Turkish Super League Research Articles

Türkiye Süper Ligi 2020-2021 Futbol Sezonunda Gol Zamanının Lig Sıralamasına Göre İncelenmesi

Bu çalışmanın amacı, Türkiye Süper Ligi 2020-2021 futbol sezonunda atılan ve yenilen gollerin lig sıralamasına göre incelenmesidir. Çalışma, 2020-2021 futbol sezonunda Türkiye Süper Ligi’nde mücadele eden 21 takım üzerinde yapıldı. 21 takım lig sonu sıralamalarına göre, 1-7 (n=7), 8-14 (n=7) ve 15-21 (n=7) sıra olarak üç kategoride incelendi. Müsabaka süresi, 0-15, 16-30, 31-45, 0-45, 46-60, 61-75, 76-90 ve 46-90 dk. olarak 8 zaman dilimine ayrıldı. Takımların, müsabakaların farklı zaman dilimlerinde attığı ve yediği gollerin sayısı belirlendi. Gol zamanı verileri, iç, dış saha ve ligin tamamı olarak üç bölümde incelendi. Müsabakaların gol zamanı verilerinin sıralama grupları arasındaki farklılığı, tek yönlü varyans analizi (ANOVA) kullanılarak analiz edildi. Çalışmanın bulgularına göre, 1-7 sıra arasındaki takımların 15-21 sıra arasındaki takımlardan, ligin tamamındaki ve dış sahadaki müsabakaların ikinci yarısında (46-90 dk. aralığında), iç sahadaki müsabakaların ilk yarısında (0-45 dk. aralığında) daha fazla sayıda gol attığı belirlendi (p

Epidemiologic characteristics of anterior cruciate ligament injury in 10 consecutive seasons of Turkish Division-1 professional football league

Objective: Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) rupture is a potentially career-threatening injury in professional athletes. This study aimed to evaluate the epidemiology and injury characteristics of ACL rupture of male football players participating in the Turkish Super League. Materials and Methods: Epidemiologic characteristics of professional male football players participating in the professional first division Turkish Super League in 10 consecutive seasons were evaluated through a publicly available online soccer archive. Exposures in matches, as well as training, were calculated. Results: A total of 100 ACL injuries were included (mean age at the time of injury: 25.2±3.9). Of these, 13% were re-rupture and 11% were contralateral rupture. The ACL incidence rate was 0.4060 per 1000 hours of play during Super League matches, 0.0801 per 1000 hours of training (rate ratio [RR], 5.06; 95% CI, 3.25-11.84; p<0.001), and 0.0622 per 1000 hours of total play. Although there was a regular number in other periods, the most frequent injury was in August. Also, training injuries peaked in July. A significantly higher incidence rate was found for the teams ranked from 1st to 5thplace compared with teams ranked 6th to 18th (0.0654 vs 0.0317 per 1000 hours of training; RR, 2.06; 95% CI, 1.44-3.65; p<0.05). A similar finding was found for total injury incidence proportion (2.17% vs 1.36%; p<0.05). Conclusion: Epidemiologic data is important as a resource for athletes and those responsible for their health to develop appropriate training and preparation programs to reduce the risk of ACL injury.

Evaluation of Pressure Elements in the Penalty Kicks

Background: A penalty kick in football is one of the most important rules that directly affect the score of the match. Penalty kicks have always been the focus of attention in terms of both the result and the shot. Aim: The aim of this study is to determine whether the one who takes the penalty or saves the penalty is more effective and to determine whether the players who use the penalty show a tendency in a certain direction. Methods: In this study, a detailed analysis of penalty shootouts with the 10-year data of the Turkish Super League was made. SPSS.22 package program was used in statistical analyses. Analyses of penalty kicks were compared with the Chi-square test and the level of significance was taken as 0,05 in all tests. Results: According to the results of the analysis, goalkeepers guessed correctly 46% of the direction where the ball passed in all penalties (r=0.74; p=0.000). 52% of left-footed penalty takers shot to the left, and 46.9% of right-footed penalty takers to the right. There was no statistical difference between the direction where the ball was thrown, and the foot used by the penalty kicker (p>0.05). Conclusion: In the analysis made with 10-year data, it has been determined that the players do not tend to a certain direction when using penalties. Keywords: Penalty kick; football; penalty zone; Turkish Super League; penalty direction

Assessment of diet quality and nutrition status of Turkish elite adolescent male soccer players

This study aimed to assess the anthropometric characteristics, nutrient intake levels, nutritional status of elite adolescent soccer players, and the dietary quality of athletes. Elite male adolescent soccer players of the youth soccer team of a soccer club in the Turkish Super League were included in this study by categorizing them into three separate groups as U14/U15 (n=32), U16/U17 (n=44), and U19 (n=17). Anthropometric measurements of the athletes and food consumption records for three consecutive days were recorded during the competition season. Although the available energy value of the U14/U15 group was higher than the other groups, the available energy was determined to be at a suboptimal level in all groups. The U14/U15 group had the highest Health Eating Index-2015 score (43.7±5.57), while the score was 42.9±4.79 in the U19 group and 42.1±3.69 in the U16/U17 group (p>0.05), and 93.5% of the players were determined to be in the group with poor diet quality. The carbohydrate intake of adolescent soccer players was 5.3±1.16 g/kg body mass/day in the U14/U15 group, while it was 4.4 ± 0.87 g/kg body mass/day in the U16/U17 group, and 4.4±0.94 g/kg body mass/day in the U19 group. In this study, it was found out that adolescent football players had a poor diet quality, their carbohydrate consumption was inadequate, their fat intake level was high, and the protein intake was high in the U14/15 group whereas it was at the recommended levels in other groups. Providing recurrent nutritional training to adolescent football players and their families would assist athletes in gaining healthy eating habits as well as increasing their performance.

Variations in the physical demands and technical performance of professional soccer teams over three consecutive seasons

The purpose of this study was twofold: (i) to analyze the seasonal variations in the physical demands of Turkish Super League teams considering their status in the final rankings and (ii) to analyze the seasonal variations in the technical performance of Turkish Super League teams considering their status in the final rankings. This study followed an observational analytic retrospective design. In the last three seasons of the Turkish Super League (2015–2016, 2016–2017 and 2017–2018), 918 football matches, 54 teams, 25,029 observations were made. The Sentio Sports optical tracking system was used to quantify the physical demands and technical execution of players in all matches. No significant differences of external load were found between seasons analyzed (p > 0.05). The number of lost balls, ball touches in the central corridor, and goals from set pieces increased from season one to the others (p < 0.05), while the number of successful dribbles reduced over time (p < 0.05). As conclusion, it seems not occurred a progressive change in external load over the seasons, while an evolutionary trends regarding technical variables were observed.

Estimation of Market Values of Football Players through Artificial Neural Network: A Model Study from the Turkish Super League

ABSTRACT Artificial intelligence (AI) has been widely affecting our lives in many ways for the last ten years. Potential applications of AI are currently being used in many sectors. However, the usage of AI has been very limited in sports science compared to the other sectors. In this study, we developed an artificial neural network model to estimate the market values of the players in the Turkish Super Football League. While the market value was selected as an output, the input values were: minutes played; goals scored; xG: assists; xA; defensive duels won %; tackle success %; shots on target %; Short-middle pass accuracy %; long pass accuracy %; and accuracy of passes to penalty area. After creating a neural network based on the input-output values with high training, validation and testing statistical values, input values were computed with the neural network created and then the output values were estimated. In conclusion, an artificial neural network is becoming one of the important modeling methods in all areas of life. Although the application of artificial neural networks is very limited in sports science, it is one of the suitable science disciplines where there is a lot of statistical data. The methodology proposed in this paper can also be used for talent selection in football. Moreover, it may help stop criticism by TV sports programmes and newspapers because market value estimation is based on fair performance parameters. Further studies are strongly recommended, not only for football but also for other sports disciplines.

A COMPARISON OF TWO DIFFERENT DEFENSIVE BASED PLAYING FORMATIONS ON THE RUNNING ACTIVITY PROFILES OF SOCCER TEAMS

This study aimed to examine the effects of two different defensive based playing formations (3-Defender formation and 4-Defender formation) on both the reference and the opponent teams\' running activity profiles. 8 official matches (n=4, 3-Defender formation; n=4, 4-Defender formation) of Galatasaray football team (Turkish Super League) and opposition teams performed with two different playing formations were monitored. The sample matches were monitored and analyzed using a multiple-camera computerized tracking system. Running activity data variables obtained from the software were analyzed in 5 different categories (total running distance in kilometers, mean speed in km.h-1, high-intensity running (20 km.h-1 to 24 km.h-1) distance in meters, sprint (&gt;24 km.h-1) distance, sprint numbers. The results of this study indicate that running activity profiles of reference and opposition teams generally do not differ (p &gt;0.05) according to the different game formation of the reference team. Only the reference team\'s total running distance was higher (p &lt;0.05) in the 4-Defender formation than the 3-Defender formation (2.52%).

Home Advantage and Audience Effect Analysis of Turkish Super League in Covid-19 Season

Covid-19 pandemic dramatically affected soccer. Many competitions played without an audience in the 2019/2020 season. The aim of this study was to analyze Points (P), Goals Forward (GF), and Goals Away (GA) per game in Turkish Super League (TSL), Premier League, Bundesliga, La Liga, and Serie A before (BP) and After Pandemic restrictions (AP) during the 2019/2020 season separately and together. The tables of five leagues were separated into two terms as BP and AP, and P, GF, and GA were calculated for each period. Average P, GF, and GA per game were statistically compared. Paired samples t-test and paired samples correlations were used for statistical analysis. The obtained results showed that home P and GA increased AP in TSL without statistical significance. In parallel, home P and GF increased AP in Premier League and La Liga and showed significant correlations (p&lt;0.05). In contrast, in Bundesliga and La Liga, home P and GF decreased AP with significant correlation (p&lt;0.05). In La Liga, away GA significantly decreased AP (p=0.010148*). When all results of all teams (n=98) were compared together, home P (r=0.4371; p=0.000007***) and GA decreased AP and showed significant correlations. Furthermore, away P (r=0.386661; p=0.000084***) and GF (r=0.505488; p=0.000001***) increased with significant correlation. These results showed that the Covid-19 pandemic dissimilarly affected different leagues. However, overall results showed that home performances decreased and away results increased AP.

The Turkish Super League meets its first female club president

Learning outcomes The learning outcomes are as follows. First, female managers can face gender inequity in different forms, such as the glass ceiling and glass cliff, while they run for leadership positions, especially in male-dominated business contexts. Second, managers can show high performance and be effective leaders as long as they are aware of that all managers are evaluated according to a wide variety of criteria, and play many different managerial roles, such as interpersonal, informational and decisional roles. Finally, managers should pay attention to all stakeholders’ demands in decision-making process for sustainability and performing better in the long run. Case overview/synopsis Since football began gaining popularity in Turkey at the dawn of the 20th century, the sport remains the most popular national sport today. However, recently, a new name has shaken the world of Turkish football: Berna Gozbasi, the first female football manager in Turkish history. In the middle of 2019–2020 football season, Gozbasi became the first female club president after she assumed leadership of Kayserispor. Kayserispor was officially founded as a Turkish professional football club in 1966, and, as its name suggests, was based in Kayseri, a sizeable industrialised city located in Central Anatolia. The team competes in the “Turkish Super League”, Turkey’s top football competition. In this case, to discuss gender inequity, leadership, and management in the sport context, the authors explained the dilemma Gozbasi faced while she decided whether or not to accept this challenging role. Then, the authors examined the experiences she gained as a leader and the dilemma she faced to diminish the negative impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the organisation she led. Complexity academic level Undergraduate and MBA students. Supplementary materials Teaching Notes are available for educators only. Please contact your library to gain login details or email support@emeraldinsight.com to request teaching notes. Subject code CSS 6: Human Resource Management.

The effects of home confinement on physical activity level and mental status in professional football players during COVID-19 outbreak

ABSTRACT Objectives The coronavirus outbreak caused significant changes in football around the world, such as the suspension of leagues and home isolation of players, etc. The main purpose of the present study was to assess the psychological impacts of lockdown and similar restrictions on professional football players during the coronavirus pandemic. Materials and methods The players from 36 professional football teams (n = 977) among Turkish Super League and First League teams were invited to complete a questionnaire including the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D), Impact of Event Scale-Revised Scores (IES-R) and short form of International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ). Results The online survey was completed by 237 players (24.3%). The mean number of self-quarantine day of participants was 26.9 ± 6.2 days. The median CES-D Scale and IES-R scores were 6.0 (min:0, max:42) and 23.0 (min:0, max:59), respectively. IPAQ scores of the players showed that four-fifths of the players still maintain high physical activity levels. There were negative, very weak and significant correlations between CES-D score and being married (r = −0.146, p = 0.024), as well as between CES-D score and IPAQ-Walking (r = −0.189, p = 0.004). A significant positive very weak correlation was observed between CES-D score and self-quarantine days (r = 0.148, p = 0.024). IPAQ-Walking was an independent predictor of CES-D. Conclusion These findings support that maintaining regular physical activity and routinely exercising in a safe home environment is one of the most important strategies to ensure healthy mental state.

EVALUATION OF THE EFFECT OF VERY HEAVY EXERCISE ON MUSCLE ACTIVITY BY TENSIOMYOGRAPHY IN PROFESSIONAL FOOTBALL PLAYERS

Aim: This study was carried out to investigate the changes in muscle contraction parameters after very heavy exercise in professional football players with Tensiomyography, which is a non-invasive method. Method: Professional licensed football players in the A team of the team they play in the Turkish Super League (n = 11), whose age is 27.27 ± 1.55 years, weight is 74.82 ± 1.83kg, and height is 178.1 ± 1.76cm. participated. Tensiomyography measurements are bilateral m. The first measurement was taken from the rectus femoris muscle before heavy exercise (MET = 11) and the second measurement after it. In the measurements made, the muscle; Contraction time (Tc), maintenance time (Ts), relaxation time (Tr), displacement (Dm), lag time (Td) and contraction velocity (Vc) were evaluated. GraphPad Prism 9.0 program was used to analyze the data. Results: In the measurements made, a statistically significant decrease was observed in Dm, Td and Vc values in the right and left extremities compared to the 1st and 2nd measurements (p &lt;0.05). Conclusion: As a result of our study, the change of muscle contraction properties with the acute effect of heavy exercise was performed with tensiography was evaluated. It was observed that heavy exercise created significant differences in muscle displacement, contraction speed and lag time. It is a passive, non-invasive and easy method for evaluating the performance and muscle activities of athletes after heavy exercise. tensiomyography needs to be investigated with further studies.

Injury profile of an elite male football team from the Turkish Super League for two consecutive seasons

Injury profile of an elite male football team from the Turkish Super League for two consecutive seasons

Evaluation of Muscle Injuries in Professional Football Players: Does Coach Replacement Affect the Injury Rate?

To assess the incidence and characteristics of muscle injuries in professional football players and to assess if coach dismissal may be related with muscle injuries within 1-month period from the dismissal. Prospective cohort study during 3 consecutive seasons. Turkish Super League football teams. One hundred eighteen male football players. Data on time-loss muscle injuries confirmed using magnetic resonance imaging were recorded, including type, body part, duration, and lay-off time, and training session and match exposure times. The muscle injury rate was evaluated at 2 weeks and 30 days after coach dismissal. In total, 124 muscle injuries were recorded, with injury incidences of 2.3 muscle injuries per 1000 hours of exposure overall, 1.2 in training sessions, and 13.6 in matches. Injury time loss ranged from 3 to 67 days (median, 13 days). Eighteen percent of the injuries (n = 23) were recurrent; no association was found between recurrence rate and the player's age or position (P = 0.15, P = 0.27, respectively). Recurrent injuries caused more severe injuries (26.1%, P = 0.02) and longer median lay-off time (P = 0.01). During the study, teams A and B replaced 7 and 3 coaches, respectively. The injury incidence increased to 5.3 per 1000 hours of exposure in the 2 weeks after the coach dismissal, and decreased to 4.5 within 1 month of coach dismissal. Given the link between coach dismissal and increased rates of muscle strain injuries, increased attentiveness to preventing muscle injuries during coaching transitions and to the impact of new training regimens is required by trainers and medical teams.

Efficiency analysis of social performance – the case of Turkish super league

Undoubtedly, due to its impact on both revenues and the home advantage, social performance is a key factor of success for football clubs. Growing revenues and the government’s eagerness to promote football in Turkey in recent years have created desirable conditions for Turkish clubs. However, research into the impact of social performance success has not received much attention, especially in Turkey, despite Turkey being one of the major leagues in Europe. This study aims to fill this gap in the literature. It does so by investigating social performance using a two-stage stochastic frontier analysis drawing on evidence from the Turkish Super League between the 2012/2013 and 2017/2018 seasons. Results from the first stage illustrate that social efficiency leaders change almost every season. Results from the second stage of research identify which specific factors are diminishing the social technical efficiency for clubs in the Turkish Super League. It emerges that the fundamental source of social inefficiency in Turkey is the Passolig, an identification system implemented in 2014. Furthermore, it transpires that heterogeneity among the clubs’ hometowns is also highly influential on social efficiency. However, even though attendance has managed to recover back to pre-Passolig levels, social efficiency is still lower than the pre-Passolig levels.

Examining the Fear of Happiness Among Football Referees by Specific Variables

The aim of the present study is to determine the fears of happiness of football referees working in the Turkish Super League and 1st League. The study group consists of 23 chief referees, 36 Super League assisting referees, 8 Class A referees, and 48 Class A assisting referees (115 football referees in total). As data collection instrument, the Fear of Happiness Scale that has been developed by Joshanloo (2013) in order to determine the beliefs that happiness would cause certain negative/bad consequences was used. The study on scale’s adaptation to Turkish language and its reliability/validity was carried out by Demirci, Ekşi, Dinçer, and Kardaş (2016). In analyzing the data, the descriptive statistics, independent samples t-test, and one-way variance analysis (ANOVA) tests were used. The statistical significance level was set to be p &lt; 0.05. At the end of the study, it was determined that the Fear of Happiness scores by the marital status were found to be statistically significantly different in favor of single referees.

THE EFFECTS OF FOREIGN PLAYER REGULATIONS ON PLAYER PRODUCTIVITY IN THE TURKISH SUPER LEAGUE

This study investigates the effects of foreign player regulations on the labor productivity in the Turkish Super League. The initial hypothesis is that the productivity of the new foreign entrants will decrease as the number of foreign players allowed increases since most clubs tend to transfer foreign players that they would not make good use of. To test this hypothesis, data was collected for all the new foreign entrants to the Turkish Super League between the seasons 1999/2000 – 2004/2005 and 2009/2010 – 2014/2015. Regression Discontinuity Design is used as a tool for testing the initial prediction to reveal whether there are sharp shifts in the player productivity. The results displayed that productivity of the new foreign entrants diminished as the number of foreign players allowed increased. The possible spillover effects of the regulation changes on the number of Turkish players transferred to overseas clubs and the productivity of the domestic youngsters playing in the league are investigated in detail. Empirical evidence was found to state that foreign player regulations are influential of domestic youngsters’ overall productivity however no evidence could be found that the regulations are affecting the number of Turkish players transferred abroad.

Tehlikeli Özellikler: Türkiye Süper Ligdeki Futbol Kulüplerinin Sağ Kalım Analizi

European football is the most popular sports among the ball sports. Survival in the top-tier league is vital for the clubs. This study analyzed the factors that effected the survival of the clubs in Turkish Super League by employing a survival analysis for recurrent event model on the data set from 1990 to 2017. The most important finding was the existence of the liability of newness. The risk of relegation for the teams in their first year in the Super League was 20.7 times higher than existing teams. The new teams in the Super League suffered from being fresh to the league. New teams faced a higher risk of relegation than older ones. Other than that, the number of prior relegations in the club history increased the risk, while each additional foreign player decreased the risk. In addition, each year of experience decreased the hazard ratio by 10%. Briefly, regional location of the club base and existence of another team in the same city did not have significant effects on their survival in Turkish Super League.

In good times and bad times: a model of fan loyalty drawn from Turkish Super League supporters

In good times and bad times: a model of fan loyalty drawn from Turkish Super League supporters

A Comparative Look at Aggression and Self-esteem among Turkish versus International Super and Premier League Soccer Players Playing in Turkey

This study comparatively examines aggression and self-esteem among Turkish versus international (foreign) male super and premier league soccer players playing for the Turkish Football Federation. A sample population of one hundred twelve (112) out of all possible athletes of the above description has been featured in this study. Both Coopersmith’s Self-Esteem Inventory (1974) (adapted into Turkish by Turan & Tufan (1987)), as well as an aggression inventory developed by Ipek Ilter Kiper[1]—and which include reactive-expressive, reactive-inexpressive, and proactive-relational aggression — were used as data collection tools. T-tests, alongside single direction variance analysis were used for data analysis. Accordingly, meaningful correlations were found among super versus premier league soccer players when it came both to inexpressive and expressive aggression as well as self-esteem. However, no meaningful correlation had appeared to emerge upon comparing the point scores between international versus Turkish soccer players for all three sub-types of aggression, for aggression on whole, and for self-esteem. On the contrary, a sound correlation was found between expressive aggression and the marital status of all of the players in question. Two further meaningful correlations had been identified with respect to self-esteem and the age of all of the players, as well as with respect to expressive aggression and players’ education levels. In contrast, no meaningful correlation had emerged out of the total point scores for all three subtypes of aggression, for aggression on whole, and for self-esteem on whole versus players’ hand and foot dexterities. Nevertheless, one final correlation had been established between players’ sense of expressive aggression versus what position they played on.

An Analysis of the Impact of the Change in Scoring System on Home Field Advantage Soccer Leagues

The impact of the scoring systems on home field advantage in the highest-level Turkish soccer division, Turkish Super League, between the 1959-1960 and 2016-2017 seasons, was aimed to be examined in this study. 2-point system was used in Turkish Soccer Leagues between 1959 and 1987. Since 1987-1988 season, the 3-point system has been started to be used in Turkey. A total of 33,244 games were analyzed and it was revealed that there was a remarkable decline in home field advantage rates after the change in scoring system in 1987-1988 season. In the Turkish Soccer League, the average home field advantage rate was 66,39% before the change in the scoring system, while this rate was found to be 61,40% after the change in scoring system (t=5,041, p=0,000). The results indicate that there is significant difference between 2-point and 3-point systems in terms of total points of home team at home (t=-11,83, p=0,000). The results of this study were also compared with a relevant study of the highest-level soccer league in Spain.