Land Turnover Research Articles

Особенности регулирования земельных отношений на приграничных территориях Российской Федерации

The article discusses the problems and features of the legislative regulation of the turnover of land in the border areas of the Russian Federation. Possible solutions are proposed for a more rational use of resources. English version of the article is available on pp. 80-83 at URL: https://panor.ru/articles/features-of-land-relations-regulation-in-the-border-territories-of-the-russian-federation/66551.html

Динаміка цін на землю на Півдні України (друга половина ХІХ – початок ХХ ст.)

У статті розкрито основні фактори, причини й особливі чинники, які впливали на цінотворення землі у південному регіоні України в другій половині ХІХ – на початку ХХ ст. Особливу увагу приділено Селянській реформі 1861 р. і Столипінській аграрній реформі, які відігравали ключову роль у формуванні земельного ринку. Визначено роль Селянського поземельного та Дворянського земельного банків у фінансовому та земельному забезпеченні аграрного сектору економіки Південної України.

СУЧАСНІ УМОВИ РОЗВИТОКУ ЗЕМЕЛЬНИХ ВІДНОСИН ТА ІПОТЕЧНОГО КРЕДИТУВАННЯ АГРАРНИХ ПІДПРИЄМСТВ

У статті досліджено розвиток земельних відносин, запровадження ринку землі сільськогосподарського призначення та іпотечного кредитування сільськогосподарських підприємств у контексті сучасних умов. В Україні обґрунтовано побудову систему іпотечного кредитування, що поєднує елементи однорівневої та дворівневої моделей. Доведено, що невід’ємною складовою частиною фінансового обслуговування суб’єктів господарювання в Україні повинна стати розгалужена мережа спеціалізованих державних і недержавних іпотечних структур. Центральною ланкою системи земельно-іпотечного кредитування повинен стати Державний акціонерний земельний (іпотечний) банк. Таким чином, заходи щодо підвищення ефективності використання земель сільськогосподарського призначення повинні проводитися в комплексі з удосконаленням фінансово-кредитного механізму.

ВОПРОСЫ СОВЕРШЕНСТВОВАНИЯ ОБОРОТА ЗЕМЕЛЬНЫХ УЧАСТКОВ ИЗ СОСТАВА ЗЕМЕЛЬ СЕЛЬСКОХОЗЯЙСТВЕННОГО НАЗНАЧЕНИЯ

One of the factors hindering the further development of agricultural enterprises of various legal forms is the imperfection of land legislation. Land plots that are in state or municipal ownership, when leased or owned through auctions, are not always given to peasant (farmer) households or agricultural enterprises that need them for production. This is due to the high transaction costs, which are caused by the need to form, register for cadastral registration and registration of rights to land, as well as the costs of holding auctions to provide them. Moreover, as a result of tenders at such auctions, rental payments are often overstated due to unfair competition from participants who do not carry out agricultural activities. Relations between agricultural producers and state and municipal executive authorities on the ownership, use and disposal of land from the category of agricultural land, including state or municipal property, are regulated by the Federal Law “On the Turnover of Agricultural Land”. A number of its provisions do not facilitate the transfer of agricultural land to effective owners - agricultural producers. On the other hand, the low efficiency of agricultural production, due to objective and subjective reasons, does not allow to set the rent at a level of interest to owners of land shares. It is necessary at the level of the ministries of land and property relations of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation to develop Regulations on holding auctions for the sale of agricultural land in ownership or lease rights on them, which should reflect the criteria for participants in such auctions. The lease payment for lands in shared ownership shall be at least 3% of the cash proceeds from 1 ha.

ASSESSMENT OF THE IMPACT OF THE ORGANIZATIONAL AND LEGAL STATUS OF LAND ON THE EFFICIENCY OF LAND USE IN AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION COOPERATIVES

The article considers changes in the legislation on the circulation of agricultural land, which are aimed at stimulating the development of property institutions and land leases, as well as modern trends in the organizational and legal relations between owners and tenants of agricultural land. The contribution of the resource potential of agricultural production cooperatives to the development of the resource base of agriculture has been assessed using the example of the Udmurt Republic. Factors of organizational and legal order have been identified, which affect the level of development of internal production cooperation. The impact of organizational and legal factors concerning the registration of land plots on the effectiveness of agricultural production cooperatives has been analyzed and assessed. The factor that characterizes the relationship between the level of legal registration of land and the efficiency of land use is justified. It is recommended to apply this factor to adjust various estimates of land turnover. There is a weak relationship between the organizational and legal forms of land management and the profitability and current liquidity of cooperatives in relation to the municipal districts of the Udmurt Republic. Conclusions are drawn on the state and trends of development of intra-industrial cooperation.

To the problem of legal regulation of agricultural land turnover in the Russian Federation

The authors comprehensively investigated theoretical and practical problems of legal regulation of agricultural land turnover in the Russian Federation. They analyzed the jurisprudence in the field of agricultural land turnover, examined the legal regime of agricultural land in the Russian Federation, investigated the peculiarities of land plots turnover from agricultural lands, identified a number of significant problems in the legislation in the field of legal regulation of agricultural purposes land turnover. It is difficult to overestimate the importance of land, which is a nonrecoverable natural resource. From this point of view, agricultural land has a unique unrepeatable natural fertility capacity that determines the possibility of producing life support products, being an essential component of the environmental system. In the annual Address to the Federal Assembly of the President of Russia in 2019, V.V. Putin, specifying the main directions of strategic development of the country, noted the high importance of the land legislation development. The peculiarities of the agricultural land plots turnover are due to the public nature of land relations regulation. For this category of land, a special legal regime is established for food security purposes of Russia, which leads to the prevention of removing these lands from agricultural circulation, as well as building development. According to articles 9, 36 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, “land and other natural resources are used and protected in the Russian Federation as the basis for the lives and activities of peoples living on the the relevant territory” and the exercise of authority by land owners is limited to conditions for potentially damaging the environment and violation of rights and legitimate interests of other persons.

Legal problems of the land code applying in Russian Federation

The most important step at the present stage of land reform was the adoption of such basic legislative acts as the Land Code of Russian Federation, the Federal Law “On the Delimitation of State Ownership of Land”, the Federal Law “On the Turnover of Agricultural Land”, the Federal Law “On the transfer of land or land plots from one category to another”, as well as the adoption of other regulatory legal acts in compliance with the specified federal laws. This caused a consistent continuation of the land reform, but no radical shifts in its implementation took place, and, therefore, new amendments are required to the current legislation.

Return of unused land to agricultural production

In the context of the state policy of import substitution and the development of the export potential of the domestic agro-industrial complex, the importance of agricultural land is increasing. In Russia, it is possible to increase their area due to the involvement in the active economic turnover of unused agricultural land. The scientific study had analysed the quantity of agricultural land, the causes of crises in land management and the views of scientists on how to overcome the crisis, and an assessment of State action to return land to agricultural use. It was concluded that it is necessary to identify and implement the most effective forms and methods of state support, as well as strengthen regional financial support for agricultural producers involved in the involvement of unused land in agricultural turnover. An analysis of federal targeted programs to preserve agricultural land and increase its productivity has shown a high level of effectiveness. In order to make informed decisions on the involvement of land in turnover and to predict the improvement of its condition and use, the creation of a single digital platform combining disparate data of different departments on the state of land, their quality characteristics, legal status is important.

ІНСТИТУЦІЙНА МОДЕЛЬ ЗЕМЕЛЬНИХ ВІДНОСИН В УКРАЇНІ

Introduction. The article gives the general impression about the results of an assessment and forecast of the land relations model in Ukraine institutional development. In the study it is determined that the fundamental platform of agrarian relations is the connection of form of land ownership, the land relations themselves and the nature and methods of use of agricultural land.Purpose. The purpose of the study is to make an assessment and to give the forecast of the model of land relations in Ukraine institutional development.Results. The results of the study proved that the implementation of land reform in Ukraine is aimed at transforming the state and collective property into private one and at forming on this basis a more effective socio-economic relations system with a high motivational mechanism for operation and a stable system of responsibility for its consequences. The result of the reform is determined as the aggravation of the issue of institutionalization of relations between the effective owner and land manager. The development level of the existing institutional support for the rural land use system formation is analyzed.Originality. As a result of the study process it was found out that there was no improvement of land relations in agricultural production, because of the peasant has no opportunities for an effective use of his privately owned land (share) and is left alone in the fight against social and demographic village degradation; because of the state has legally blocked the largest segment of the land market - agricultural land turnover, which is 45.7% of the state land area; because of the mortgage lending mechanism which is one of the most important investment sources in the system of land ownership does not actually work and is used only to non-agricultural land; because of the situation when no effective land payment mechanism has been created, which significantly underestimates the value of land tax in the state taxation system, etc. Conclusion. In the study it is proved that the legal basis for the land reform finish should be the modern Land Code, as a fundamentally new, codified legal act, which would not only form the modern land relations with adaptation to world norms, but also renew the rules of good neighborliness, land consolidation, single inheritance, intensified economic circulation, introduce economic sanctions and incentives for the land preservation and protection, institutionally form the state regulatory system of fullness land turnover in Ukraine using the mechanisms of the land economy.

ИЗМЕНЕНИЕ КОНЦЕНТРАЦИЙ ТЯЖЕЛЫХ МЕТАЛЛОВ ПОЧВ ЮГА СРЕДНЕАМУРСКОЙ НИЗМЕННОСТИ ПРИ ДЛИТЕЛЬНОМ СЕЛЬСКОХОЗЯЙСТВЕННОМ ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИИ

Актуальность исследования обусловлена необходимостью оценки экологического состояния мелиорируемых почв приграничных районов Среденеамурской низменности, арендуемых азиатскими рабочими, которые для получения высоких урожаев используют в больших объемах минеральные удобрения, стимуляторы роста и химикаты для защиты растений, что приводит к деградации сельскохозяйственных почв. Цель: анализ изменений концентраций тяжелых металлов почв Среднеамурской низменности при длительном сельскохозяйственном использовании. Объект: лугово-глеевые немелиорированные и мелиорированные почвы, используемые в сельскохозяйственном обороте. Методы: метод атомно-абсорбционной спектрометрии на спектрометре «Solaar 6M» и расчет суммарных коэффициентов загрязнения почв. Результаты. Проведенное исследование показало, что на изменение концентраций тяжелых металлов почв Среднеамурской низменности при длительном сельскохозяйственном использовании могло оказывать влияние атмосферное увлажнение летне-осеннего периода. Показано, что в мелиорированных почвах к окончанию сельскохозяйственного сезона наблюдается снижение содержания тяжелых металлов и уменьшение суммарного коэффициента загрязнения, в то время как в неосушенных почвах – противоположный процесс – увеличение загрязнения. Исследовано влияние степени затопления пойм на содержание гумуса и кислотность почв, которые определяют миграцию и формирование концентрационных рядов тяжелых металлов. В засушливые годы концентрации металлов практически не изменялись, в период наводнения (2013–2014 гг.), при обильном выпадении осадков преобладали процессы, ведущие к увеличению концентраций цинка, свинца и меди. Затопление почв изменяло содержание тяжелых металлов вследствие механического стока, уменьшения содержания гумуса и изменения кислотности почв.

Land turnover of the Republic of Kazakhstan in modern conditions

The article offers recommendations for improving the economic mechanism for regulating land and property relations in the agricultural production of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Developed proposals for the improvement of on-farm land and property relations in agricultural enterprises and farms, methods for adjusting the basic rates of payment for land based on the increase in land rent, land taxation, the land market and land management system. The methodological aspects of the problems of ownership and rental relations, the regulation of land relations in agricultural enterprises and peasant farms, and the development of the land market through the application of legal, economic, administrative, organizational and economic tools have been deepened. The processes associated with the system of payment for land use, valuation of land, use of land resources, formation of land rent and its growth, land tax and rent, land market, land management system are covered. The processes associated with the system of payment for land use, valuation of land, use of land resources, formation of land rent and its growth, land tax and rent, land market, land management system are covered. Particular attention is paid to improving on-farm land and property relations in agricultural enterprises and peasant farms, updating base rates for land based on the method of accounting for land rent growth, recommendations for improving the tax system, developing the land market and land management system. The practical importance of the implementation of proposals to improve land-based rates, the use of a single tax base for all forms of economic management is emphasized, which will allow regulating the activities of the regions based on a weighted state policy, targeted land use, and land market development. The land market serves as an indicator of the state of the relevant economic system, stability and efficiency of the mechanisms of its functioning. The most important factor in the development of the land market is the presence of a wide stratum of real owners interested in acquiring land plots for their effective use. The formation of a market turnover of land is of tremendous economic importance, since it provides a relatively better distribution and use of land resources. Due to the market turnover, land resources are transferred to the use of the most experienced and qualified producers who are able to ensure their rational use.

Legislative support of the process of formation and functioning of the land market in Ukraine

The article deals with issues related to market reforms in Ukraine, including land. The primary importance is to provide the sustainable development, good management, welfare and economic opportunities for citizens. It is very actual research in the field of land policy and analysis of concrete measures for solution of problems related to land under conditions. It is considered that the impact of the requirements of the International Monetary Fund, where there is the urgent problem of the enactment of the law of the turnover of agricultural land. Situations that may occur in Ukraine due to the removal of the moratorium on land sales are analyzed. Positive and negative sides of the moratorium and the introduction of the land market are investigated. It is revealed that the issue of land ownership, namely the possession, use and disposal of land resources in agriculture which require further discussion. It is made the detailed analysis of the impact of market opening of agricultural land on economic well-being and potential profit (loss) of various stakeholders. It is established that, purchase and sale of land will increase farm efficiency, promote economic growth in of the village, agricultural sector, increase the export potential of the country, facilitate access to credit for small and medium businesses. We consider macroeconomic factors, standard of living, investment climate, social norms and demographic characteristics of the population, measures of state regulation, natural features, physical characteristics of the land. It is proposed suggestions concerning the formation and development of the agricultural land, the establishment of reliable institutional and regulatory framework of functioning market and real protection of rights of owners.

Administrative barriers and expenditures in the regulation of the agricultural land turnover

Administrative barriers and expenditures in the regulation of the agricultural land turnover

Problems of Legal Regulation of Land and Property Relations in Russian Resorts

The paper is devoted to the consideration of current theoretical and practical issues of legal regulation of land and property relations in the territories of resorts in the Russian Federation. The relevance of the research topic is due to the imperfection of the current land and special legislation governing these relations, which leads to numerous violations of the legal regime of the land resorts, land and property rights of individuals and public interests, as evidenced by judicial practice. Based on retrospective analysis of land and environmental legislation of the Russian Federation, materials of law enforcement practice and scientific developments, the paper considers both theoretical problems of limiting the turnover of land within the territory of Russian resorts, and the problems of the application of legislation in practice, including in judicial practice. The author shows the inefficiency of the current legal regulation of land and property relations within the territory of resorts, the main reasons for the situation, the ways to improve land and special legislation in this area. It is concluded that the unjustified restriction of land turnover within the boundaries of the territories of resorts and the delimitation of state ownership of the relevant land, depending on the classification of the resort to Federal, regional and local significance, which prevents the development of these territories and violates the property rights of the local population and the owners of real estate. The problems of establishing the borders of districts and zones of sanitary (mountain-sanitary) protection of resorts in documents and when being identified on site are shown. The author justifies the conclusion about the need for development of a new scientific technique of definition of borders of the specified districts and zones and on its basis of revision of their existing borders that is necessary for establishment of reasonable restrictions of use and turnover of the parcels of land in borders of resorts is proved.

INTRODUCTION OF AGRICULTURAL LANDSCAPE IN ECONOMIC CIRCUMSTANCES IS ONE OF THE KEY PROBLEMS OF MODERN MARKET LAND RELATIONS IN UKRAINE

The essence of economic land turnover in agriculture and its constituents is theoretically substantiated,discussion provisions on the scientific principles of turnover and circulation of agricultural landsare highlighted, the necessity of lifting the moratorium on the free circulation of agricultural land isdetermined in stages. The institutional preconditions of improvement of land relations in Ukraine aresubstantiated. The essence of turnover and circulation of agricultural lands is revealed. In order to createmeasures for recreation of land resource potential and stimulation of ecologically safe and balancedland use, the financial and economic mechanism of land relations regulation is proposed, which envisagesstrengthening of the targeted direction of financial resources accumulated on the basis of fiscal landtenure regulators, such as revenues into special funds of recreated land resources potential through landpayment, environmental tax, fines for deteriorating land quality. It is alleged that the land market is anarea of exchange where the main commodity is the land. This market regulates redistribution of land andrights to its ownership among landowners, as well as all factors related to production should operate in onegenerally recognized market environment. The importance of stopping excessive concentration of land inagroholdings is substantiated, and provision of opportunities for farmers, as promising economic entities,to freely dispose of agricultural land. It is proved the importance of introducing agricultural land intoeconomic turnover, which will open important prospects for land management of lands and rural areas tolimit the deterioration of the state and productivity of land-resource potential and the priority provisionof socio-economic development of rural areas and village recovery.

Інституційні засади розвитку аграрного сектору у контексті забезпечення економічної безпеки держави

У статті здійснено аналіз реформування аграрного сектору економіки України та визначено основні проблеми, що стримують його функціонування і розвиток.
 Сучасний стан аграрного сектору демонструє вичерпання резервів нинішньої моделі його розвитку, заснованої на ефектах масштабу та екстенсивних методах використання ресурсів. Його функціонування та розвиток стримують такі обмеження: продовження мораторію на ринковий обіг земель сільськогосподарського призначення; відсутність стратегічного бачення і конкретних дій влади щодо подолання кризи тваринницької галузі; збереження екологічно виснажливого сільськогосподарського землекористування, що призводить до погіршення ґрунтового покриву.
 Метою статті є дослідження інституційних засад розвитку аграрного сектору у контексті забезпечення економічної безпеки держави.
 Наукова новизна. Зважаючи на вказані негативні явища, характерні аграрному сектору, представлено першочергові заходи державної аграрної політики на найближчу перспективу, орієнтовані на реалізацію конкурентних переваг українського агросектору у контексті забезпечення економічної безпеки держави.
 Висновки. Удосконалення інституційних засад розвитку аграрного сектору у контексті забезпечення економічної безпеки держави повинно спрямовуватися на створення конкурентоспроможного на внутрішньому й зовнішньому ринках сільського господарства. Крім того, завантаження харчової промисловості, націленої на виробництво конкурентоспроможних харчових продуктів відповідно до міжнародних стандартів безпечності та якості, створить той синергетичний ефект, який дозволить забезпечити продовольчу безпеку держави та диверсифікувати експортний портфель країни за рахунок завоювання ринків збуту новими експортними товарами. При цьому державна аграрна політика повинна будуватися на принципах раціонального використання задіяних ресурсів, збереження екології біогеоценозів та бережного ставлення до довкілля, а також забезпечувати створення сприятливих соціальних умов для життя сільських жителів та покращення добробуту їхніх сімей, формувати передумови для збереження та комплексного розвитку сільських територій.

Menentukan Nilai Penggantian Wajar Lahan Terdampak Pekerjaan Reaktifasi Jalur Kereta Api Trase Muaro Logas, Kabupaten Sijunjung, Provinsi Sumatera Barat

Abstract – The calculation of the value of the Reasonable Land Turnover Terdamapak Job Reaktifasi railway line for arbitration was Muaro Logas was part of the study of the action of liberation/land and buildings for the reform plan of the reaktifasi railway line between Muaro-Logas is part of the planning of the reactivation railway line. This study analyzes regulations and policies, perceived an inventory and survey/census by identifying the affected community land procurement, with regard to the characteristics and the types of harm experienced, agreement agreement between the local government, the province and the Center in funding the acquisition of land; analyze optimum land procurement and analyse livelihood for the population affected by socio-economic factors, analyzing the parameters with the social, cultural, and economic related to population, the impact of the procurement of land and influence implementation of the work against the poor, residents of the tribal minorities, alienated, and other vulnerable groups, including women, as well as the institutional framework in planning the liberation of land and the settlements back including duties and responsibilities each institution. In the calculation of the Reasonable Replacement Value using Standar Penilaian Indonesia306 (SPI 306) about the assessment of the provision of Land for development for the benefit of the public

State Interventionism in Agricultural Land Turnover in Poland

The study discusses the problem of land grabbing and state interventionism in agricultural land transactions in Poland, and presents the effects of active policy implemented by the state on limiting the flow of agricultural land. The research covers the period from the time of country’s accession to the European Union, starting from 2004. Poland introduced restrictions on the purchase of agricultural land for fear of mass land grabbing, and has currently tightened the restrictions on agricultural land purchase by foreigners and by non-owners of a family farm. The analyses concern the number of permits issued for foreigners to turn over agricultural land in Poland, the area of property eventually purchased by foreigners, the right of pre-emption exercised by the National Support Centre for Agriculture (NSCA), and the number of transactions concluded in an open market and in the form of a tender. Based on the collected data and their in-depth analyses, the following phenomena were interpreted: an extensive impact of interventionism exercised by the Polish state on restricting the sale of agricultural land to foreigners is observed, and interventionism of the Polish state affects the suspension of functional changes in rural areas and agricultural land transition to non-agricultural purposes. The research shows that the majority of property turnover by foreigners in Poland required permits issued by the Minister of the Interior Affairs and Administration. Moreover, priority is given to owners of family farms, which results in a reduction of the total number of transactions concerning agricultural land in Poland after introducing changes in legal transactions of agricultural land in 2016.

ПРОБЛЕМИ ФОРМУВАННЯ ЦИВІЛІЗОВАНОГО РИНКУ ЗЕМЛІ В УКРАЇНІ

У статті розглядається створення цивілізованого ринку землі, який може стати міцним поштовхом до залучення інвестицій, розвитку малого і середнього підприємництва на селі. У той же час, Україна ще не готова до створення ринку землі. Для його розвитку необхідне реформування, яке здатне підняти життєвий рівень населення і ціну землі. Формування ринку землі передбачає створення екологічного економіко-інноваційного механізму підвищення її родючості.Незважаючи на те, що існує мораторій, земля продається і купується за різними корупційними схемами. До таких схем відносяться оренда терміном на 49 років, фіктивні договори позики та стягнення неіснуючої заборгованості шляхом позову до суду з оплатою боргу землею, рейдерські захоплення, зміна цільового сільськогосподарського призначення для забудови та багато інших.Обґрунтовано, що значне місце на ринку земельних ресурсів, відводиться державі. Держава повинна не тільки визначати розмір земельної ділянки, але і розмір оренди, її термін. Пріоритет віддається оренді, а не приватної власності. Держава зобов'язана обмежувати діяльність агрохолдингів, оскільки вони створюють загрозу країні, сприяють монополізації виробництва, монокультурного розвитку, завдаючи шкоди біосфері, не підтримуючи малі і середні сільськогосподарські підприємства.Для функціонування ринку землі необхідно створення іпотечного банку, науково-обгрунтована оцінка землі (яка в країні занижена), судова система, здатна захистити власника, боротьба з корупцією.Формування ринку землі передбачає створення екологічно-економічного механізму управління, підвищення родючості. Агресивна використання сільськогосподарських угідь, недотримання сівозміни, суттєве зменшення обсягів природоохоронної діяльності створили реальну загрозу ресурсно-екологічної безпеки розвитку аграрного сектора і в цілому держави. Орієнтація на кон'юнктуру зовнішніх агропродовольчих ринків ще більше її посилить. Ось чому сьогодні викликають інтерес нові екологічні технології, які здатні зберегти грунту, але, на жаль, доступу до них більшість аграрних підприємств не має або їх недооцінює. Землі померлих власників, які не мають спадщини, повинні безкоштовно передаватися державі. У разі наявності спадкоємців і бажаючих продати землю, вона повинна продаватися державі за цінами національного ринку. Такі землі в майбутньому можуть надаватися в оренду або продаватися державою тільки за світовими цінами, які сьогодні значно вище національних.

On the procedure for calculating the time periods of non-exploitation of agricultural lands at their withdrawal from users

The subject of the research is the legal norms regulating the procedure for calculating the terms of non-use of agricultural lands, which allow state authorities to apply the procedure for their withdrawal from unscrupulous owners. In this regard, the author performs a retrospective analysis of the law regulating the turnover of agricultural land, taking into account all the changes and amendments, and identifies the shortcomings in the legal regulation of this sphere which prevent the involvement of land plots in agricultural turnover.The study is based on such general scientific methods as analysis, synthesis, generalization, comparison, as well as the following special scientific methods: historical-legal, formal-legal.The author concludes that repeatedly introduced amendments to article 6 of the Federal law of July 24, 2002 No. 101-FZ "on the turnover of agricultural land" have specified the rules governing the procedure for the withdrawal of unused land plots from owners. However, it has not solved the problem of non-use of land suitable for agricultural production.