Turkic Nations Research Articles

INTRICATE GENEALOGIES: WHAT IS SAID IN THE EPIC POEM ABOUT NOGAY PEOPLE?

This article examines communication blueprints of the Forty Knights of Steppe epic poem (original title in Kazakh "Қырымның қырық батыры"). The Forty Knights of Steppe is a cultural heritage of Turkic nations. The epic poem’s text is an assemblage of ballads that are connected with each other. It consists of thirty-five ballads and depicts relationships of around two hundred characters. The epic poem's events have a historical origin that links to the Nogay nobility from the Golden Horde period. The main event in the epic poem develops around Edige and his descendants. The historical aspect of this epic poem positions it with the paragons of heroic literature such as "Shahnameh" and "Manas". The epic poem’s text was first fully recorded in 1942 in Almaty by Muryn Zhyrau (real name ‘Tilegen Sengirbekuly’) by specialists from the Kazakh SSR Academy of Sciences. Unfortunately, the epic poem stayed unpublished for more than 60 years. The full text of the epic poem was published in 2005 after restoring the independence of the Republic of Kazakhstan. This research discovers the epic poem by analyzing their network. It focuses on mapping and visualizing links between characters described in the text. The authors used the methods of text mining, proposition, and semantic triangles for assembling information about contacts between characters into the databases. The databases include basic information, such as the names of characters and their contacts with other characters. The databases also contain information about the direction of every contact, relationship statuses of contactors, contactors' roles inside of genealogical lineage, kinship degrees of contactors inside their genealogies, and contactors' gender. In addition, the databases include information about the connection of contactors to genealogies, and information about the contacts of contactors outside of their genealogies. All databases were built in spatial data analysis compatible format. The databases were launched through data visualization software by switching on the environmental settings required for this type of research. The authors used Gephi data visualization software for this research to visualize databases. The visualization shows an intricate communicative network that covers almost all characters. The visualization demonstrates two types of contacts between characters of the epic poem. The first type is a structured type of contacts. This type of contacts develops inside of genealogies. It is a common type of contacts in the epic poem, and it follows the hierarchical order. The second type is a class-based type of contacts. This type of contacts ties characters from different genealogies and does not correspond to the hierarchical order. However, this type of contacts depends on the characters’ roles and statuses inside their genealogies. Thereby, the second type of contacts is connecting different genealogies into whole network. The types of contacts demonstrate two levels of social communication in the narration of the epic poem. Considering the visualization results and according to the historical origins of the characters, the authors argue that the text of the epic poem shows the patterns of social communication typical for Central Eurasian medieval nomad cultures in the Golden Horde period. On the other side, the stratification into two types of contacts may demonstrate the levels of bureaucracy in social communication in the same historical period. The authors suggest that the social networks of the epic poem describe the transitional form of the chiefdom society with communication levels typical for tribal and chiefdom societies. In general, the paper's authors suppose that the example of this research on the epic poem’s communication structure may give more data to understand the correlation between language and society.

I Baku turcological congress of 1926 as an attempt to unify Turkic nations

I Baku turcological congress of 1926 as an attempt to unify Turkic nations

Kazakhstan’s Strategic Priorities in the Turkic World

With its unwavering focus on institutionalizing cooperation within the Turkic World, Kazakhstan has successfully achieved this critical objective. Looking ahead, Kazakhstan recognizes the strategic significance of its engagement with the Organization of Turkic States (OTS) member states, navigating the intricate balance of geopolitical challenges and opportunities. This commentary aims to provide an in-depth analysis of the evolving trends in cooperation and outline Kazakhstan’s strategic priorities in the short and medium term. The author suggests that Turkic nations are likely to collaborate in trade, transport, and high-tech ventures and tackle common issues, notably water resource management. This evidences the pivotal role of OTS in creating the essential geopolitical balance within Kazakhstan’s intricate web of institutional connections.

ҚАРАҚАЛПАҚСТАН ҚАЗАҚТАРЫ ТІЛІНДЕГІ ТОЙ ДӘСТҮРЛЕРІНЕ БАЙЛАНЫСТЫ ЖЕРГІЛІКТІ ЭТНОГРАФИЗМДЕР

The ethnographic lexics of Kazaks in Karakalpakstan has survived its national features it has been influenced by the culture of local Turkic nations, and has arts peculiar in heritage. The article deals with some ethnographisms which are mostly used and concerned with local Kazakhs wedding traditions. Also there is given a linguistic analysis for ethnographisms which have been used in kazakh literary language since ancient times such as «kalin mal», «urunbariw», «xudo» and «kiyit».

INNOVATIVE AND TECHNOLOGICAL PECULIARITIES OF TEACHING OF CHILDREN'S POETRY OF THE TURKIC NATIONS AT THE BEGINNING OF THE TWENTIETH CENTURY

This article considers the innovative and technological features of teaching humanity disciplines, including Kazakh literature, with the orientation of the teaching process in the higher education system to national values at the present time. The innovative and technological features of innovative teaching of children's poetry of the Turkic nations at the beginning of the twentieth century are studied. It is determined that the core of the children's poetry of the Turkic peoples awakens in modern youth the desire to know the deep history of our roots. In teaching of literature in higher educational institutions, the emphasis on the educational power of artistic works is placed on modern approaches to understanding the meaning of the art of words, fiction in the upbringing of personality in some cases, when in the era of modern globalization the human being is changing, moving away from spirituality. The article deals with the possibility of dividing classes into several groups, depending on the traditional and non-traditional nature in the modern education system. In the training of philologists, specialists in language and literature in higher vocational education, the following several general didactic principles of teaching literature (consistency and accessibility, activity of teaching literature, etc.) and heuristic methods of teaching, cognitive teaching methods are analyzed. This article considers the classification of scientists-methodologists’ principles in teaching disciplines in the process of education system: 1) methodological principles; 2) scientific principles; 3) psychological principles; 4) individual didactic principles. Methods of solving creative problems are divided in two groups (logical and heuristic). Features of the classification of heuristic methods of teaching are considered. Classification of cognitive methods of teaching into scientific methods, disciplines, metasubject methods and creative methods of teaching are pointed out.

“O‘zbek yangi alifbosini tuzishda asarlar” risolasi xususida

At the beginning of the last century, the devotees of the nation, who appeared on the stage of history under the name of Jadids, dreamed of building a state with a developed economy and science. To do this, it was necessary, first of all, to make the nation literate, to educate young people who have acquired modern knowledge. To this end, they established schools in a new way.The Arabic script, which had been used as the main script for more than a thousand еras, was reformed due to difficulties in reading and teaching. When the reform of the Arabic script did not give the expected result, the issue of the transition to the Latin script, like other Turkic na-tions, comes to the agenda.After the beginning of the movement for the transition from the Arabic script to the Latin, Uzbek intellectuals published articles on the se-lection of letters for the existing sounds, their scientific justification, and organized various council meetings and conferences. Should singarmo- nistic dialects be based on when composing a new alphabet? Or should one be based on corrupt dialects without singarmonism, which cannot reveal the nature of the Uzbek language? This issue was standing on the agenda, and there were a lot of disputes and controversies on this issue. Such con-troversies also influenced the movement of creating a national alphabet, resulting in the creation of four projects by different organizations. The article describes the last of these projects, the project created before the Baku conference.

Influencing of Religious-Mystical Views on Ancient Common Turkic Written Monuments (X-XII Centuries)

Since history and literature are closely interrelated in the life of society, in this article we will briefly dwell on the ancient history of related Turkic nations and among them, of course, the Kyrgyz, with an emphasis on artistic and ideological problems that reflect the ideology of society. Our conclusions are based on the opinions of Turkic scientists. Basically, in the literary analysis, we took into consideration the influence of the religious and mystical views of Sufism on the literary process of the X-XII centuries. The workpaper considers the influence of such representatives of the Common Turkic written literature of the X-XII centuries as Kul Khoja Ahmed Yassawi (“Book of Manual”) and Jusup Balasagyn (“Beneficial Knowledge).

Magazine “Türk yurdu” about the ideas of Turkism of Isma‘il Gasprinsky

This paper presents an analysis of the oldest Turkish publication “Türk Yurdu”, which described the ideas of Isma’il Gasprinsky, primarily the theory of Turkism. The chronological framework is 1911–1914, i.e. from the publication of the fi rst issue of the magazine in 1911 to the death of Gasprinsky. The analysis of the topic of Turkism coverage in “Türk Yurdu” still remains relevant and can make a positive contribution to the development of relations between the two countries in modern geopolitical conditions. On the pages of the magazine, there were the general Turkic problems together with the cultural and educational aspects. During the period under study, the purpose of the magazine was to unite the Turkic nations exclusively in a cultural sense. As a source for analysis, the author uses the articles about the nation and Turkism by the Russian Turkic-Muslim emigrant and Turkish intellectual elite of the early 20 th century – Yusuf Akchura, Akhmet Agayev (Agaoglu), Ziya Gokalp, Sadri Maksudi.

Birinchi turkologiya qurultоyining chаqirilishi va maqsadi hаqidа

In 1926 there was the first Turkological Conference in Boku, in which the issues of Turkic history, language and literature were discussed. The issues discussed in the conference have been analyzed from different point of views until nowadays. The press in the former soviet countries constantly advocated for this conference, as it was an important event in social-political life of Turkic nations. In the research of foreign specia- lists, this event is described as an important stage related to forming the language and history of Turkic nations under Bolshevik ideology. The at-tempts on this purpose carried out in the late 30s and later of the 20th cen-tury. It is an essential task for Turkologists and linguists to revise resources of that time which caused controversial opinions and to investigate them by comparing with the research in foreign countries. Before analyzing the material of the conference, it is necessary to identify when and why the idea of organizing this conference had occurred. Because there is no information about it in the research of Uzbek linguists. However, there are opinions not corresponding to each other in Russian and foreign works.Bilal N.Shimshiv, who investigated the development of Turkic wri-ting on the basic of Latin-based alphabet, writes that the idea of the con-ference of Turkish linguists appeared in 1923-1924s in Russia and in 1925 the preparation started. F.D. Ashin thinks that Shamoylivich put forward this idea. The letters by Samoylivish from S.Peterburg to Turkologist and linguist Gordlevskiya showed that this idea of the conference appeared in 1913.The analysis of the press from that time shows that the main aim of orginizing this conference is to transfer the alphabet of the nations into Russian alphabet.

Bolshevik opposition to the idea of the turkic unity (the first quarter of the twentieth century)

  The article discusses the emergence of the idea of the unification of Turkic peoples in the early twentieth century, as well as V. Lenin’s and J. Stalin’s position on national autonomy, unification on the cultural and national basis, the issues of the nation and the ways, the stages of its realization, the fight of the Bolsheviks against Turkic unity. In addition, the article describes how, after the formation of the USSR in December 1922, the People’s Commissariat for Nationalities, headed by Stalin, began to actively determine the direction and how to address the issue of nationalities in the national republics and oblasts. To study one of the most complex and controversial periods in the history of the former USSR, the author was guided by the principle of historicism, considering processes and phenomena in causal, temporal contact. The use of the problem-chronological method made it possible to create material in a chronological sequence, as well as to highlight important patterns and trends. The following methods were used: historical-genetic, historical-comparative, and historical-systemic methods as specific meth- ods of historical research. The study, based on archival data and the works of the intelligentsia of the Turkic nations, presents information about the Turkic movement in Russia in the first quarter of the 20th century. Key words: Turkic unity, Alashorda, nationalism, Bolshevik, V. Lenin, J. Stalin, Soviet period.

«ТҮРКІСТАН ҰЛТТЫҚ БІРЛЕСТІГІНІҢ» ЕУРОПА ЕЛДЕРІНДЕГІ ҚЫЗМЕТІ

The article discusses the history of the “Turkestan National Union” in Europe. This organization was created by the Turkic emigrants consisting of the most educated and cultural layers of the Turkic nations of the former Russian empire. They contributed greatly to developing the ideological basis for the national liberation struggle of the Turkic nations in the USSR. The political activity of emigrants from the Soviet Union in Europe was carried out mainly within the framework of the “Prometheus” League. “Prometheus” was a political club that united a number of independent national organizations of the former colonial regions of the Russian Empire. The sources for the study - are documents and materials from the European archives. The main ideas and goals of the “Turkestan National Union” are viewed as an alternative to the creation of Soviet republics in Turkestan.

Xalach tili va uning o‘zbek tili bilan ayrim yaqinliklari to‘g‘risida

Khalach is distinguished among the Turkic nations by a distinctive language and a rich past of various realities. Today, living on the central regions of Iran, living nomadic life, this nation took part in the ethnic Union of several society of Central Asia and its neighbor regions. Especially among the Turkic peoples - the Turkmen, the Uzbek, the Anatolian Turks, as well as among the Afghans, many ethnic terms associated with them have been preserved. In the early Middle Ages, the Khalachs, who lived in the Yettisuw (Semirech’e) country, moved to the sides of Afghanistan and Northern India (Pakistan) between the VI–VIII centuries AD, forming their own political associations here. The role of Khalch’s in the establishment of several Turkic dynasties in these countries has a separate place. The presence of a large number of written sources in the old Indian, Chinese, Bactrian, Arabic, Persian and Turkic is proof of that.

CH.CH. VALIKHANOV ABOUT THE LANGUAGE AND STYLE OF THE TURKIC EPIC

In this article consider about the scientific contribution of Ch.Ch. Valikhanov to the Turkic epic studies, about his study of the epic culture of the Turks of Central Asia, Southern Siberia and the North Caucasus. The main place in it is devoted to the language, style and genre of the epic of the Turkic peoples, their poetic forms and their art of speech. The purpose of the article is to reveal the views and methodological approaches of the scientist in the light of the current oral theory of Parry-Lord, to identify their prospects and productivity. The practical value of the article comes from the scientific effectiveness of the works and ideas of the scientist in his analysis of oral poetic forms of folklore, stylistics and aesthetics. The main method of Ch.Ch. Valikhanov is holistic, that is, a view "from within the tradition itself" in its living process. This method did not exclude the comparative-historical, typological, systematic method, the method of analysis and revealed great prospects in the scientific study of the oral epic of the Turkic nations. The main conclusion of this article is that the first professional orientalist, ethnographer, historian, linguist Ch.Ch. Valikhanov is the founder of classical Turkic epic studies, the first collector and original commentator of its best samples. He brilliantly foresaw many directions of modern topical oral theory and world folklore and deeply understood the unique nature of the ancient Steppe knowledge, the mighty oral epic of the Turks of the North Caucasus, Southern Siberia, Central and Central Asia. For the first time, this integral epic Turkic tradition is described by him in all the genre and species richness. The historical and ethnographic approach of the scientist to the analysis of the epic art of the Turkic peoples is of valuable practical importance for oral theory and the humanities. Keywords: poetic form, oral Parry-Lord theory, tradition, formula style, Turkic epic, Steppe knowledge, initial foundations.

Названия продуктов питания в произведении Махмуда Кашгари «Диван Лугат ат-Турк» и их употребление в современном кыргызском языке

The work Diwan Lughat at-Turk by the lexicographer, ethnographer, folklorist, geographer, historian and person considered to be a scientist of all Turkic nations in XI century Mahmud Kashgari is of incomparable value for the Turkic peoples for the fact that it has spread its roots far in the history of lexicology and for its encyclopedic value. With the help of this work, it is possible to trace the evolution of both the Turkic languages and the modern Kyrgyz language. This article examines the names of food in the work Diwan Lughat at-Turk by Mahmud Kashgari and compares them with the modern Kyrgyz language. Most of the words in the work are used in the modern Kyrgyz language in their initial form. It was considered how these words are pronounced in the Kyrgyz language, among which some were analyzed. Proof of this is the historical and semantic connection of such words as: ayran–ayran; bal–bal; kymyz–kymyz; komech–komoch and others identified on the basis of comparative analysis.

Названия птиц в произведении «Диван Лугат ат-Турк» и их употребление в современном кыргызском языке

The work of the first Turkologist of the Middle Ages, geographer, outstanding linguist Mahmud Kashgari Diwan Lughat at-Turk is an incomparable wealth for the Turkic languages. With the help of this work, it is quite possible to trace the evolution of the Turkic languages, among which there is also the modern Kyrgyz language. This article examines the names of birds in the work of the scientist of all Turkic nations Mahmud Kashgari Diwan Lughat at-Turk and their comparison with the modern Kyrgyz language. It is known that most of the words mentioned in the article, apart from the fact that they have undergone only minor phonetic changes, are pronounced in the Kyrgyz language without changes as in their original form. The article examines how the names concerning birds are pronounced in the Kyrgyz language, and also analyzes some words. As a result of a comparative analysis, the historical and semantic connection of the following words in the Turkic languages was revealed: kargylach–karlygach; ular–ular; kukuk–kukuk; keklik–kekilik; kargaa–karga etc.

Еще раз о Босом волке в тюрко-монгольском эпосе и «Слове о полку Игореве»

The article analyses the names of the wolf in the eposes of the Mongolian and Turkic nations, which is of interest for defining the Mongolian and Turkic epic traditions and perceptions related to the wolf. One of the problems discussed by the author is the understanding of the Old Russian word-combination ‘босый волк’(off-white wolf) which appears in “The Song of Igor’s Campaign”. In the Mongolian folklore, a name of the wolf includes the word hалзн ‘a white mark or white stripe on the forehead of the animal’ which is inherent in the definition of a wolf by color. This specification allows us to eliminate all the fancy translations of the word combination ‘босый волк’(off-white wolf) and matches well the notion of the color of the wolf in the real life.

Mythopoetics of ancient epics of turkic peoples

This article deals with the research on dastans, the oral lore of the epic genre of Turkic peoples, featuring daunting stories and rich ethnographic details. Interestingly, the voluminous epic monuments belong to the common cultural heritage of different groups of kindred Turkic peoples: Tatars, Kazakhs, Bashkirs, Nogai, Uzbeks, Azerbaijanis, Turkmens, and others. We analyzed the epic-dastans, widespread and preserved until now in many Turkic nations, including the Tatars and Kazakhs, to identify their mythological attributes and behavioral formulas in the image of their heroes. We have noticed that the heroes of the analyzed dastans act in a "mythological space" and reflect "mythological consciousness." There, ancient mythological ideas of the Turkic nations about the world intervene with the ideas created later under the influence of Islam. By analyzing the behavior and deeds of the heroes of epic-dastans, such as "Er Tishlik", "Alpamysh Batyr", "Edige Batyr", "Koroghly", inherent in both the Kazakh and Tatar nations, we managed to find common features between the epic and mythological heroes, made a number of conclusions regarding their behavioral nature and the continuity of the mythological and artistic systems of the Turkic peoples' thought. Starting with the ancient epic and ending with the heroic dastans of the Turks, their themes and motifs in varying degrees are related to the mythological chronotype. Scientists, who devoted their scientific works to epics research, note the presence of the mythological layer in them. The mythological motif can be most expressly traced in more ancient epics, which denoted the beginning of the ancient Turkic folklore genres' development. Since the second half of the XIX century, the scientist recorded numerous folklore works of Turkic nations, told by their bearers during long scientific expeditions across Altai, Tuva, Khakassia, Shoria, Southern Siberia, East Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, Northern Mongolia, and other territories of the Turkic nations' residence.

Kaşgar dan Doğu Türkçesi Şiirler [Çeviriyazı - Aktarma - Söz Varlığı - Tıpkıbasım

The poems represented in this study under the title as “Eastern Turki Poems from Kashgar” constitute the main subject of this study. The poems on which no academical study conducted by now are kept in Sweden in the Library of Lund University. Swedish Turkologist Gunnar V. Jarring recorded in his catalogue that poems were written in Uighur language and defined the poems as “Popular Eastern Turki Poems”. Actually poems are consisted of 2 folios and they were copied in 1908 in Kashgar probably from a manuscript of a collected literary works or the original poetry folios. As is known, Chaghatai Turkic became a classical common literal language in the 15th century via Ali Sir Nevāyī’s works among the Turkic nations excluding Ottomans, but towards the 20th century, dominant character of Nevāyī’s Chaghatai decreased little by little in the Eastern Turki literature and also varied with some features of other Turkic dialects because of the effects of local speech in different regions. According to the linguistic results of this paper, the Eastern Turki poems, that is to say, the research subject, belong to the “Post-classical period of Chaghatai Turkic” and they are certainly the literal works of 18th or 19th century. In the view of this information, the poems are analyzed from the perspective of a philological methodology in the study. Firstly a transcription of the poems in Latin alphabet, secondly the translation of the poems into Standard Turkey Turkish and thirdly a glossary in which a list of words containing the morphological and etymological data are presented in comformity with the mentioned methodology. Additionally, the original facsimile of the poems in Arabic script is presented at the end.

Qаdimgi turkiy аsаrlаrdа mаtn ikki tilliligi

Ancient Turkic literature has a long history. Its traditions and skills in making text have also come from ancient times. There is a tradition of making parallel (bilingual) texts in the history of making text in Old Turkic. We can find the first such works in Turkic literature before epoch of Islam. At this time, the trade, economic, social and cultural relations of the Turkic nations with neighboring nations and states intensified. As a result, texts that are created in the literature began to be produced in two (or three) languages. Making bilingual texts is connected with translation work. This article is analyzing of bilingual texts from Turkic-Manichaean literature. In article gives emergence and structure of these bilingual texts.

A book of protection: Hoja Ahmad Yassawi's "Devoni Hikmat"

Every great fiction book is a book that portrays the uniqueness of the universe and man, the difficulty of breaking that bond, or the weakening of its bond and the increase in human. The creation of such a book is beyond the reach of all creators, and not all works can illuminate the cultural, spiritual and moral status of any nation in the world by unraveling the underlying foundations of humanity. With the birth of Hoja Ahmad Yassawi's “Devoni Hikmat”, the Turkic nations were recognized as a nation with its own book of teaching, literally, the encyclopedia of enlightenment, truth and spirituality.