Turkish House Research Articles

Boğaziçi’nde 18. Yüzyıldan Kalma Bir İstanbul Evinin Durumu Hakkında Sanat Tarihi Bağlamında Yeni Değerlendirmeler

NEW EVALUATIONS IN TERMS OF ART HISTORYABOUT THE STATUS OF AN 18THCENTURY MANSION IN BOSPHORUS Located at Bebek Quarter, Yogurtcu Zulfu Street, map section 67,city block 529 and land plot 15, the Kavafyan Mansion, which one of the pioneeringbuilding of the 18th century Bosphorus inner-side architecturalculture, has the distinction of surviving the oldest and the only example oftraditional Turkish house in Istanbul. In addition to the traditionalelements of the venue setup, it is also highly significant in terms offeaturing the first examples of mural paintings with landscapethat emerged alongside Westernization begun with SultanAhmed III. Furthermore, heretofore unrealized 18th Century Dutch Tiles foundin various places of which the similar ones arefound at the Topkapi Palace Harem Chambers increase the significance of the building. This matchless mansion has a great value; notonly in termsof theArt and Archirectural history; but aswell as in termsof theTurkish cultural history. In spite of its registeration as “Acultural asset that is required to be preserved as is” in 1973 and classification “as a historical artefact at the first group” in 1998 by the Cultural and Natural HeritageProtection Board, today it is facing the danger of extinctiondue to the certain legal issues. This study intended to anextensive evaluation regarding allthe features additional with the new findings of Kavafyan Mansion basedon its current status in 2013 in the context of art history . Key Words: Key Words: 18thcentury Bosphorus, KavafyanMansion(Konak),TraditionalTurkish House, 18th Century OttomanMural Paintings with Landscape Depiction,18th Dutch Tiles, AnahtarKelimeler: 18. Yuzyil Bogazici, Kavafyan Mansion(Konak),, 18th Century Ottoman Mural Paintings with Landscape Depiction,18th Dutch Tiles.

10.5937/zrpfns48-6743 = Manifestations of corruption in Serbia during Uprisings (1804-1815)

The statehood of the Serbian nation was manifested early (as early as the Middle Ages), but the modern Serbian state was built gradually, starting from the First and Second Serbian Uprising (1804-1815), through the self-governed Principality of Serbia (1830) to the international recognition of the independence of the Principality of Serbia (1878). The young Serbian state in the period of the First Serbian Uprising had all the attributes that constitute a state: the governing apparatus that included both central and local authorities, territory, and population. Having inherited nepotism and corruption (two major evil remnants of the Ottoman rule), the emerging state undertook a number of measures to curb them, so that the centralised administration should be able to strengthen the state apparatus. Instead of qadis and musellims, who had lived mainly on bribe, the developing state had to confront its own officials who tended to abuse their positions in order to achieve economic prestige and separate themselves from the general population of the Pashaluk. They took the best and the largest shares of the spoils won while combating the Turks, arbitrarily appropriated Turkish houses and other property, took over control the ferries and customs checkpoints, held a monopoly in trading and used the 'official toil' the forced labour that Serbian peasants were obliged to do for the spahijas (feudal lords) before the uprising. Manifestations of corruptive practices inherited from the Turkish era still persisted, although with certain new habits emerging at the time of the creation of the Serbian state and reflecting the general belief that money could buy everything.

The Introduction of Telephone into Turkish Houses: Private Space, Borders of the Neighborhoods and Solidarity

AbstractThis essay is based on the data collected in a two-year research project (between 2010–2012), under the title Telephony And Turkish Modernization: Social History of Telephone Since The Ottoman Era (1881–2010), which was primarily concerned with the social history of telephone in Turkey during its peculiarly long history of implementation and dispersal. The project was conducted as oral history and archive research, and a comparative approach was adopted to identify and analyze the divergent nature of their findings. According to the findings of the researched archive materials (newspapers, comic and popular magazines), the implementation of telephone into the Turkish houses created complex feelings, which found its expression as both “emulation” and “intimidation” attached to the experience of telephone in a double system of representation. Whereas the oral history research findings are discordant in the sense that telephone is remembered as a symbol of “solidarity” and “sharing” in the narratives of telephone memories, and was accommodated into the traditional everyday life of the neighborhood.Through the case of telephone technology, this essay aims at pointing out the gap between the discursive construction of the elements of the experience of modernity and the actual experience of the historical subjects; and argues that this gap should be disclosed with more ethnographic studies for it also points a feeling of ‘lack’ that pervasively infuses itself into our present and finds its expression in the self-narratives of the oral history as a nostalgia for the past.

An analysis of common and different concepts which exist in the design of traditional Turkish and Japanese houses

An analysis of common and different concepts which exist in the design of traditional Turkish and Japanese houses

Traditional Seismic Construction Technology of the Turkish House 'Konak', Concentration of the Case Study 'Saraçlar Şehir House' in Safranbolu

In this study, the construction analysis of Turkish House Konak, was researched according to its traditional construction technology against seismic actions. Case study building was chosen from Safranbolu and construction datas were getting from different bibliography for receiving more informational data about their traditional construction technology. The traditional Turkish house construction technology against the seismicity was researched by concentrating the timber skeleton and its relation to the seismic forces that affect the structural behavior.The aim of this study was to understand the seismic precautions and seismic weakness of the traditional Turkish house structures that were done in the previous times.

A Study on Timber Structural Elements of a Traditional Turkish House

Preservation of traditional settlements is an important issue of sustainable cultural heritage politics and this is an ongoing research to raise an argument on concept of restoration works going on in small scaled residential wooden structures in Turkey. Authors have had several analysis studies that identify the architectural and structural features as well as damage assessment of the house stock in Kula district. The main concept of the restoration work of selected cases is replacing the old timber structural elements with the new one, instead of treating them. In this study it is aimed to evaluate this renovation process by focusing the wooden elements. Destructive testing methods have been used on wooden elements that were obtained from Goldeliler House during the fieldwork to make a mutual evaluation for the quality of old and new samples.

“Türk Evi” İdealleştirmesinde “Osmanlı Evi” ve “Anadolu Evi” Kavramlarının Ortaklıklarına İlişkin İşlevsel Açıklamalar

This paper aims to evaluate the existing research on the Turkish house, which investigates the subject under such titles as the “Turkish house”, the “Ottoman house” or the “Anatolian house”. The way the “Turkish house” ideal is treated in academic discourse is an intriguing case. The concept of the “Turkish house” has been the subject of different interpretations and objections under changing conditions. Yet, it has always been a subject of research and discussion since the time it appeared as a concept, and its emphasis on architectural essentials has informed survey drawings and typological research in Turkey. Although the objections against the concept of the “Turkish house” have gradually boosted since the 1970s and made a peak in the 1990s, the concept has still remained as an indispensable paradigm for discussions of the Ottoman or Anatolian house culture. This paper aims to explain the parallel or diverse meanings attributed to the ideal “Turkish house” and attempts to understand the endeavor to create essential bonds between various housing cultures in the Ottoman geography through an idealized concept.

English

This study investigated the hygiene state of kitchens, bathrooms and toilets and how they are used in the traditional houses (their characteristics, the changes in their uses and the extent of these changes). The study also attempted to find the principles and criterions on which the arrangements that are the products of accumulated experiences were based in the spaces or systems. Furthermore, the study investigated how and at what level the new equipment that the new age presents are reflected in the traditional house. The dimensional, positional, directional, constructional, equipment and material characteristics of these elements were investigated in accordance with the knowledge, theories and principles of architecture and instructive data on these were obtained from the traditional houses. The traditional Turkish houses, Greek houses and hybrid houses in the city of Trabzon, Turkey, were chosen as the sample of the study.   Key words: Kitchen, bathroom, toilet, location, direction, construction, equipment, traditional houses.

Comprehension of the Rural: Ovakent (Adagide), Turkey

This article summarizes the geo-cultural and economic context for a project aimed at placing conservation of the historic environment as the driver for sustainable development in a rural settlement that is in decline. The village of Ovakent is off the beaten track, in socioeconomic eclipse, and its architectural heritage at serious risk of dilapidation and abandonment. The article relates the characteristics of the traditional Turkish house as they have been adapted to the local topography and micro-climate, and describes the methodology of inventory and its application as a contributory tool in a complex process of understanding, awareness raising, and networking.

Architecture of Residential Buildings in Bulgaria from the Revival Period

The paper considers house architecture in Bulgarian lands during the Revival period –from the end of 18 th century to the end of 19 th century. The paper also examines the impact of climate, religion, livelihood, etc. on the development of different regional types. The resulting composition, structure, architectural image and interior, as well as adaptability to terrain conditions, adequacy to social requirements, building traditions are analyzed. Similarities, differences and local features are being considered with the intent to follow the evolution and spread of architecture, typical of the Balkan region. Comparisons are drawn between the rich city houses in Plovdiv, Koprivshtiza, Melnik, Samokov, etc., and Turkish houses in Istanbul, Edirne, Safranbolu, etc. By complying with various religious, functional, representative, climatic and terrain requirements, a distinguishable architectural language can be traced.

Heat Transfer Coefficient Analysis of the Chamber of Cyprus Turkish Architects Office Building on the Zahra Street in the Walled City of Nicosia in Cyprus

This study analyses and calculates the heat transfer coefficient values of the 134 years old historical building in the walled city of Nicosia. The build ing is the typical example of the Tradit ional Turkish House and built by the tradi- tional adobe materials and stones. The ceiling, external walls, roof and the windows of the building were analysed to esti- mate the heat transfer coefficient values of the house and to demonstrate the influence of the climate conditions of Cyprus on the physics of the building. The estimated U values of this old building are, 0,49 W/m 2 K for the e xterior adobe walls , 0,27 W/m 2 K for the ceiling, 0, 13 W/m 2 K for the roof and 2,0 W/m 2 K for the windows. The co mparison of these values with the modern concrete build ing under the same climatic conditions demonstrate that the adobe building p rovides better inner environment for the house life and also decreases the energy costs for the thermal insulation.

Monitoring of Five Different Insecticide Resistance Status in Turkish House Fly Musca domestica L. (Diptera: Muscidae) Populations and the Relationship Between Resistance and Insecticide Usage Profile

The objective of this study is to assess the resistance status and yearly changes involved for house fly populations from six cities in Turkey. Field strains of house fly (Musca domestica L. Diptera: Muscidae) were collected in 2004-2006 from cow farms (Antalya, İzmir) and garbage dumps (Adana, Ankara, İstanbul, Şanlıurfa) in Turkey. The resistance levels of first and two generation offspring were determined against five insecticides (cypermethrin, cyphenothrin, deltamethrin, permethrin and fenitrothion). While the highest resistance level for pyrethroid was determined for Antalya 2005 strain (851.97 Cypermethrin) and lowest resistance level for Şanlıurfa 2004 strain (2.06 Permethrin), the highest fenitrothion resistance was found in Şanlıurfa 2004 strain (50.37) and lowest fenitrothion resistance was found in Adana 2004 strain (6.45). Our results showed that pyrethroid resistance levels were very high and determined a decreasing trend for Antalya and İstanbul strains and an increasing trend for Adana and Şanlıurfa strain for all tested pyrethroid insecticides from 2004 to 2006. Although cypermethrin and cyphenothrin resistance showed a decreasing trend, deltamethrin and permethrin showed an increasing trend for the Izmir strain from 2004 to 2006. The same trend was also determined for the Ankara strain except for permethrin. Fenitrothion resistance was determined to be lower than pyrethroids, but these levels were still high. Flies from cow farms were generally more resistant than those from garbage dumps. Our results also revealed the presence of strong selective pressure on the populations.

Similarities and Differences Between Contemporary Turkish Houses and Those Worldwide

Due to discontent arising from the application of Modernism's totalitarian and homogenising logic to house design, recent research has concentrated on differences between cultures, societies and ethnic groups to the extent that today's students of architecture have difficulty finding sources which point to any universally valid values and preferences adopted by contemporary populations. In this study seventeen major design principles stemming from man-environment relationships, such as privacy, territoriality, personal space, backstage behaviour, orientation, and so on, as deduced from Turkish traditional houses, are investigated in terms of similarities among cultures. Samples of contemporary houses are selected from Turkey and elsewhere. Between local and international house designs full matches are depicted and verified by way of statistical analyses across fourteen items, such as living space subdivisions for guests and family, indirect access to the house (modulation), multi-purpose living space subdivisions (hierarchical living space), individualized bathrooms in bedrooms, independent family rooms, semi-closed spaces on the first floor, larger fenestration on upper floors as opposed to opacity of ground floors, segregated garden space, powerful demarcation of the garden space, orientation toward the house's own territory, bathrooms being situated in night time domains, differentiated status of spaces, multiple uses for stair landings (such as for hiding places for goods). Only three items showed some variance: closed balconies on upper floors were local, and semi-open spaces on ground floors were international tendencies. The practice of allowing direct access from the main entrance to a vertical circulation area was also predominantly a local choice.

Yok Olan Kültür Varlıklarımızdan Denizli’deki Kurşunluoğlu Konağı

Türk kültürünü en iyi yansıtan sivil mimarlık örneklerinden biri olan tarihi evlerimiz, Türk Toplumu'nun nesilden nesile aktarılan gelenek ve göreneklerinin yaşatıldığı yapı örnekleridir(1). Pek çok bölgede, depremler, yangınlar, ihmalkârlık ve yerlerine apartman dikme hevesi gibi çeşitli sebeplerle günden güne azalan eski evlerin Denizli'deki örnekleri de artık iki elin parmak sayısını geçmeyecek kadardır. Denizli kültürünün ve etnografyasının değerli varlıklarından biri olan Kurşunluoğlu Konağı(2), Denizli'de, 18 K2 pafta, 432 ada, 11, 12 ve 18 nolu parsellerde bulunmaktaydı.

Change, Continuity and Home: The Tent, Traditional Dwelling and Squatter House in Turkey

This article aims to explore the changes and continuity in housing patterns of Turkish society comparing traditional and contemporary usage. In this context, the spatial and social structures of housing patterns are studied comparatively from an historical perspective. The article is based on research projects carried out by the author that aimed to identify the effects of socio-cultural and psychological factors on the spatial formation, meaning and use of domestic space in different types of Turkish dwellings. Examples chosen from a number of case studies in different housing patterns are mainly those of the Middle Asian Tent, the Traditional Turkish House and Squatter Housing ‘Gecekondu’. The article consists of six sections. In the first two, the aim and the general concept of the paper are defined, the research field is explained and the problem is specified. In the third section, the formation of spatial setting in different housing pattern of Turkish settlers will be analysed by comparing the tent, traditional house and squatter house. The fourth section focuses on related theoretical concepts in environmental behavioural studies with the conceptual model of culture and space interaction system in terms of meaning and use of home space. In the last two sections, the field study is presented and the article builds on the findings of the case studies to offer some proposals for new design principles.

Metamorphism in culture and housing desing: Turkey as an example

Lawrence maintains about all architectural environments and housing that, they are both in a relationship with culture and they are a total configuration of social, demographical, psychological, human behavioral and environmental structure. Moreover, in analyzing this complex structure, he emphasizes to examine it within two perspectives: design-meaning and use. Consequently, the basic components, which affect housing design, are classified in three main topics: cultural, social, and psychological. In the light of Lawrence's ideas, under the topic of the role of culture and tradition in the development of housing, this paper aims to define the basic Turkish traditional housing principles with slogans and important examples. In this content, cultural, social and psychological components in traditional Turkish houses are held under the heading of the development of traditional Turkish house. The organization rules, the effects of the basic psycho-social components…etc., and the presence of these principles are criticized with Turkish housing examples before and after 1980. The chosen period in this study is not coincidental. The aim of choosing the periods before and after 1980 has a special meaning in Turkey's economic, politic and social life. Choosing these two basic periods, will not only point out the changes—like a metamorphism—in cultural life, but in architectural needs in Turkish houses. Therefore, in the aim of analyzing cultural changes and their effects on housing design, the architectural meanings in the elements of Turkish houses are put forward in details, in order to make some estimation for the future of changing Turkish architectural life.

Architectural pieces in stone in the collection of the British School at Athens

The 29 pieces are described and illustrated. Apart from the Ionic capital fragment excavated by the School at Kynosarges, they probably come from a collection made in the nineteenth century by George Finlay, as older Turkish buildings in Athens were demolished. Most are of minor importance, but parallels are adduced from Corinthian capitals in Athens and Corinth. Later capitals belonged to a Turkish house recorded by Danish architects in 1835 and 1851.

Socialising spatial types in traditional Turkish houses

In this paper we continue the argument which was presented in a previous paper in Environment and Planning B. There, two spatial genotypes were established within a sample of sixteen Turkish vernacular houses. The first was configurationally integrated around the principal living room or sofa, and the second was configured by means of the external paved courtyard which gave access to the dwelling from the street. Houses of the first type were shown to structure significant configurational differences within the suite of principal, first-floor living rooms. The sofa seems to have acted as an integrating hinge which linked these spaces together, and controlled access to and egress from the relatively segregated street outside. The second type of room arrangement was characterised by an integration core whch ran from the exterior through to the interior of the dwelling, and was centred on an external paved courtyard. In this paper we explore further the spatial properties of the two house types, and characterise these as ‘deep core’ and ‘shallow core’, respectively. It is proposed that the first may be considered a more introverted or centripetal plan, and the second a more extroverted or centrifugal layout. These differences are shown to embody alternative forms of household organisation, in that they support different conceptions of family life, gender relations, and ways of receiving guests into the home. The social origin of the genotypes is attributed to the existence of conservative and liberal tendencies within Turkish society during the period at which the houses were constructed.

A shape grammar: the language of traditional Turkish houses

In this paper, a parametric shape grammar which can generate the plans of traditional Turkish houses is presented. The grammar is based on a corpus of traditional Turkish houses that have been built in Anatolia and Rumelia for the past five centuries. The shape rule schemata are used for characterizing formal compositional aspects of this historical style.

The coral buildings of Suakin: Islamic architecture, planning, design and domestic arrangements in a Red Sea port

The town of Suakin the story of Suakin domestic life in Suakin roshans - casement windows earlier and larger Turkish houses smaller Turkish houses zawias and mosques Egyptian style buildings military buildings building methods woodwork.