Turkic World Research Articles

The Perceptions of Students Learning Turkish as a Foreign Language Towards "Writing in Turkish"

This study aimed to determine the perceptions of students who learn Turkish as a foreign language towards "writing in Turkish." The study was conducted using the phenomenology pattern, one of the qualitative research methods. The study sample consisted of one hundred seventy-five (175) students who were from two state universities in Turkey and learned Turkish as a foreign language in the 2019-2020 academic year. The study data were collected using an online form, and the participant students were asked to complete the statement in the form as follows: "Writing in Turkish is like ……, because ……………". As a result of the research, the students generated one hundred and eleven (111) valid metaphors about "writing in Turkish." Ninety (90) of them were positive, and 21 were negative. The categories with the highest number of positive responses were as follows: "Writing in Turkish: an Enjoyable Task" (n: 20), "Writing in Turkish: an Improving Task" (n: 17), "Writing in Turkish: a Similar Task" (n: 13) and "Writing in Turkish: an Achievable Task" (n: 12). The category with the most negative responses was the "Writing in Turkish: a Difficult Task" (n: 12).

TÜRK DÜNYASININ İLK OPERASI ‘’LEYLA İLE MECNUN’’

The Turkish world's opera history gave its first example in 1908 with the opera "Leyli and Majnun" by Azerbaijani composer Üzeyir Hacıbeyli. According to many sources, "Leyli and Majnun" is described as the first opera of the Turkish world and the Islamic world, and the east. The most important feature of this opera is the masterful synthesis of classical western music and folk music. The opera, which was composed for the first time in this way, influenced the east with its staging and ensured that the art of opera was adopted by the public. The great composer Uzeyir Hajibeyli was born in the city of Shusha in Azerbaijan, which was developed in the field of literature and music and called the "natural conservatory." He developed his existing talent here and built it on solid foundations. He was interested in music and literature, wrote many books, articles, and was a writer for newspapers. The subject of the opera Leyli and Majnun is taken from Fuzuli's "Leyli and Majnun" poetry of the same name. At the age of 13, the composer decided to write this opera, influenced by the theater show "At the tomb of Majnun Leyli'' which he watched in Shusha, his home city. He started working on opera in 1907 when he was only 22 years old. By bringing a different perspective to opera, he used the tonal structure of western music with 'mugham,' also known as Azerbaijani folk music. This type of opera is also called "Mugam Opera.'' The opera, which was composed and performed despite the conditions of the period, preserved its originality by combining two cultures and was performed many times in other countries. Operas from the Turkish world are rarely staged in our country, and there is a need for such an article because the opera "Leyli and Majnun" has not been staged much in Turkey and there are very few theses, articles, and books about it. In this study; Different titles have been created such as the history of Azerbaijan opera, the life of Uzeyir Hajibeyli, the composer's process of creating the opera, and the content of the opera Leyli and Majnun. Keywords: Leyli and Majnun, Uzeyir Hajibeyli, Turkish World, Opera

SULTAN VELED’İN TÜRKÇE ŞİİRLERİNDEKİ BAZI FONOLOJİK KATMANLAR ÜZERİNE BİR DEĞERLENDİRME

One of the first key roles in the process of Old Anatolian Turkish (Sometimes, Old Turkey Turkish or Old Ottoman Turkish term is also used instead of this term.) being the written language in Anatolian geography, which is thought to be the source of most of the modern Oghuz written languages, belongs to Sultan Veled, the eldest son of Mevlânâ Celâleddîn-i Rûmî and Gevher Hatun. It is known that Sufis, who is thought to have lived between 1226-1312, wrote Turkish poems in addition to Persian and Greek. It is estimated that the total of these Turkish poems consist of over three hundred couplets. Sultan Veled, who owns the first works written in Anatolia with Yunus Emre; The Turkish couplets in his works such as Dîvân, Rebâbnâme and Ibtidaname are very important in terms of reflecting the development stages of Oghuz. Apart from the written language in Turkistan geography, these couplets provide important linguistic material in order to follow the emergence and development of a new written language in Anatolia. In this study, some phonological variants and related layers in Sultan Veled's Turkish couplets will be evaluated. The typological data of the Oghuz dialects accepted in the literature will be analyzed by making a comparison with these layers. So that the layers of bol- ~ vol- ~ ol- seen in some copies of these couplets and marking an important transition between East and West Turkish will be subject to re-evaluation. Considering nearly twenty phonological layers composed of süçig > süçü ~ süçi and biŋ ~ miŋ and datlu ~ tatlu dichotomies emerging from phonological development such as -g> Ø in layers, are discussed that whether these forms dialectical or developmental stages that reflect the internal dynamics of Oghuz. Thus, some conclusions can be will be tried to be reached where the Turkish couplets of Sultan Veled, one of the first texts written in Anatolia, should be positioned in the process of becoming the written language of Oghuz. Keywords: Oghuz, Old Anatolian Turkish, Sultan Veled, Dialectology, Phonological Layers.

ARŞIN MAL ALAN OPERETİ’ NİN İNCELENMESİ

Azerbaijan became acquainted with opera at the beginning of the twentieth century thanks to the tours organized by Russian and European operas to Baku. The intense admiration of the Azerbaijani people led Azerbaijani composers to produce works in opera style. In that period, Üzeyir Hacıbeyli combined his knowledge of authorship, historiography, scientists, education, journalism and musicians in the art of opera, based on the impact of the strong and aesthetic touch of art on people, and laid the foundations of opera in the East by composing the mugam opera "Leyli and Mecnun". In the revolution and democracy struggle that started in Azerbaijan, the artists and intellectuals of the period started an enlightenment movement through their works. On this occasion, Hacıbeyli turned from the opera style to the operetta style. Operetta is a musical / dialogue stage piece that takes its subject from social problems and aims to make the audience laugh while making them think. Hacıbeyli compiled the topics of his operettas from the reactionary perspectives that prevent his people from adopting modern life, offered solutions through his works and gave new and modern perspectives to his audience. The "Arşın Mal Alan" has gained a worldwide reputation thanks to the musical structure that it has created by carefully synthesizing the elements of the Azerbaijani national music style, folk mahnis, dances and mugam traditions with the European operetta style. This work, which is about the tradition of arranged marriage rebelled by the new generation, has been translated into more than sixty languages worldwide thanks to its musical and sociological success and has been adapted to the big screen. Considering that it is a very popular work in our country and in other countries where it has been staged and is of such importance for the Turkish world opera literature, the work does not take place in our opera scenes enough and it is noteworthy that the number of publications such as articles, theses and books about it in Turkey. With this study, it is thought to contribute to the literature. In this article, the history of Azerbaijan operetta, the life of Üzeyir Hacıbeyli and the operetta "Arşın Mal Alan" are examined. Keywords: Azerbaijan Opera, Üzeyir Hacıbeyli, Operetta, Opera, Arşın Mal Alan

Apperception of Sufism: sociocultural background (evidence from the Crimean ulus of the golden horde)

The study states that the spread of Sufi teachings in Crimea in the 13th-15th centuries should be considered as a display of the continuous recursiveness of spiritual culture. The prerequisites for apperception are developing as a result of the formation of an institutional matrix, the basis of which was the union of the so-called nomadic empires and Hellenistic states. Maintenance of the Khazar heritage, the impact of the Hellenistic culture, and recursive practice contributed to the spread of Sufism. The atmosphere of the Golden Horde became a certain “fertiliser” for the establishment of the social structure and development of the spiritual life of the medieval Turkic world. The research highlights the specifics of Jochid rulers’ attitude towards Christians. The study describes the role of the first Muslim rulers in the development of new religious traditions of the state, the spread of the Arab-Muslim educational model in the Crimean ulus, the impact of Sufi brotherhoods on the socio-cultural development of Crimea and the influence of prominent Sufis on the ruling elite. In conclusion, the apperception of Sufism is an organic, tradition-based perception of doctrine as the basis of the medieval Crimea’s ideology.

Turkic Borrowings in the Turkish Language Reform: Past and Today

The purpose of this article is to investigate the practice of replacing borrowings with words from Turkic dialects during the Language Reform initiated by Ataturk. The aim of the Ataturk’s Language Reform was explained as revealing the beauty of the Turkish language and achieving its significance among the world languages. To realize this aim, it was planned to eliminate Arabic and Persian words, which were seen as foreign elements, from the language and to adopt and popularize Turkish words instead. In this study, Turkic words were suggested to be used instead of foreign words during the period of language reform, and events that occurred after the language reform were discussed. Recent research conducted in the Turkish Language Society is also mentioned. As a result, a proposal was put forward to develop a common language of communication in the Turkic world.

Çağdaş Türkiye Türkçesi (ÇTT) Dil Düzeneği Öğretiminde Kafa Karıştırıcı Bir Terim / Kavram: Cümle Dışı Unsur / Öge

In the processes of mothertongue education of Modern Turkey Turkish (MTT) and teaching MTT as a foreign/ second language, while teaching grammar, the sentential element that is called the element which is out of sentence makes problems and causes confusion and mental unclarity. The study’s purpose is to offer various proposals and to recommend solutions for this subject, by handling and showing these problems, confusion and mental unclarity, obviously. The sentential elements and classifications of them in MTT were handled with some terminological differences, some different categorizations, and more or less different mentalities, generally, in the grammatical and syntactic studies. Some researchers who have handled the sentential elements in MTT, have given place to some elements that they called the elements which are out of sentence and have defined as the elements that do not join into the constructing of the sentence directly like parenthetical clauses, conjunctions, addressings, inter-jections, interjection phrases in their clasifications. The study is an analysis and survey of written documents and sources. The datas are used in the study are taken from the grammatical, syntactic works (books, articles) which were written on MTT. The examples that are given places in the study generally are selected from the literary artworks of MTT. Sometimes and in some places, some examples are also used which the author of the article who is native speaker of MTT has produced. The study offers respond to traditional grammar’s mentality, approaches and methodological paradigma with the findings, datas of modern linguistics as much as possible and the study tries to neutralize those mentality, approaches and methodological paradigma of traditional grammar, and gives effort to solve the problematic which this article handles. This study cares not to split off the scientific, objective and realistic manner, while trying to do all these things as well. In the study, a new proposal is offered instead of the term of the element which is out of sentence: Conjunctor(s) [Bağlayıcı(lar)] and Contributor(s) [Katkı Verici(ler)]. By using this term which is offered here, the studies of descripting MTT’s grammatical and syntactic mechanism and structure will be able to be done in healthier, more consistent way, and with less problem. On the other hand, MTT mothertongue education-teaching and teaching MTT as a foreign/second language will be able to realise with these clearer terms/concepts, in healthier way, too.

Darağacında Bir Serdengeçti Davası: Medeniyet Ve Mekân Bağlamında Ayasofya

Place is one of the factors that effects the structure of the societies, characteristics of their members and the understandings of civilization, which represent the accumulation within the historical process. The view of civilization of a society has been effective on the generation of the places and obtaining unique meanings of places beyond their initial function. The situation that the place harbors civilizational relationships and struggles causes some of the historical places to be open to interventions by power cyclically. The most obvious one among these places is Hagia Sophia. In this study, Osman Yüksel Serdengeçti, who is one of the most important figures among Turkish world of thought and literature, and his article titled “Hagia Sophia” have been discussed in terms of the relationship between civilization and place. The purpose of the study is to show within the relationship between civilization and place that Hagia Sophia keeps religious, historical and cultural meanings and becomes a field of struggle for both civilizations due to these meanings in line with the analysis of O. Y. Serdengeçti’s article titled “Hagia Sophia”. The method of the study is based on the model developed by Dey (1993) and identified as “qualitative analysis”. According to findings of the study, we can assert that Serdengeçti deals with Hagia Sophia in his article on the basis of relationship between place-human and civilization, due to opening Hagia Sophia as a mosque after being structured as a Byzantine museum, traces and meanings belong and applied to Byzantine/Western Christian civilization have been reversed, so the place was given the identity of Islamic-Turkish civilization, and Hagia Sophia is evaluated as a resurrection place of a civilization and society.

Development of architecture and spatial environment of the city of Turkestan in modern conditions

The city of Turkestan is one of the oldest settlements in Kazakhstan, founded more than 1,500 years ago and has always had a special cultural and historical significance for Central Asia and the Turkic world. Since 2017, Turkestan has been recognized as the cultural and spiritual center of the Turkic world, becoming a venue for international events, and since June 19, 2018, the city has become the regional center of the Turkestan region. In connection with the new status of the city, there is a need to consider the architecture of modern Turkestan through the prism of socio-economic, image, architectural and spatial changes.

Does Turkey have a Central Asian Project?

Central Asia's importance in Turkish foreign policy has begun to rise since the beginning of the 2010s. Turkey determines its regional policy in the conception of the Turkic world, including Azerbaijan. With this regard, Turkey pays particular attention to the institutionalization of bilateral relations with the regional states. The most successful measure in that direction is the establishment of the Turkic Council. This integration project marks significant progress for the institutionalization of Turkey's Central Asian policy. Turkey is one of the non-regional actors affecting the Central Asian balance of power. However, it has limited influence on regional security and military affairs, which Russia dominates. Turkey is only a secondary non-regional actor in Central Asia. Therefore, it primarily structures its Central Asian policy using common historical and cultural elements. In this study, we investigate whether Turkey has a long-term project in Central Asia. For this purpose, we explore the restrictions of Turkish policy in Central Asia. After that, we compare Turkey's importance for the foreign policies of Central Asian states. Additionally, we evaluate Turkey's interest in non-Western organizations such as the Eurasian Economic Union and the Shanghai Cooperation Organization to transform Turkish foreign policy priorities in recent years. Finally, we show that Turkey has a policy toward Central Asia but not a fully-fledged project for the region.

Turkological and Ottomanic legacy of A.Y. Krymsky and Oriental studies in Russia (1896 – 1941)

Research of the Turkic (including Asia Minor), social-political, cultural and ethnolinguistic space of Eurasia is a significant and long-standing tradition of practical and academic research centers of Russia and Europe, including Ukraine. The Turkic (including Ottoman) political and cultural legacy played an especially important role in the history and culture of the peoples of Russia, Ukraine and modern Turkic states. Famous states and societies of the Turkic world (Turkish Khaganates, Volga Bulgaria, the Ulus of Jochi, the Ottoman Empire and other states of the Middle Ages and the modern period), the geographical and historical-cultural areas that were traditionally occupied by Turkic peoples of the Russian and Ottoman empires and Eurasia in general became a subject of academic research done by Russian and European orientalists (experts on Turkic and Ottoman history and culture) of the 19th – early 20th centuries. A. Y. Krymsky made an enormous contribution into the research of the history and culture of Turkic peoples of Eurasia, and any further studies of his rich academic legacy in Turkology and Ottoman studies during the main periods of his work in Moscow and Kiev remain of great relevance.

TÜRK DÖVLƏTLƏRİNDƏ COĞRAFİYA FƏNNİ ÜZRƏ TÜRK DÜNYASININ TƏDRİS EDİLMƏSİ

One of the main issues in the teaching of geography in modern times is the teaching of the Turkic world. The article provides information on how the Turkic world is conducted in the subject of geography which is taught in the Turkic countries. Here, geography textbooks from Turkic countries were analyzed, and it was clarified how Turkic world was allocated in those books. Key words:textbook, Azerbaijan, Turkey, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan

Examination of Life Studies Coursebooks in Terms of Inclusive Education

Every individual in a society has unique characteristics and distinctive skills. However, certain individuals exhibit significant differences from others. Inclusive education practices were put into practice by focusing on individuals with special differences. In order for these practices to be successful, especially some materials need to be arranged. In primary schools, the life studies course is one of the most common courses in addition to Turkish and Math in Turkey. Accordingly, the life studies course is placed in an important position. Therefore, it is important to note how compatible Life studies coursebooks are with the inclusion practice. In this study, it was aimed to investigate the life studies coursebooks, which were used in the 2019-2020 education period, in terms of inclusive education practices. For this purpose, three Life studies coursebooks belonging to 1st, 2nd, and 3rd grades of primary school were evaluated by using document analysis, one of the qualitative research methods. Descriptive analysis method was used to analyze the data. According to the descriptive analysis method, the data patterns obtained from the research are analyzed according to the predetermined size or themes. For this reason, the code guide developed by the researcher was used as a data collection tool. As a result of the research, it has been determined that Life studies coursebooks are quite insufficient in terms of inclusion.

Sh. Marjani’s “Wafi yat al-’Aslaf” as a Monument of Arabo-Islamic Culture

Sh. Marjani’s seven- volume handwritten work “Wafi yat al-aslaf” is an encyclopedic dictionary devoted to the 6057 famous Muslim scholars, writers, philosophers, dignitaries, rulers etc. since the 7th century B. C. Marjani himself considered “Wafi yat al-aslaf” as his main work. The text is nothing but compilation, while the most scholarly interesting content concerns the Turkic world of the 17–19th centuries (Volga- Ural Region, Central Asia, Caucasus, Crimea). The original treatment of rich material of Muslim culture as well as author’s assessment of certain historical facts and events demonstrate, Marjani is not only a highly educated theologian, but also an erudite and talented scholar and enlightener. The academic value of the encyclopedia consists in its ability to shed light on the Marjani’s worldview, which is manifested in his selection of historical fi gures and in mode of description of their life and works.

Some Assessments of Arabic Sentences and Phrases Used in Turkey Turkish

Birbiriyle iletişim hâlinde olan milletlerin dillerinin birbirinden etkilenmesi kaçınılmaz bir durumdur. Bu nedenle diller etkileşim içerisinde oldukları dillerden kelime hatta cümle bile almaktadır. Bu alıntılara ödünçleme de denilir. Çünkü bu alıntıların bazıları sürekli kullanılırken bazılarının yerine zamanla hedef dilde karşılıklar bulunur. Türkler de tarih boyunca etkileşim içerisinde bulundukları dillerden pek çok kelime almışlar ve bunları kullanmışlardır. Çince, Sanskritçe, Moğolca, Farsça, Arapça, Rumca, Fransızca, İtalyanca, Rusça ve İngilizceden pek çok kelime Türkçeye girmiştir. Bu kelimelerin sayısı dönemlere göre değişmektedir. Bununla birlikte birçok dil de Türkçeden pek çok kelime almıştır. Arapçadan Türkçeye kelime ve cümle grubu girişi din, medeniyet, coğrafi yakınlık ve iç içe yaşamak gibi sebeplerin sonucudur. Bu sebepler altında Türkçeye Arapçadan bazı kelime grupları ve cümleler girmiştir. Bu çalışmada ilk önce Türkçede kullanılan Arapça kelime grupları ve cümlelerin Arapçadaki yapısı ve anlamı hakkında bilgi verilecek daha sonra bunların Türkçede kullanılışı, kazandığı yeni anlamlar ve bazı cümlelerin yapı bakımından Türkçede yeniden kurgulanması üzerinde durulacaktır. Alıntı kelime grupları ve cümlelerin Türkçedeki kullanımı Cumhuriyet Döneminde kaleme alınan eserlerden örneklerle gösterilmeye çalışılacaktır. Bunun yanı sıra Cumhuriyet Dönemi eserlerinde tespit edilemeyen bazı örnekler, Osmanlı Türkçesi eserlerinden verilecektir.

Türk Dünyası Kültüründe Kamu Yayıncılığı: TRT Avaz Örneği

With the development of satellite systems, international broadcasting has great advantages, both in terms of making a profit and in reaching a mass of people who have concrete or abstract loyalty to a state itself. Turkey Radio and Television (TRT) aims to reach masses of people who have a sense of concrete or abstract commitment with Turkey, Eurasian and Balkan regions, where Turkic Republics are located. The purpose of this study is to reveal diversity and presentation forms of broadcast services for the Turkish world. In the first stage, the descriptive analysis of existing documents was conducted, in the second stage, content analysis was made for broadcasts, programs and structured questions were asked to 7 (seven) TRT Avaz administrative officials. It has been shown that TRT’s broadcasting in the international sense has mostly cultural broadcasts. TRT Avaz, recently established Turkish Council and Joint Turkish Television will make significant contributions to cultural communication.

Introduction: confronting the legacy and contemporary iterations of racial politics in the Middle East

ABSTRACT This special issue explores the extent to which race and racialization offer us an explanatory framework to study the contemporary politics of identity in the Middle East today. Most studies of the Middle East commonly presume that the race signifier is reserved for the juxtaposition of “Black ” and “White” identity to which the Arab, Persian and Turkish world counts itself as exterior. Up until now, few works on the Middle East have discussed race as central to their analysis. Our aim is to remedy this shortcoming. Crucially, we ask what can a consideration of racialization reveal about structures of oppression in the Middle East? Adopting race as the focus of enquiry allows us to unpack what we are really talking about when we talk about difference in the region: the reproduction and resilience of power and the insidious, harmful mutations of identity-based discrimination in unequal societies.

Mas-Wrestling is the National Sport of the Sakha Turkic People

This article deals with the ethnogenesis of the Sakha people and their original affiliation to the Turkic world. The history of creation of maswrestling, the national sport of the Sakha people. By the nature of the motor activity of athletes, mas-wrestling is a high-speed power sport that requires instant considerable physical tension during the bout, technical and tactical preparedness to overcome the attacking actions of the opponent during the bout. The main idea of the competition is that the two athletes, sitting opposite each other and resting their feet in a special support, must pull the stick out of the opponent’s hands or pull him or her to their own side. A simple set of tools allows participants to engage in this type of sport almost all year-round, which doesn’t require any special sport facilities. This article also presents chronological data on organizational and managerial activities to promote mas-wrestling in the Russian Federation and at the international level, which is characterized by the organization of All-Russian and international Federations, holding of Russian, European, Asian and World Championships. The analysis of the scientific research carried out on the basis of which scientific works on the national sport of mas-wrestling are published is reflected.

Рецензия на монографию О.В. Васильевой «Этничность и общество в Республике Саха (Якутия): социологический анализ» (Якутск, 2020)

The article is devoted to the analysis of a new book – a monograph by O.V. Vasilyeva “Ethnicity and Society in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia): Sociological Analysis”, published in 2020 in Yakutsk. Its advantage is a new original approach to studying the process of constructing ethnicity in the context of the development of capitalist relations and modern global economic flows. The reviewer gives some parallels in the social development of the Yakuts and Tatars at different historical stages. This is the emergence of the bourgeoisie and political organizations at the beginning of the 20th century, specific labeling under the influence of the Soviet Republic constitutional acts and post-Soviet census campaigns, the “acquisition of republics” in the conditions of the Soviet practice of national zoning of territories, etc. All such facts highlight how much the peoples of the Turkic world of the Russian Empire, the USSR, and the Russian Federation had in common. The monograph by O.V. Vasilyeva encourages new research in the field of social aspects of the the Turkic world ethnicity functioning.

Kastamonu as the cultural capital of the Turkish world in 2018 and Public Perspective on Its Effects

Araştırmanın amacı: Kastamonu’nun 2018 Türk Dünyası Kültür Başkentliği sürecini değerlendirmek, ilin unutulmaya yüz tutmuş değerlerini yaşatmak, avantajlarını ve fırsatlarını değerlendirmek, şehirdeki inanç turizminin önündeki sorunları belirleyip çözüm önerileri sunmak, festivallerini, anma etkinliklerini, imaj profilini ve tanıtımını hem ulusal hem de uluslararası platformda çok önemli noktaya getirmek ve son olarak da turizm bilinci geliştirmektir. Araştırmanın önemi: Kastamonu İli dini açıdan Türkiye’de çok önemli bir yere sahiptir. Yaklaşık 17 bin evliyanın yaşadığı düşünülmekte bu da dini ve ruhsal açıdan inanç turizminin önemine vurgu yapmaktadır. Özellikle 2018 yılında Türk Dünyası Kültür Başkenti oluşu markalaşma, reklam, tanıtım ve popülaritesi için pozitif izlenim yaratmaktadır. Kastamonu özellikle doğal yaşantısı, kültürel değerleri, sosyal yapısı, çevresel mimarisi ve tarihi ile yaşatılması gereken en nadide şehirlerden bir tanesi konumundadır. Değerleri yaşatmak, korumak ve yeni nesillere aktarmak birey, aile ve toplum için önem arz etmektedir. Bu noktada festivaller, etkinlikler, anma günleri bireyler arasında ruhani bir birlik ve bütünlük sağlamaktadır. İnsanları kaynaştırmaktadır. Bölge halkına gelir getirmektedir. Ekonomik gelişme sağlamaktadır. Farkındalık oluşturmaktadır. En önemli unsur ise kültürel yozlaşmayı önlemektedir. Araştırmanın yöntemi nitel araştırma yöntemi olup, araştırma görüşme formu tekniği kullanılarak değerlendirilmiştir. Araştırmanın evreni, Kastamonu’dur. Kastamonu yerel halkından, Kastamonu Üniversitesi Turizm Fakültesi ve İletişim Fakültesi öğrencilerinden araştırma safhasında yararlanılmıştır. Kartopu örneklemine başvurulmuştur. Bu örneklemde 40 adet kişiye ulaşılmıştır.