficulties and be competitive, operators need to provide innovative and trustable solutions, alternative to traditional EPGs, enabling users to discover the right content for a specific context. To target this problem, a second screen application (GUIDER) was developed to offer an original user interface, based on a multidimensional spatial representation of TV contents for those mindless zapping situations where viewers do not know, in advance, what they are in the mood to watch. This paper reports on the evaluation of the GUIDER App, aiming to determine the level of interest in the several features implemented and in the filtering criteria available; identify usability issues; and predicting the future uses of the App in domestic scenarios. The evaluation was made in Portugal and Brazil with a convenience sample of 20 participants in each country. Despite the differences in the TV ecosystems, both countries appear to be promising markets for this new kind of second screen applications, with Brazilians showing a higher perception of the added value of GUIDER.

НАУЧНО-ПОПУЛЯРНЫЕ ТЕЛЕПРОГРАММЫ В ЭФИРЕ ОБЩЕСТВЕННОГО ТЕЛЕВИДЕНИЯ РОССИИ

The paper considers the importance of popular scientific TV programs actualization, their place in broadcasting conception of TV channels. The author analyzed the discussions on the necessity of public television in Russia, as well on its content and the form of its work. The paper presents the main requirements of western and native TV theorists to the organizational structure, editorial policy, TV content of public TV channels in the whole and the Public Television of Russia in particular. The author considered the main appraisals and wishes of native media-critics at the initial working stage of Public TV of Russia, and the wishes to the air content; and characterized the necessity of informative broadcasting on air of public TV and the forms of its implementation. The paper reveals the importance of performing cultural and educational functions of journalism on TV in the whole and on public TV channel, and presents the results of study of the “Public TV of Russia” channel air concerning the general amount of informative programs and popular scientific information. The author gives the characteristic of the informative programs on the air according to the following criteria: time, periodicity of going on the air, their running time comparing with the general amount of daily and weekly broadcasting stated in share of popular scientific broadcasting. The author describes the format-generating characteristics of popular scientific TV program “Technopark” and presents the results of analysis of “Technopark” program issues from the point of view of its format defining within the frames of study of TV program issues. The author withdraws the results of the program content analysis with respect to the scientific information disclosure and evaluates the whole amount of popular scientific programs and the methods of scientific subject-matter disclosure on the air of “Public television of Russia” TV channel.

IPTV Statistic Data Collection, Processing and Preparation for use in a Modeling System

Today most people get information from a TV. Trust level for television is very high and this kind of media can strongly influence public opinion. To research content watched on TV or public opinion, questioning and other methods are used today and respondents know about the research process. This knowledge forces people to give untruthful answers, because sometimes they don’t want to share their thoughts. This kind of research result is not satisfactory and conclusions can create misconceptions. Fast development of IPTV gives new opportunities for research using collected statistics. To make research legal, all statistical data must be anonymous. If a TV watcher doesn’t think that he has to make a choice, he will watch TV content he is interested in. At the moment there is no one united standard for collecting and processing IPTV statistical data. Each vendor handles data differently. Some solutions do not allow collecting data about watched TV channels and programs. In this paper the author will present a possible, universal method for data collection in a variety of IPTV networks, and different types of streaming and Middleware.

Ontology-based recommender system of TV programmes for personalisation service in smart TV

Many researches endeavour to solve the problem of information overload and deliver the preferred TV programme content to users. However, they have a weakness in the similarity computation of TV programmes for recommendation because they do not consider the knowledge structures of TV programme content. In this paper, we propose a similarity matching and recommendation method for TV programme content to reduce information overload. Our approach is composed of the three major tasks: (1) conceptualisation and construction of TV programme domain ontologies, (2) computation of the similarity of programme content based on domain ontologies and (3) user preference-based filtering and semantic score-based ranking of the recommendation list. To support semantic-based TV content searching and recommendation, we first design the semantic model of TV ontology and a conceptual process to transform the textual content descriptions of TV programmes to semantic maps. Subjective experiments confirm that the proposed method is effective in semantic-based searching and recommendation.

MODIS data based semi-real time media GIS contents to support natural disaster mitigation

Natural disaster mitigation is a collective effort of forecast, assessment, and encouraging the public participation in disaster mitigation. This study focused on the rarely addressed aspect, “the value of public awareness” in natural disaster mitigation. The methodology used satellite data and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) to produce semi-real-time “Media GIS” contents. When deliver the content to the media with maximizing four related factors; speed, attractiveness, richness, and accuracy, Media GIS contents will help to increase the public awareness on the respective disaster. The methodology to produce Media GIS contents is based on; basic fundamentals of GIS, freely available satellite images, and information extracted from Google Earth. Hence, contents carry inherent characters of GIS and significantly different from conventional graphics in media. Also the graphical variables like, size, value, texture, hue, orientation, and shape, were optimized to match with target content users (age group, social group) and medium (print, TV, WEB, mobile), while minimizing the cost. With the news brakes of the disaster, MODIS (250m) satellite data can be extracted in Geo TIFF and KLM (Keyhole Markup Language) formats. The KML file can be overlayed on Google Earth, to extract more spatial information of the area of interest. Photoshop or any similar graphic software can be used to create the product while keeping the geometric character of the content. The final output (in TIFF/JPEG and KLM file) is the GIS media content for TV, WEB, mobile contents, and for print media, which support to increase the public awareness of the disaster. Two cases studies; disastrous flood occurred in Bangkok in 2011 and the severe drought recorded in eastern Sri Lanka in 2014, are presented in the study.

TV as a factor of children’s exposure to domestic violence in modern Russia

The article elucidates the problem of children’s exposure to domestic violence and the influence of television to its formation in modern Russia. The fundamental theoretical approaches analysed, which explain the essence and content of TV as mass media, basic mechanisms of TV influence, priming effect and agenda-settings, and the types of children’s exposure to domestic violence. There are the survey results in the article, characterized the level and the types of children’s exposure to the domestic violence, which are widespread in modern russian family. The role of TV and its content in modern parents’ life and the character of its influence on formation different types of children’s exposure to domestic violence are determined.

TV SHoW dramaturgy through postmodern principles

Changes in the media environment entail keen interest in TV dramaturgy. Traditional approaches to television as the kind of journalism, social, institutional or mass media phenomenon prevent from deeper research into the creative side of TV content. The existing domestic classifications of TV programs are generally based on their genre and thematic divisions, which does not help to disclose general laws of programmes composition and construction. However, applying postmodern key principles, such as collaging, mosaicism, fragmenting, contextuality and others, allows holistic approach to analyzing TV programmes and their perception by the audience. Postmodern categories used in creating TV programs uncover general principles, tools of audiovisual language and drama techniques in modern television.

Analysis of an advertisement based business model under technological advancements in fair use personal recording services

In 1982, Betamax, the world’s first personal recording service was ruled as a fair use in court. Although the copyright holders of TV content claimed that Betamax was an infringement of copyright, the court determined that the benefits of personal recording services were significant and that the copyright holder’s profits could be protected because the original service was of better quality and had a better cost structure. It also ruled that the loss from manual advertisement skip was minimal. However, recent advancements in information technology have allowed new kinds of personal recording services such as a cloud DVR that provides unlimited storage and flawless quality, and an Auto-hop feature that automatically removes embedded advertisements. This paper introduces a microeconomic model for reviewing the copyright holder’s business model and social welfare under the court’s decision in relation to newer personal recording services powered by information technologies. Before cloud DVR existed, applying fair use to personal recording services increased social welfare while protecting the copyright holder’s profits; however, after the introduction of cloud DVR, it may no longer do so.