Turkish Words Research Articles

DOĞAL DİLLERDEKİ İŞARETLEME SÜRECİNE BİLGİ KURAMI AÇISINDAN BAKIŞ (TÜRKÇE ÖRNEĞİ

This study focuses on the transformation that morphemes undergo in the coding process. This transformation is related to the use. Morphemes marked according to their articulation evolve according to the frequency in the messages. In the study, a method, which will be used in the cases that the Turkish morphemes are coded according to the information of value of Turkish morphemes. This method is based on the information theory which is developed by C. E. Shannon and which describes “meaning” as a measurable concept. This method relates the information value of symbols in the messages to their frequency in the messages. Therefore, it was focused on the relation between the frequency and their code numbers by giving several examples. The information of value of the several Turkish words is measured depending on their frequency and the code number which is necessary for the coding of each morpheme, depending on these values. However, it is necessary that a corpus should be formed and the separation of each text into morphemes and that the frequency of each morpheme within the corpus should be determined. At that stage, the data formed by the analysis of the text pieces and composed of 100 text pieces published specifically in the last decade and which have been prepared by the author of this study for a previous study. In addition, the entropy of the Turkish morphemes has been calculated by using their frequency in the corpus and, the relationship between the number of letters in the alphabet and the number of signs required to mark the words is presented. Finally, the preferred method in the study is presented for discussion. The preference between the required measurement method and the possible measurement method is at a dimension which will require the questioning of the information theory.

Turkish assimilation words in Russian language

Turkish assimilation words in Russian language

Main nomination and principles of ethnographers

This article explores the ethnographic materials that are common in the language of folk epics. The peculiarities of the use of ethnography are analyzed by dividing them in semantic groups. On the one hand, it is possible to analyze ready-made language forms and ask what their semantics are. The second way is to first select any meaning that interests us and then convey it in clear language units. These words form the backbone of the Turkic word layer. It is known that each nation call organs with words of his native language. It is almost impossible to name organs with words from other languages, if it occurs, it can occur infrequently.

Turkic borrowings in the Arabic language of the Mamluk-Kipchak written monuments

The Mamluk state is a country consisting mainly of Kipchaks who ruled Egypt and Syria in the XIII-XVI centuries. Those Kipchak personalities came to power from slaves-Warriors. The word Mamluk in Arabic [malaka] – possession, power; means “white slavers”. These slaves, who were originally in military service, eventually became the main military structure of Egypt and Syria, contributing to the political life of the Muslim states in the region. Thus, it becomes the main force in the military and political system. Although most of the population was Arabs, this state was ruled by the Turks. They spoke their native language and ruled in the Kipchak. In Egypt, the rule of the Mamluk authorities was so strong that the Arabs began to learn the Kipchak language. In order to study the Kipchak language, a bilingual (Arabic-Kipchak) grammar manual and a dictionary-based ISSN (print)2664-5157 Turkic Studies Journal 2021, Volume 3, Number 459Р. Мұхаммед, *С.М. Торебековаmanuscript have been prepared for this language. These manuscripts are important for studying the history and word stock of the Turkic language, and also methods of teaching the Turkic language. The dictionary section of manuscripts written in the Mamluk-Kipchak language under consideration traditionally shows first Arabic words, and then their equivalents in Turkic languages. In some cases, the head of the Arabic registry is represented by words such as Persian, Turkic, and Aramaic. In the preparation of such manuscripts, not always classical Arabic was used, but also spoken Arabic of that period. In the spoken Arabic language of that era, many words came from different cultures and different languages. In our research article, it was determined that some of the Arabic words at the beginning of the register in Arabic-Kipchak dictionaries written in the Mamluk-Kipchak language are Turkic words of origin, the state of use of these words in Modern Arabic dialects and their place in Arabic culture.

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The main purpose of this article is to consider the conceptual approach of the patriotic attitude to the historical roots and individuality of nations in works of fiction on historical themes by outstanding writers who lived in different countries in the same century. In their works, Mary Stewart and Aziza Jafarzade wrote about the historical environment, human relations, religion, the struggle for their beliefs, and other issues. One thing that unites writers is that their appeals to historical works coincide with their age of wisdom. Writers created their works, feeling the spirit of the historical realities of their countries, and skillfully used the artistic imagination to depict events of the long past. This article mainly compared Mary Steward�s �Arthur pentalogy� and Aziza Jafarzade�s �Baku-1501� historical novel and �Hun Mountain� story. The real historical person living in the 16th century AD. Shah Ismail Khatai is the protagonist of �Baku-1501� written by Aziza Jafarzade. Shah Ismail�s name is connected with the flourishing of the Azerbaijani language as both poetry and a diplomatic language. He has a special place in our history and his name is written with golden letters in the history of Azerbaijan. Of course, the appeal to this period is a manifestation of love for Azerbaijan. The same motive is clearly seen in Mary Stewart�s �Arthur pentalogy�. The love for her country aroused interest in the historical subject. Thanks to the legendary king Arthur writer decodes the real identity of the nation. The heroes of these two novels struggle for their convictions and during their reign, they become masters of the ruling. Although the exact period is not indicated in the story about the Turkic-speaking tribe �Hun Mountain�, it is possible to define the era based on historical realities. The Huns� migration to Azerbaijan falls approximately to the 4th century AD. At the same time, Aziza Jafarzade makes special stresses in the story of �Hun Mountain� to our ancient Turkish words. The period of �Arthur pentalogy� is the 5-6th centuries AD. The parallels between Mary Stewart�s pentalogy and Aziza Jafarzade�s �Hun Mountain� are that they describe the far periods of our age and the main feature of that period is that the elements of legendary motifs are inevitable.

Adamantios Korais and His Turkish Notes

The existing scholarship on Adamantios Korais has rightly placed him at the center of the debates on the Greek Enlightenment and the Greek language controversy, yet there is a lacuna regarding Korais's preoccupation with the numerous other languages that he studied. Among them, Turkish presents a peculiar case. Some scholars have formed a certain image of Korais by correlating his anti-Ottoman stance with his linguistic program for the purification of the Greek language, defining that program primarily as the elimination of Turkish words from Greek. Other scholars have carefully refrained from associating Korais's views on politics and language, and yet they, too, have not adequately explained his position regarding the Turkish language. An unpublished and miscatalogued manuscript discovered among Korais's personal papers in Chios now enables a more accurate and complete vision of his conception of the Turkish language. This manuscript, which attests to Korais's studies of Turkish vocabulary, suggests that he approached Turkish in a neutral and professional fashion. The manuscript, particularly in view of the potential motivations for preparing it, also sheds light on Korais's general methods for studying languages other than Greek.

Atkıdan "Çekmeli" (Halkalı/ İlmekli/ Kesiksiz Havlı) Dokumaların Dünya Müzelerinde Tarihsel Örnekleri Üzerine Bir Değerlendirme

When considered from the historical development process, it can be seen that weaving is one of the most ancient production methods and branches of handicraft. Weaving had been an indicator of cultural development of communities and formation of creative thinking through material, in other words, a tool for humans to express one self. It is observed that weaving was developed in line with the needs of humanity; functionality had changed and diversified in line with the patterns and technical quests and transformed into artistic production. In some historical examples of the weavings in Egypt it is seen that a weaving technique is used where the 2nd weft thread (extra weft/weft for pattern) is pulled up in a way to form a patterned fabric surface with loops. It is observed that a variety of colours and patterns may be formed on woven fabrics by creating the images of loop/uncut pile and coiled yarn on woven fabrics through the use of loops (made by applying the cekmeli/weft loop/uncut pile technique.) The term “Cekmeli” is one of those popular names of this technique used in Anatolia. Its use in this article is deemed proper as the action related to this term reflects a correct description in Turkish. The aim is to bring the term “Cekmeli” into the textile terminology as a Turkish word among with many other descriptions of it in other languages. In this study similar patterns of the single layer and patterned historical woven fabrics made in Egypt ( the loop image is created by pulling the weft thread up to the surface and as such these loops create patterns on the surface, and thus become an aesthetic element) but exhibited in the museums around the world have been selected and studied. The examples similar to the “cekme technique” (loop/uncut pile) are focused and they are studied as far as their weaving structures are concerned. The authors of this article are concentrated on a comprehensive research on “cekmeli weavings” especially in the Central Anatolia.

Yüzyıla ait Bulgar Katolik metnindeki (Pavlikan) Türkçe unsurlar hakkında bir değerlendirme

Bulgaristan Milli Kütüphanesi “Sv. Kiril ve Metodiy” de bulunan ve Petar Kovachev Tsarski (Petar Fabri Imperiali) tarafından 1773 tarihinde yazılan eser, Bulgar Katolik Edebiyatının (Pavlikan) en eski el yazması metnidir. Yazar, eseri İtalyancadan Bulgarcaya çevirmiş ve Latin harflerini kullanmıştır. İki ana bölümden oluşan eserin birinci bölüm Katolik öğretileri ve dualarından oluşmakta olup ikinci bölümünde İncil hakkında yorumlara yer verilmiştir. Eserin en dikkat çeken yönü, Türkçe unsurların yoğun şekilde kullanılmasıdır. Yalın bir dil kullanan yazar, Bulgar Katolik cemaatine daha yakın hitap etmek için Türkçe sözcüklerden istifade etmiştir. Bu durum, XVIII. Yüzyılda Türkçenin Bulgaristan topraklarındaki varlığını ve işlevselliğini ortaya koymada önemli ipuçları vermektedir. Özellikle el yazmasının ikinci bölümünde Hz. İsa’nın hayatını anlatan yazar bu konunun daha iyi anlaşılması için Türkçe sözcüklere ağırlık vermiştir. Asırlarca Bulgar halk dilinde yer edinmiş binlerce Türkçe sözcüğün varlığını ve gücünü bilen Tsarski, daha geniş kitlelere ulaşabilmek ve anlaşılır olabilmek için Türkçe sözcükleri bilinçli tercih etmiştir. Ayrıca Bulgarca sözcükleri açıklarken Türkçe sözcüklerden istifade etmiştir. Eserde yaklaşık 700 Türkçe sözcük tespit edilmiştir. Türkçe sözcüklerin yanında farklı Türkçe gramatikal yapılar da görülmektedir. Bunların içinde Türkçe fiillerin kullanılması dikkat çekicidir. El yazmasında Latin harflerin kullanılması ve Türkçenin temel ünlülerinden “ö” ve “ü” seslerinin gösterilmiş olması 18. Yüzyıl Türkçe ses bilgisi açısından son derece önemlidir. Çalışmada Bulgar Katolik (Pavlikan) dinî metinlerinde geçen Türkçe unsurlar hakkında bilgi verilecek olup Türkçenin dönem itibarıyla önemine değinilecektir.

KİLİS AĞZINA ÖZGÜ BAZI KELİMELER VE ARAPÇA KÖKENLERİ

Language, which is the main tool of communication with the individual’s environment, is one of the dynamics that plays an active role in people's socialization processes. Accordingly, language is a tool that transforms individual communities into society and allows people to live together. However, the language, which plays such an important role in human life, is open to interaction and change due to the relationships established in the religious, historical, political, cultural, economic, etc. areas between societies. There is a direct proportion between the dimensions of the relationships established by the societies with different dialects and the interaction in question. This interaction, which is as ancient as human history, has been seen among the languages of both societies consisting of various ethnic elements sharing the same geography and nations living in distant geographies. Like all world languages, Turkish has interacted with various languages in distant or close language groups throughout history. This interaction caused Turkish to exchange various items from other languages. Turkish and Arabic have been widely interacted with each other especially with the adoption of Islam by the Turks. Kilis, which has been home to many Turkish tribes throughout history and used as one of the transit points while descending to the south, has gained great importance as a result of the events that have taken place and affected the region deeply in recent years. Kilis, which is known as the border city of the south and is known as a Turkmenian land, has not had a multilingual structure such as Hatay, Adana, Sanliurfa, Mardin and Siirt, where Arabic is spoken in Turkey, but has been included in the regions where inter-language interaction is seen extensively due to its geographical location. The dialect of Kilis, which is positioned in the western group of Western Turkish with its phonological and morphological characteristics, has been in deep interaction with Arabic as a natural result of sharing the same geography and destiny in the lands where Arabs have lived for centuries. The dialect of Kilis has been influenced by Arabic and the Arabic dialect, which reflects the characteristic features of the Syrian Bedouin dialect and is spoken in rural areas of the region. Although the interaction between the Turkish dialect of the region and Arabic is seen in various areas of the language such as morphology, phonology, syntax and idioms, words have been the elements most affected by the exchange between languages. With this interaction, some words borrowed from Arabic by the dialect of Kilis were among the characteristic features of this dialect. This study, which aims to perform the etymological analysis of some words specific to Kilis dialect and reveal their Arabic origins, will address the extent to which the words in question preserved their original meanings or changes in meaning such as narrowing, expansion, shift, and metamorphosis. Therefore, this study can be sorted among the researches trying to identify the characteristic features of the dialects that has an important place in Turkey's cultural heritage map. Furthermore, it is possible that the study will contribute to the strengthening of the relations between the social layers of our country by shedding light on the common grounds between different ethnic elements living in our geography. In addition to the Arabic words in Turkish, the dialect of Kilis has borrowed many more words from Arabic and incorporated them into its structure. As a natural result of inter-language interaction, it has been observed that the words passed from Arabic to Kilis dialect are borrowed largely in accordance with the fluent Arabic and sometimes the phonetic and morphological characteristics of the Arabic dialect spoken in the region. In this study, the words passed from Arabic were classified and analysed according to their subjects in order to make an inference in regard with concentration of Arabic origin words in local people’s lives. As a result of the classification made in the form of words related to profession and personal characteristics, words related to places, words related to time, words related to plants, food and beverages, words related to goods and tools, words related to agriculture and trade, words related to other subjects, it has been understood that words of Arabic origin are mostly concentrated under the words related to goods and food.

The Turkish word kötü: of Anatolian origin?

The Turkish word kötü: of Anatolian origin?

Concubinage ( Jariya ) in Turkish Folk Culture in the Period of Islamization

Kölelik/câriyelik insanlık tarihi kadar eski olup yerleşik kültürlerin bir ürünüdür. Türklerde konar-göçer bozkır hayatının şartları bu türden oluşumların kurumsal özellikler kazanmasına müsaade etmemiştir. Bununla birlikte, kadın veya erkek esirlerden istifade mecburiyeti esirlerin ticaretini ve bir şekilde istihdamını gerektirmiştir. İslamlaşma sürecinde Türkistan en mühim köle ticaretinin yapıldığı yerlerden olmuştur. Bu işi Samaniler üstlenmiştir. Türk kadın köleler/cariyeler güzellikleri nedeniyle çokça talep görmüştür. Türk kadınlarının güzellikleri Dede Korkut ve Şehname’ye yansımış, dönemin seyyahları tarafından da onanmıştır. Söz konusu dönemde Türkler, cariye, hizmetçi ve odalık manasında Türkçe ve Çinceden dillerine geçen farklı kelimeler kullanmıştır. Kaşgarlı Mahmud bu kelimeleri kaydetmiştir. Kadın köleler/cariyeler aile hayatında umumiyetle hizmet erbabı kadınları temsil etmiştir. Cariyeler, sahiplerinin isteği doğrultusunda, evlenme, azad edilme gibi bir takım fırsatlardan mahrum bırakılmamıştır. Bu çalışmada amacımız, İslâmlaşma sürecinde Türk halk kültüründe câriyeliğin ve cariyelerin ne ifade ettiğini, halk tarafından nasıl algılandığını ve câriyelerle ilgili birtakım kültürel pratikleri değerlendirerek ortaya koymaktır.

Araplara Türkçe Öğretiminde Karşılaşılan Problemler:Bağdat Örneğ

Many nationsfused withone anotherin history and felt the need to learn each other’s languages due tothis fusion. Turks and Arabs have lived together for centuries and united under the roofs of the same states due to their intersection in many common aspects. Their mutual efforts to learn each other’s languages as a result of developing relations and common grounds havepersevered till the present. In addition to Turks’ efforts to learn Arabic, there have been intense efforts of Arabas to learn Turkish. The endeavors to learn and teach Turkish, which rose with Divan-u Lugati’t-Turk in the past, are now carried out in an abundance of resources in modern areas through technological tools.Although Arabs and Turks lived together for many years, they have had difficulties and problems in learning each other’s languages as their language come from different language families. This study focused on problems encountered in teaching Turkish to Arab students. Data on the problemsexperienced by Turkishlanguage teachers who teach in schools and training centers in Baghdad were collected through interviews. Exam papers, homework, and other works of the students were examined. A survey for teachers was conducted in this regard. The study focused on the problems identified as 14 items in line with the examinations.Keywords: Foreign language, Teaching Turkish, Teaching Turkish in Baghdad.IntroductionOur world is developing rapidly in every aspect. Interactions on matters such as social, economic, education, etc., among nations are at a high level. These interactions have created the need to learn foreign languages. The need for foreign language increased the importance of foreign language education. There have always been problems in teaching language to foreigners. In general, students experience difficulties in differences between their language and the foreign language they try to learn. The problems in this study usually consisted of such problems. Comparison between the foreign language to be learned,and the native language will make it easier to determine the will arise later. Comparisons allow the teacherand the learner to anticipate the difficulty,make preparations,and carry out studies accordingly(Bölükbaş, 2001).Teaching Turkish to the Arabs beganwith the Divan-ü Lügati't-Türk,written by Kasgarli Mahmut. Turks and Arabs felt the need to learn each other's languages because they have lived together for many years.Among the reasons for long life and fusion, there were reasons such as common religion, common land, trade, common goals, cultural affinity, and social life similarity. Both languages have affected each other with the impact of living together. The influence of Turkish on Arabic is seen in the dialects of Arabic rather than the academic Arabic called “Fusha.”The abundance and still intense use of Turkish words in Iraqi dialect among the public revealed the influence of Turkish. As it is known, there were more expeditions to the eastern countries during the reign of Yavuz Sultan Selim,and the Arab population in the Ottoman State increased as a result of these campaigns. However, the most important event of this period was thatthe

Value changes in the language that turns into discourse in society

Medeniyetler arasında çeşitli düzeylerde gerçekleşen işbirlikleri toplumların kültürleri kadar dillerini de karşılıklı olarak etkilemektedir. Diller arasında etkileşimler kelime transferleri düzeyinde söz konusu olabilmektedir. Bu çalışma, Fransızcadan Türkçeye geçmiş ve günlük dilde yaygın olarak kullanılan Fransızca kelimelerin Fransızcadaki değerlerinin Türkçedeki kullanım değerleriyle karşılaştırılmasını ve Tekvin ve benzeri kutsal kitaplarda izine rastlanılan dilin tanrı tarafından vahyedilmişliği fikrine Fransızca-Türkçe karşılaştırmasıyla karşıt argümanlar oluşturmayı amaçlamaktadır. Yöntem olarak doküman incelemesiyle bir envanter çalışması yapılmış, bir dilden diğerine geçen kelimeler saptanarak örneklem oluşturulmuştur. Kelimelerin dillerdeki değerleri de içerik analiziyle çözümlenmiştir. Araştırma, olumsuz değerdeki bir Fransızca kelimenin tamamen olumlu ya da olumlu değerdeki bir kelimenin tamamen olumsuz değeriyle Türkçeye geçtiğini ve bu şekilde toplumda kullanılageldiğini ve hedef dildeki kelimelerin diğer değerlerinin kaynak dilde kaybolduğunu ortaya koymuştur. Manipülasyon, türbülans, spekülasyon vb. kelimeler sadece olumsuz, steril vb. Fransızca kelimeler ise yalnızca olumlu değerleriyle Türkçeye geçmiştir. Dil kullanımlarındaki üretkenlik insanın bir eseridir Tanrı’nın değil. Decartes’ın ve Chomsky’nin Kartezyen dil anlayışıyla Tanrı insanlara sadece dil yetisini bahşetmiştir. Şayet dilde statiklikten bahsedilecekse o da bu dil yetisi olabilir. İnsan düşüncesinde olduğu gibi dillerde de sürekli bir evrim söz konusudur. İn vivo anlayışla diller onları konuşanların eylemleriyle sürekli değişirler. Dilin vahyedilişliği yani Tekvindeki ve Kuran’daki Tanrı Adem’e kelimelerin isimlerini öğretti yaklaşımı dilin günlük hayattaki kifayetsizliğini ve diller arasındaki kelime transferlerindeki farklılıkları göz ardı etmek anlamına gelir.

Turkish Glossary Production and Meaning in the Inherit of Turkish Culture: Comparative Analysis of Seventeen Turkish Language Dictionaries

Words, therefore glossaries, dictionaries are the memories, identities, vocabularies and culture treasures of nations. Nations produces vocabularies that have been the nations who have protected their cultural heritage, national identity and territorial integrity. All of the Turkish world and notably Anatolia, have been affected by other cultures, civilizations and languages as a result of interaction between the nations and cultures throughout the historical experiences. In this study, the main words in 17 dictionaries were handled one by one within the scope and degree of cultural interaction. The words in 17 glossaries and dictionaries, which are including the Ottoman Turkish and Republican Turkish have been analyzed, classified and made inferences according to the stems of words and the languages they have written by different authors. After a long and exhausting study; The distribution of words according to the languages, the number of words in dictionaries, the origins of words and their numbers and apart from these, the percentage of words coming from different languages in dictionaries and among these percentages the number of Turkish words and their proportion have been exhibited in tables and graphics with numbers.

Public libraries on Facebook: content analysis of Turkish public libraries' posts

PurposeThe study aims to analyze the posts shared by public libraries in Turkey on their official Facebook pages. The targets of the study are to detect content categories shared by the libraries and to describe user interaction of libraries on the basis of their posted content.Design/methodology/approachThe study examined data relating to 23,027 posts shared by 116 public libraries through descriptive and content analyses. The content analysis on the posts identified general topic and sub-topics through both machine-tagging and checks by the authors. Turkish word parsing applications and stop lists were employed in the designation of sub-categories. In this process, word clusters were identified to allow for the designation of sub-topic headings through the use of the Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) technique.FindingsThe present study identified that a significant portion of the 116 public libraries in Turkey with official Facebook pages had started to use this platform in the year 2017. According to the findings, the user interaction of libraries generally occurs in the form of likes. Analyses on the topic categories of the posts established that a remarkable number of public libraries in Turkey targeted users from pre-school children to young adults.Originality/valueThe study contributes to the existing body of literature as one of the first research studies describing the current situation concerning public libraries in Turkey through the analysis of the content they generate on Facebook pages.

Uygurca töŋürge, Moğolca döŋge, Anadolu Ağızları töŋge Hakkında

Old Uyghur inscriptions and Central Asian Buddhist Culture were the mother lodes of the Old Uyghur language. Of course, these were not the limits. In terms of vocabulary, there was a wide cultural circle ranging from Manichaean-Sogdian to Nestorian Christianity. Although Uighur (~ Common Turkic) forms its basic vocabulary, it also included Sanskrit, Chinese, and words from other neighboring languages which loaned them from Tocharian. There was a rich vocabulary of an estimated 20 000 words (apart from Ottoman and Chagatai) including loanwords. Therefore, it was one of the three richest languages of the historical Turkic languages in terms of vocabulary. We can state the life range of Old Uighur, which was around for 400 years, between the 10th and 14th centuries. However, in the last period beginning from the mid-13th century, the influence of Mongolian can be seen primarily in the administrative language. In the same period, Tibetan words also entered the language due to the translation of Tibetan Buddhism works. With the adoption of Islam, Sogdian-based script was no longer used and the Arabic-based alphabet having Persian additions was adopted. However, the Uighurs' old alphabet of Sogdian origin is still being used among the Mongols as of today. The Mongols, who started using the Uighur letters and were influenced by Uighur Buddhism, also borrowed many of their words; through Mongolian they ensured the survival of some words that are forgotten among Uyghurs and other Turkic tribes today. On the other hand, as the Mongols dominated Anatolia for some period, many Mongolian words and to some extent Turkic words entered Anatolian Turkish by reborrowing (Ruckentlehnung). Here, in this article, I will mention the Uyghur toŋurge and its forms in Mongolian and Turkish, which I think is one of such words.

Language Adaptation of Turkisms in English

One of the most important indicators of the adaptation of Turkic borrowing in English is their allocation in different dictionaries of English (explanatory, etymological, phraselogical), as well as their use in different works of fiction. Linguistic contacts manifest themselves in the interaction of linguistic, cultural and historical factors and represent an essential process in intercultural communication. Turkic lexical elements, actively used in various languages as a language mechanism, require special attention. A comparison of different languages shows that borrowing is a universal fact of language, the linguistic essence of which allows to determine the absolute or relative chronology of their entry into the system of different languages. Turkisms closely related to the lexico-semantic system of the recipient language expands the body of language units of English and other languages, indicating the paths of penetration and the degree of adaptation. This takes into account the patterns of lexical and phonetic potential of the language. Turkic borrowing includes not only Turkic words, but also lexical elements of Arabic and Mongolian, Persian, Tatar, Uzbek, Kazakh origin, which have penetrated English through many Turkic languages and have been reflected in English lexicographic sources. Turkism thus refers to words included in English from Turkic languages or through Turkic languages regardless of the source of the mutual relationship, i.e. words having a Turkic stage in their history.

Методы и задачи этимологических исследований лексики тюркских, монгольских и тунгусо-маньчжурских языков в контексте общих проблем современного сравнительноисторического языкознания

Introduction. The article discusses contemporary comparative-historical Altaic studies and problems of interpreting genetic and areal relations between Altaiс languages in educational discourse. Goals. The paper seeks to show that available Altaic linguistic constructs are largely determined by inertial outdated ideas about supposed affinities between independent groups of languages, and that many research paradigms in contemporary Turkology and Mongolian studies still remain somewhat biased and, thus, aimed at previously known negative results. At the same time, those are achievements in general Altaic reconstructions that yield a most reliable apparatus to separate general Altaic lexemes and original protoforms — from multidirectional borrowings, the presence of which was never denied by Altaists. So, the study theoretically analyzes ideas about the nature of relations between Altaiс languages through the lens of experience accumulated by Indo-European linguistics focusing on a group of languages with undeniable genetic ties. Materials and Methods. The work newly compares some Mongolic, Tungus-Manchu, and Turkic words, which reveals new phonetic correspondences hidden by historical changes in phonetic word structures of Turkic and partly Tungus-Manchu languages. Results. The paper substantiates a genetic kinship of Altaiс languages, and eliminates the reconstruction drawbacks identified by Acad. B. A. Serebrennikov. Conclusions. When it comes to etymological research of Altaic vocabularies, experience of Indo-European linguistics represented in textbooks and etymological dictionaries may prove instrumental enough.

Türkiye Türkçesinde mana birleşmesi problemi: “Gaye”, “Hedef”, “Maksat”, “Amaç” örneği

There have been many studies as to whether or not synonymy can exist. Most of these studies are concerned with the theoretical part of the issue. The bulk of these studies on the subject advocate the thesis that words cannot have the same meaning in a language. In this study, it was acknowledged that not true synonymy but rather near-synonymy does exist. With the transition from Ottoman Turkish to modern Turkish many new words have emerged in Turkish, also known as “new Turkish words”. With the adoption of these words into the language, the meaning differences of many near-synonymy words have disappeared. Many different meanings are merged into one word. This is the case both in speech and in the writing language. In this study, the problem of meaning unification is illustrated by using the word “amac” instead of “gaye”, “hedef” and “maksat”. In this study, firstly, the word “amac” in which the latter words have been combined is emphasized. Then the etymology of the words “gaye”, “hedef” and “maksat”, meaning in Ottoman Turkish and TDK Turkish Dictionary are examined. After that, example sentences are given from Ottoman Turkish and modern Turkish to better illustrate the case.

FEATURES OF USING PUNCTUATION IN THE DICTIONARY OF ARABICPERSIAN LOAN WORDS

The study of the structure of the historical vocabulary of the Kazakh language is one of the most important priority tasks in Kazakh linguistics. In the historical vocabulary of the Kazakh language, in addition to the Turkic words, there is a whole layer of borrowed words. This article examines the functional features of punctuation marks used in the dictionary of borrowed words of the historical vocabulary of the Kazakh language