Turkic World Research Articles

Upon the Imparative

In this article, one of the controversial topics in Turkish grammar, the imperative was handled. There were studies on showing different viewpoints on the structure of the imperative and its inflection, and expressing these differences in various types in both written and oral way in the literature. These studies were searched and were categorized generally under two different viewpoints in the study. Some linguists claimed that the inflection of the imperative comprised of 1., 2. and 3. person singular and plural subjects by referencing historical resources of Turkish. However, the others asserted that the imperative only consisted of 2. and 3. person singular, and 2. and 3. person plural subjects, in other words it included four inflections by stating that 1. person singular and 1. plural subject’s additions were the optative. Therefore, they did not accept 1. person singular and 1. plural subjects as the imperatives. Firstly, the concept “the imperative” was defined, and then its structures and declension in the historical period were analysed in this study. In addition, the imperative’s controversial usage in today’s’ Turkish grammar were dealt and its similarities with the optative were questioned. Lastly, some suggestions for its usage were developed with a brief discussion about the study findings. The additions and inflections of the imperative were investigated in the historical period based on various resources in the study. Almost all these resources focused on the imperative from the six personal pronouns. The declension of the imperative was formed according to the six personal pronouns in all resources in Old Turkish, Old Anatolian Turkish, Ottoman Turkish and almost all Turkish dialects. Today, there are some linguists following this declension style and understanding. As these resources were transferred with written forms and they followed each other, there were very few different viewpoints on the usage of the imperative in those resources. Unlike this viewpoint, with the transformation of Turkish in Turkey, there occurred some differences in language word heritage and also in its natural transformation period. Therefore, most of the grammar books written in this period accepted the viewpoint that the imperative included the declensions of both 2. and 3. singular and plural subjects. These linguists did not include the declension of the imperative for 1. person singular and 1. plural pronouns by agreeing that an individual can not order him/herself. With a constant development process in languages, the grammar of Turkish language shows some structural and usage differences, too. One of these developments is the differences in the usage of the imperative. The distinct reason of this difference is the confusing usage of the imperative and the optative. Investigating this difference with Turkish language’s language logic, stress and intonation will be more plausible way of searching instead of thinking the effects of foreign languages over Turkish. This point was described with citations and the examples given in Turkish language’s teaching process. In sum, the findings reached from the resources about the inflection of the imperative were presented and some suggestions were developed with deep analyses in order to shed light on the controversial usage of the imperative in Turkish. In addition, the resources were narrowed not to widen the entire text in this study.

Türkiye ile Orta Asya Türk Cumhuriyetleri Arasındaki Psikolojik Mesafe

Türkiye ile Orta Asya Türk Cumhuriyetleri Arasındaki Psikolojik Mesafe

Türkiye Türkçesi Söz Varlığında Fiillerin Derlem Denetimi ve Derlem Tabanlı Sözlüğü

Türkiye Türkçesi Söz Varlığında Fiillerin Derlem Denetimi ve Derlem Tabanlı Sözlüğü

Military Art in Avar Khaganate

The Avars, who moved to Eastern Europe in VI-VIII centuries not only altered the ethnic composition of the local population, but also made a change in their social life, customs, and military tactics.The purpose of the article – to research the influence of military tactics of Avar Khaganate who ruled in the wilds of Eastern Europe in the early Middle Ages to the art of war of the Europeans.Theory and research methods are based on the prominent theoretical works of major Kazakhstan and foreign researchers. It was used historical-comparative analysis and methods of system analysis.The practical significance of the study is the importance of its educational process. The practical significance of the study is the importance of its educational process. Problems of military art of Avar Khaganate as part of the Turkic world is important in teaching such courses as the course “History of the Middle Ages in Western and Eastern Europe”, “History of Kazakhstan in the Middle Ages”, etc.

Asirtmali Aba Wrestling in Turkish sports history and culture

Asirtmali Aba Wrestling, which is one of the wrestling types that is made with wearing clothes, expresses itself as an outward reflection of spiritual and physical needs of people as a whole both in previous times and today. It also faces us as a cultural accumulation of Turkish people in their daily lives and values within social dimensions. In other words, practicing wrestling in times when Turks have lived in Central Asia has grown out of the need for the unity of spiritual sentiments and thoughts with body by remaining bound to their living standards and cultural norms of those times. In this research the traditional wrestling of Turks, asirtmali aba wrestling, which is performed in Gaziantep, has been analyzed with its historical background, clothing, rules and techniques. In the research, terminologies have been noticed which originated from asirtmali aba wrestling and gradually gained technical meanings and contributed to the enrichment of the language. Asirtmali aba wrestling receives its name from clothing made by aba, a loose-fitting garment woven of camel or goat hair, which pehlivan, a wrestler of Turkish traditional wrestling, has worn as well as from technical term called ‘el asirma’, an act performed by the attacker to grab the belt of his opponent in the back by moving his hand over opponent’s shoulder and reaching his hand to opponent’s belt in the back. Asirtmali aba wrestling is performed in Gaziantep province, especially at the end of harvest, in weddings, festivals and celebrations. Basic games/techniques, which are performed so often in Asirtmali aba wrestling, are shown step by step in pictures. With this study, which asirtmali aba wrestling is introduced and comparisons are made between forms of this wrestling among other Turkic Republics, you will have the view of Turkish world. The fundamental aim of this study is to present the historical development of asirtmali aba wrestling, its terminology, clothing, rules and basic games/techniques which is performed in Gaziantep. These issues, which have been lacking in previous studies, will be filled in this study and therefore, it will constitute weight for the research. In this research, historical and descriptive methods have been used; literature scan and method of interviewing experts in collecting data about aba wrestling have been employed. Since it is widely performed in Gaziantep, an on-site survey has been done by visiting the province

TÜRK YAZI DİLİNİN TARİHÎ DÖNEMLERİ VE ORTA TÜRKÇENİN YERİ MESELESİ

Assorted differences are seen from the point of remark, explication and classification of the eras and the periods of eras on the question which historical dialect belongs to which era or period when the advancement and alternation process of Turkish language on the stage of Turkish language history, are analysed from past to nowadays in terms of phonetics, morfology, syntax, semantics and vocabulary. Foremost differences appear on the problem of classification of dialects into eras and determination of naming and indication of dialects in the periods. In this work, with in the scope of some notableness different opinions, determinations and classifications, the subjects on starting and finish points and the place among historical periods and belonging dialects of the era of Turkish language which is called as “Old Turkic” are examined and especially the problem of the place of the era “Middle Turkic” in historical advancement and alternation process of Turkish language and in the light of other effective reasons concern with constitution of Middle Turkic which occured after Old Turkic and divided into different periods by reason of political, social and ethnological affairs affected Turkic world of Middle Age and its frontiers and extent are discussed.

Concepts of “wrestling – wrestler” within culture of Turkish world

Concepts of “wrestling – wrestler” within culture of Turkish world

Actual Issues of Research and Teaching of Hun's History

Abstract This paper is devoted to the research and teaching of Hun's history, as part of the Turkic world which has a great theoretical and practical significance. Huns belonged to the Turkic-speaking tribes. In 375 they crushed Ermanarih power in Europe, which led to the Great Migration. Starting from IV-V centuries the synthesis, the integration of social relations, culture of the tribes and peoples who inhabited Eurasia began. The author based on the use of rare written sources in Latin, Greek, early German languages involving data archeology, ethnology and modern interdisciplinary research concluded that Hun Empire objectively had an impact on the fate of European history.

Eurasian Idea of N.A. Nazarbayev as the Basis of Modern Integration

Abstract This paper analyzes the role of Eurasian idea of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan N. Nazarbayev in developing integration process of Eurasian continent. The following issues are of central attention: characteristics of the formation and development of Eurasian idea (Russian emigrant's views and modern views), analysis of N. Nazarbayev's project and its evolution, importance of the Eurasian idea in economic (Eurasian Economic Community, Customs Union), security spheres (OCST), N. Nazarbayev's idea as the the basis for cultural dialogue with the countries of the Turkic world.

The Spring Festival of Akaška / Nunal Celebrated by the Southern Udmurts in the Late 19TH–EARLY 20TH Century

The article describes the traditional spring festival of Akaška celebrated by the Southern Udmurts. The content and form of the festival indicate that some elements were borrowed from the Turkic world. While some borrowed elements have their counterparts in the ritual practices of the Turkic-speaking peoples of the Middle Volga region and the Urals, the sources of other borrowed elements can be found in the Turko-Mongolian environment of southern Siberia and the Altai.

Eskişehir ekonomisinin genel görünümü: Bölgesel göstergelerle bir değerlendirme

This study aims to give an outlook to the regional economic indicators of Eskisehir which is honored as the 2013 Cultural Capital of the Turkic World. The study referred to the indicators like population dynamics, demographic, employment and production structures, output levels, size and distribution of household income, volume of foreign trade and foreign direct investments. The regional indicators signified Eskisehir as a city that has a strong economy with its increasing production in agricultural sector, outward-oriented growth in industrial sector and employment opportunities in services sector. Moreover, Eskisehir is assigned as a city that has high welfare in which the wage earners and retiree live mostly

THE ACCUSATIVE CASE SUFFIXES IN IRAN (AZERBAIJAN) DIALECTS

Iran is a very important region in terms of Turkish language and culture. Today, there are some areas where the Ottoman and Azeri Turkish, which are branches of western Turkish, are spoken in Iran region. There are pronunciation and phonetic differences among them and Turkey-Turkish. The morphological differences are negligible. Studies in Turkey on determination of these differences are insufficient at the moment. A few master and doctoral theses have been written on Azerbaijan dialects in Turkey. Old Oghuz sound and shape properties live in Iran dialects. Therefore, the different grammatical structures appear in spoken languages in a remarkable way. In Turkey Turkish designator suffix is created by using + I for vowels and using + sI for constants. In Iran's Azerbaijan dialects the different uses of this suffix is seen. In this study, the accusative case suffixes created by + I, + n, + nI in Iran’s Hamedan and Salmas regions presented. In addition, this study also put forward similar and differing aspects of the accusative case suffixes withTurkeyTurkish. Therefore, firstly the accusative case suffixes in Azerbaijan dialects were examined and exemplified. Similar uses and the different uses were specified and exemplified. Studies on Azerbaijan dialects in Iran will be a very important step for the studies on Oghuz. Studies in this field will contribute Turkish Language. This study will contribute the studies on the Comparative Turkish Grammar and will provide important contributions to the lexicon of Turkish tribes’ dialects.

Sultans of Rome: the Turkish world expansion

Sultans of Rome: the Turkish world expansion

Vowel harmony: A Comparative Study of Turkey's and Azerbaijani Turkish

The main purpose of this paper is to compare and contrast the treatment of vowel harmony, a kind of long-distance assimilatory phonological process involving vowels, in Turkey's Turkish and Azerbaijani Turkish (Iran). Examining carefully the linguistic data obtained from the dialects and within the framework of generative phonology, the author of the paper has attempted to evaluate the present-day situation of vowel harmony (a synchronic study) in the above- mentioned members of Oghuz languages. The results of the study showed that, except some violations mostly observed in loanwords, there is an innate and high degree of harmony in both of them, along with some degrees of disharmony. It can be claimed that one of the main factors of the observed disharmony, among other factors, is the effect of other languages and the existence of loanwords. Generally speaking, we may conclude that vowel harmony is one of the most active and prominent phonological rules both in Turkey's Turkish and Azerbaijani Turkish (Iran), of course with some degrees of difference.

Muhacerattaki bir Özbek Türkü’nün mektuplarına göre Türk dünyası – Abdulvahap Oktay ve mektupları

Since the late 19th century, especially after both the world wars and Russian Revolution, Turkestanis and other Turks in Russia emigrated to Turkey, the Middle East, Europe, and the Far East for various reasons. They organized their own communities and kept in touch with each other. This paper focuses on the activities of Abdulvahap Oktay, a Turkestani (or Uzbek) emigre during the 1940s and 1950s. Oktay was educated in Germany and his importance among Turkestani emigres was maintained even after his emigration to Turkey. The correspondence between Oktay and his friends/colleagues, which was incidentally found by this author, illustrates his contacts within and outside the community. Oktay’s publication is one of the subjects. For example, a Turkestani emigrant to Adana mentioned in his letter the journal Turkistan (1953), with which Oktay engaged. Another important subject is the last days of Ayaz Đshaki, who was leader of the Volga-Ural Turks and passed away in July, 1954. One letter explains the process of electing a new leader. This letter also describes the international anti-Soviet meetings in Munich, in which Oktay participated as a Turkestani delegate in 1958. According to a letter to his wife and colleague, Oktay kept in touch with Americans in the Turkish Front in accordance with emigre organizations in Idil-Ural, Azerbaijan, among others. In addition, we read about situations of Turks in Finland in letters from his old friends. Although Oktay’s correspondence tells us about the “Turkic World” of emigres, some struggles existed within their communities.

Güney Azerbaycan Atasözlerinde Su Üzerine

Iran is one of the important geographies where Oghuz Turks have lived since the beginning of the 1000s. So, Iran region has rich sources for the Turkology because it has been a place where Turkish culture has been formed. Water that constitutes an important place on human life has been considered as a sacred being with different viewpoints in Turkish culture. The proverbs which are the most important items of the oral literature reflect the historical experience and the envisaging and mentality of public with a short and impressive saying. The proverbs expressed with various terms throughout history has been one of the most beautiful elements of national wealth by processed in public language at different time and areas The study is on water in the proverbs of Iran Azerbaijan. In this context, Emaāl u Neṣāyiḥ-i Turki, Tebrizden Dort Defter (Atalar sozleri, meseller, hikmetler), Ferheng-i Darbu’l Meselha-yi Afsar-i Azerbaycan, Emsâl-i Hikem Der Zebân-i Mahalli-yi Azerbaycan and Ata Babalar Deyibler were examined and the proverbs in which the item of water is mentioned were found and classified according to the subjects. Also, the proverbs were compared with the proverbs in Turkey Turkish and dialects and historical sources.

NEHCÜ'L-FERÂDÎS'TE 'TAKI'

Nehcu’l-Ferâdis is one of masterpieces of not only Harezm Turkish but also of the whole Turkish language. That the work, which made great contributions to Turkish-Islamic culture, has rich material for history of Turkish language necessitated the present study. The word ‘taki’, which is used in Turkey Turkish in the forms of da/de, dahi which are conjunctions with a property of emphasis, is the focus of the article. The meanings, the lines in which taki is used and their functions will be presented and some numeric data will be given in tables. The aim of the study is to show the diversity and productiveness of the word, which is found 5730 times in the work. Accordingly, we believe that we made a contribution to Turkish language studies by handling Nehcu’l-Ferâdis with this regard.

Focus: Workers' victory at DHL Turkey

Page 8 Volume 20 Issue 4 2013 INTERNATIONAL union rights FOCUS ❐ RECOGNITION AND BARGAINING SYSTEMS to the minimum wage, now 978 Turkish Lira (approx. 350 euro) per month, which is considered significantly below an adequate living wage. December 2012: New labour legislation but still the old authoritarianism Under pressure from the European Union and International Labour Organisation, the AKP government enacted the Law of Trade Unions and Collective Agreements in December 2012. But the new legislation – shaped in large part by the principal employer organisations – offers few genuine protections for workers seeking to form unions. Indeed, in certain key respects – bargaining rights for new unions, penalties for unlawful management practices, and additional restrictions on strikes – the new law may be worse than the 1983 legislation it has replaced. In the area of bargaining rights, the sector threshold for unions has been reduced from 10 percent to 3 percent, but the number of sectors has also been reduced and their size increased, and thus for some new unions, the 3 percent threshold may actually be more difficult to achieve than the old 10 percent threshold. The law reduces the already weak financial penalties for unlawful terminations for employees at small and medium sized enterprises and for employees with less than six months seniority, who together constitute about one half of the Turkish labour force. Thus, contrary to the hopes of international organisations, the new law continues the old tradition of authoritarianism and does little to strengthen fundamental labour rights and freedoms. It will provide few additional protections for workers seeking to organise at the Turkish subsidiaries of European-based MNCs. Employer anti-unionism is endemic In the private sector, the situation facing independent unions is dire. Employer violations of workers’ rights are endemic. Both Turkish and foreign-owned companies routinely harass and intimidate workers who try to form unions. They fire union activists, retaliate against union members in the workplace, pressure workers to resign from the union and interfere with the free choice of non-union workers. Employers form ‘yellow unions’ and pressure workers to join them. While unlawful, these tactics usually go completely unpunished. The penalties against unfair dismissals, for example, are weak and do not act as a deterrent against unlawful behaviour. Labour courts often order Turkish employers to reinstate workers, but they can choose instead to avoid reinstatement by paying a minimal amount of compensation. Union members are often denied promotions and pay Workers’ Victory at DHL Turkey Both Turkish and foreign-owned companies routinely harass and intimidate workers who try to form unions JOHN LOGAN is Professor and Director of Labor and Employment Studies at San Francisco State University and a senior research fellow at the University of CaliforniaBerkeley Labor Center In 2012 and 2013, he wrote two reports on DP-DHL’s labour practices in Turkey T he anti-government protests in Istanbul, Ankara, and other Turkish cities in June 2012 brought international attention to the authoritarian tendencies of Prime Minister Erdo an’s Justice and Development Party (‘AKP’) government . Since first winning power in 2002, the Erdo an government has also exercised significant repression in the area of labour rights. It has limited workers’ rights to organise and strike, and has allowed companies to violate workers’ rights with virtual impunity. As a result, Turkey has become the ‘de-unionisation champion of the OECD’. But even in the face of this repression, Turkish workers won union recognition and collective bargaining at DHL Turkey in October 2013. Repression of workers’ rights has been the norm in modern Turkey Turkey has repeatedly restricted labour rights in recent times. Indeed, with the exception of brief periods in the 1960s and 1970s, the systematic repression of independent unions has been a constant theme in the 100-year history of the Turkish Republic. Repression of unions and strikes followed the military coups of 1960, 1971, and 1980, and even after the return to civilian rule, the government placed significant restrictions on the right to organise. Under 1983 legislation, which stayed in place for almost three decades, unions were required to win majority support at the workplace and demonstrate that they represented at least 10 percent of all the workers in their...

TÜRKİYE TÜRKÇESİ SÖZLÜKLERİNE VERİLEN ADLAR ÜZERİNE

Dictionaries are the word treasures of a language. The studies on Turkey Turkish dictionaries are not adequate . Although there has been some research on dictionaries, the names of the dictionaries have not been dealt with. This study aims to investigate the meanings of the names of Turkey Turkish dictionaries, and the contemporary Turkish counterparts of those meanings. The dictionaries written in Anatolia have been named as lugat, kamus, okyanus, burhan, ferheng; lehce, zubde, muntehap, uns, tuhfe, nuhbe. They have also taken the secondary names of muhit, basit; babus; kati, tibyan, nafi; behcet.

Towns And Cities In Which Researches On Turkey Turkish Dialects Have Not Been Carried Out

Towns And Cities In Which Researches On Turkey Turkish Dialects Have Not Been Carried Out