Turbidity Of Solution Research Articles

Amphipolar, Amphiphilic 2,4-diarylpyrano[2,3-b]indoles as Turn-ON Luminophores in Acidic and Basic Media.

A versatile amphiphilic pyrano[2,3-b]indole for halochromic turn-ON luminescence in acidic or basic media is accessed by an insertion-coupling-cycloisomerization and adjusting solubilizing and phenolic functionalities. While almost non-emissive in neutral solutions, treatment with acids or bases like trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) or 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene (DBU) reveals distinct luminescence at wavelengths of 540 nm or 630 nm in propan-2-ol, respectively. Turn-ON emission can be detected at pH values as mild as pH = 5.31 or 8.70. Quantum yields in propan-2-ol are substantial for protonated (Φf = 0.058) and deprotonated (Φf = 0.059) species. Photometrically, pKa1 of 3.5 and pKa2 of 10.5 were determined in propan-2-ol. With lipophilic polyether sidechains and hydrophilic protonation and deprotonation sites the molecule can be regarded as amphipolar, which results in good solubility properties for different organic solvents. In aqueous media, an organic co-solvent like propan-2-ol (35%) or tetrahydrofuran (25%) is needed, and the solution can be diluted with pure water without precipitation of the compound. At higher concentrations of water, a turbid solution is formed, which indicates the formation of micellar structures or clusters. With dynamic light scattering we could show that these clusters increase in size with increasing water content.

Facile preparation of carbonized cellulose nanoparticles and their application for the dispersive solid phase extraction prior to dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction of pesticide residues from vegetable and fruit juices

In this work, carbonized cellulose nanoparticles have been prepared easily by heating filter paper in a mixture of sulfuric acid and water. The nanoparticles were utilized as the dispersive solid phase extraction sorbent for the extraction of diniconazole, clodinafob-propargyl, oxadiazon, chlorpyrifos, fenpropathrin, and fenoxaprop-p-ethyl residues from orange, grape, pomegranate, and peach juices and fresh cucumber and onion juices. Initially, the analytes in the aqueous sample were adsorbed onto the carbonized cellulose nanoparticles by vortex mixing. Then the sorbent particles were isolated from the solution by centrifuging. Acetonitrile was used for elution of the adsorbed analytes. Then, the obtained eluate was mixed with 1,2–dibromoethane and rapidly injected into an aqueous solution. A turbid solution was obtained. It was centrifuged and an aliquot of the sedimented extractant was injected into gas chromatography–flame ionization detector. The large surface area and hydrophilic nature of the prepared sorbent provided its high extraction efficiency for the selected analytes and easy dispersibility into the aqueous solutions. Performance characteristics of the proposed method were determined under the best extraction conditions. The enrichment factor for all of the studied pesticides was more than 257. Limits of detection and quantification were obtained in the ranges of 0.31–0.53 and 1.0–1.5 µg L–1, respectively. The relative standard deviations were in the ranges of 3–5 and 5–7% for intra– and inter–day precisions, respectively, for six replicated determinations at a concentration of 50 µg L−1 of each analyte. The presented method was used for determination of the selected pesticides in various vegetable and fruit juices and oxadiazon was found in onion juice at µg L–1 level.

Influence of admixtures on the characteristics of aqueous foam produced using a synthetic surfactant

Foam characteristics, including density, stability, and texture, influence the properties of end products like foamed concrete. The present work investigates the individual and combined influence of xanthan gum and low-cost sodium-based admixtures (NaOH, NaCl, and Na2CO3) on the viscosity of sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) foaming solution and the foam characteristics. Where xanthan gum induced its characteristic pseudo-plastic behavior to the foaming solution, the addition of sodium-based admixtures did not affect the Newtonian behavior of the SLS solution. The addition of sodium-based admixtures elevated the critical turbidity and Krafft temperature of the surfactant solution. Xanthan gum substantially reduced the liquid drainage and improved stability to a great extent. However, the increment in foam density was more gradual with increasing xanthan gum dosage, following an increase in lamella thickness. Sodium-based admixtures significantly increased the density of foam while reducing the bubble sizes. Further, the SLS solution admixed with xanthan gum and sodium-based admixture resulted in foam with properties intermediate to the foams stabilized with individual admixtures. The resulting foam had a higher density and a smaller mean bubble size than unstabilized or xanthan gum stabilized foam. In contrast, the stability was more increased compared to unstabilized or sodium-based admixture stabilized foam.

The Effect of UV Degradation of Ketoprofen and Its Influencing Factors

This paper mainly studies the removal effect of ketoprofen in UV-degraded water and explores the influence of light turbidity, light intensity and other factors on the degradation efficiency of ketoprofen. The results show that deep ultraviolet treatment has a good degradation effect on ketoprofen, which accords with the pseudo-first-order kinetic equations. After irradiation with 1700 μw/cm2 UV lamps for 40 minutes, the maximum removal rate can reach 99.59%. Besides, UV lamps with different irradiation strengths (1300μw/cm2/1700μw/cm2) have similar treatment effects on ketoprofen. Low turbidity (1-5NTU) solutions will reduce the degradation rate of ketoprofen, while high turbidity (5-9NTU) solutions will enhance the degradation rate of ketoprofen. Solution turbidity is increased after UV degradation of ketoprofen.

Water Turbidity Retrieval Based on UAV Hyperspectral Remote Sensing

The water components affecting turbidity are complex and changeable, and the spectral response mechanism of each water quality parameter is different. Therefore, this study mainly aimed at the turbidity monitoring by unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) hyperspectral technology, and establishes a set of turbidity retrieval models through the artificial control experiment, and verifies the model’s accuracy through UAV flight and water sample data in the same period. The results of this experiment can also be extended to different inland waters for turbidity retrieval. Retrieval of turbidity values of small inland water bodies can provide support for the study of the degree of water pollution. We collected the images and data of aquaculture ponds and irrigation ditches in Dawa District, Panjin City, Liaoning Province. Twenty-nine standard turbidity solutions with different concentration gradients (concentration from 0 to 360 NTU—the abbreviation of Nephelometric Turbidity Unit, which stands for scattered turbidity.) were established through manual control and we simultaneously collected hyperspectral data from the spectral values of standard solutions. The sensitive band to turbidity was obtained after analyzing the spectral information. We established four kinds of retrieval, including the single band, band ratio, normalized ratio, and the partial least squares (PLS) models. We selected the two models with the highest R2 for accuracy verification. The band ratio model and PLS model had the highest accuracy, and R2 was, respectively, 0.65 and 0.72. The hyperspectral image data obtained by UAV were combined with the PLS model, which had the highest R2 to estimate the spatial distribution of water turbidity. The turbidity of the water areas in the study area was 5–300 NTU, and most of which are 5–80 NTU. It shows that the PLS models can retrieve the turbidity with high accuracy of aquaculture ponds, irrigation canals, and reservoirs in Dawa District of Panjin City, Liaoning Province. The experimental results are consistent with the conclusions of the field investigation.

Selective recovery of Pb(II) from a waste electrolyte via ion flotation with iminodiacetic acid-functionalized graphene oxide as a nanocollector

In this work, iminodiacetic acid-functionalized graphene oxide (IDA@GO) is prepared and used as a nanocollector for enhancing and selectively recovering Pb(II) from a strongly acidic waste electrolyte via ion flotation. IDA@GO is characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, zeta potential measurements and atomic force microscopy. The effects of pH, reaction time, cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) dosage and aeration rate on the Pb(II) concentration and turbidity of the residual solution are examined systematically. The experimental results show that the adsorption capacity of Pb(II) on IDA@GO can reach 91.21 mg/g at pH 2. After froth flotation, the turbidity of the treated solution decreased to 0.55 NTU under the optimal CTAB dosage and aeration rate. In addition, as compared with GO, the relative selectivity coefficients of IDA@GO are up to 1.304, 1.471, 1.807 and 1.509 for Co(II), Ni(II), Zn(II) and Cd(II), respectively, thereby exhibiting better selectivity performance. Moreover, IDA@GO can be reused as a nanocollector in ion flotation and exhibits ideal regeneration performance. In addition, the recovery mechanism is found to proceed through Pb(II) adsorbing on IDA@GO by electrostatic attraction, ion exchange and surface complexation, with the addition of CTAB improving the hydrophobicity of Pb(II)-loaded IDA@GO flocs, thus achieving the recovery of Pb(II) via froth flotation.

Unique phase behaviour and self-assembly of a lysine derivative, Fmoc-homoarginine, in water-DMSO mixtures.

Ternary solutions of an amino acid derivative, Fmoc-homoarginine (Fmoc-hArg), dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), and water exhibit unique phase behaviour. Fmoc-hArg is dissolved in DMSO to provide a clear solution, but the solution becomes turbid after aging (turn-over phase separation). The turbid DMSO solution of Fmoc-hArg becomes clear by addition of water at a volume fraction of water in the DMSO-water mixture from 0.2 to 0.4, and turbid again at . Concentrated-phase droplets in the turbid solutions at act as centers of spherulite and needle-like crystal formation. This unique phase behaviour is explained theoretically on the basis of the competition between the micellization and phase separation and the Flory-Huggins theory.

Solubility of bismuth, antimony and arsenic in synthetic and industrial copper electrorefining electrolyte

The precipitation of problematic Group 15 elements (As, Sb and Bi) in synthetic and industrial copper electrorefining electrolyte was examined. Using published thermodynamic values, the solubility products of BiAsO4 and SbAsO4 at 65 °C were calculated as 0.69 and 1.50 g2 L−2, respectively. Experiments were performed where solutions were spiked with arsenic, bismuth and/or antimony, and the start of precipitation was determined based on changes in solution turbidity. For arsenic concentrations of 9–13 g L−1, the concentrations of Bi necessary for the beginning of BiAsO4 precipitation were higher for the industrial electrolyte (0.25–0.50 g L−1) than the synthetic electrolyte (0.05–0.10 g L−1) at each arsenic concentration examined. The results indicate that industrial electrolyte has a greater capacity than the synthetic electrolyte with respect to the precipitation of BiAsO4. In the synthetic electrolyte, precipitation occurs at 0.30 g L−1 of Sb(III) in the presence of 9 g L−1 of As(V) without the addition of Bi, and 0.20 g L−1 with the addition 0.15 g L−1 Bi. At 10–12 g L−1 of As(V), a concentration of 0.10 g L−1 of Sb(III) produced precipitation. In industrial electrolyte, the increase in Sb(V) from 0.10 g L−1 to 0.16 g L−1, significantly increased precipitation. The presence of As and Sb in the +3 and + 5 appears to influence the solubility of antimony. Furthermore, the industrial electrolyte has enhanced solubility of Sb(III) up to 0.40 g L−1 before precipitation was detected.

Highly efficient and selective recovery of Cu(II) from wastewater via ion flotation with amidoxime functionalized graphene oxide as nano collector

In this work, amidoxime functionalized graphene oxide ([email protected]) was prepared with 1,3-diamino-1,2,3-trioximido-propane as chelation group and used as nano collector for enhancing and selectively recovering Cu(II) from wastewater via ion flotation. [email protected] was characterized by scanning electron microscope/energy dispersive X-ray detector (SEM/EDX), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Effects of pH, contact time, [email protected] and hexadecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (HTAB) concentration, and aeration rate on Cu(II) recovery and the turbidity of the residual solution were examined systematically. The experimental results showed that as compared with GO, the adsorption capacity and selectivity of [email protected] for Cu(II) was greatly improved. Almost 99.26% of Cu(II) could be recovered with selectivity coefficient of 54.161, 73.430, 50.365 and 21.630 for Cu(II)/M(II) (M = Co, Ni, Zn and Cd, respectively). Moreover, the relative Cu(II) recovery maintained over 90.45% after five flotation- desorption cycles, indicating [email protected] could be reused as nano collector in ion flotation. In addition, density functional theory (DFT) calculation suggested that [email protected] had a stronger affinity to Cu(II) originated from both O and N from oximido contributed to the stable configuration of [email protected]@Cu(II) complexes, endowing it possessed a higher selectivity coefficient for Cu(II).

Electrophoretic mobility of ester betulin derivatives and their complexation with γ-cyclodextrin studied by capillary electrophoresis in aqueous solutions at different pH values.

In this article, capillary electrophoresis was used to measure the effective electrophoretic mobility of ester betulin derivatives as a pH function and to study their complexation with γ-cyclodextrin (γ-CD). The electrophoretic mobility of betulin 3,28-diphthalate (DPhB) and 3,28-disuccinate (DScB) changed unusually with decreasing pH: instead of decreasing, it first increased and then decreased. This fact as well as the turbidity of sample solutions at pH from 2.5 to 6, broadening of electrophoretic peaks and a decrease in the surface tension of the solutions indicates that these betulin derivatives, being amphiphilic compounds and weak acids, exist as micelles in aqueous solutions at pH 6 and below. The inclusion complexation of betulin derivatives with γ-CD at pH 9.18 and 4.5 was studied by mobility shift affinity capillary electrophoresis. At pH 9.18, the apparent binding (stability) constant logarithms for 1:1 γ-CD complexes of DPhB, betulin 3,28-disulfate (DSB) and DScB with 95% confidence interval limits were equal to 7.44± 0.02, 7.09 (7.01-7.19), and 6.97 (6.87-7.08) at 25°C, respectively. At pH 4.5, the binding constant for the DSB complex was slightly lower, while the micelle formation did not allow determining the exact values of the constants for the DPhB and DScB complexes.

Spray layering of human immunoglobulin G: Optimization of formulation and process parameters

Spray layering is a technique used to apply drug or functional polymers onto carrier beads; in addition, it can be used as an alternative method for protein drying and to layer protein on a multiparticulate delivery system. In this study, the effects of formulation variables and process parameters on human immunoglobulin G (IgG) properties during spray layering were studied. Excipients including polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), trehalose, sucrose, L-arginine monohydrochloride were studied for their effects on improving IgG stability during spray layering. Process parameters including protein solution feed rate, inlet air temperature, inlet air flow rate, and atomization pressure of spray solution were studied using 24 full factorial design with three replicated center points. Adding PVP into the formulation significantly decreased the turbidity of the reconstitution solution and increased the IgG recovery. Adding trehalose, sucrose, or arginine further improved protein recovery after reconstitution and decreased the percentage of IgG aggregation. The Design of Experiments (DOE) results showed no significant effects from the four process factors on the process yield and IgG protein recovery in the range of parameters studied. All main factors except atomization pressure had significant effects on monomer percentage, among which air flow represented the most significant influence. In addition, the inlet air temperature had significant effects on the in vitro binding activity of IgG after spray layering. By optimizing the formulation, we were able to recover the most spray layered IgG and reduce the IgG aggregation during the process. The DOE studies gave insight into how process variables affect the spray layered products.

Direct photoacoustic measurement of silicon nanoparticle degradation promoted by a polymer coating

Nanomaterials with controllable biodegradation properties respond to the main challenge of cancer nanomedicine to minimise side effects and maximise the delivery efficacy to tumours. These biodegradation properties vary from clear aqueous solutions to protein-abundant biological fluids. A photoacoustic method suitable for in vitro quantification of highly scattering colloids with optical absorption properties is introduced and demonstrated by determination of the degradation rate of laser-synthesized silicon nanoparticles (Si NPs) in turbid serum solutions. In vitro screening of a variety of polymer surface-coatings of Si NPs revealed a stand-alone property of polyallylamine (PAA) to accelerate the Si NP dissolution. PAA-coated Si NP half-life was measured ∼ 100-min in aqueous solutions and slowed down to ∼ 24 h in serum. As-produced PAA-coated Si NPs appeared suitable for blockade of the mononuclear phagocyte system. Pre-treatment with PAA-Si NPs caused 1.4-times reduced uptake of magnetic particles by human THP-1 cells in vitro and a 13-fold increase of the magnetic particle delivery to the B16-F1 xenograft tumours in vivo. The demonstrated photoacoustic method is believed to facilitate design and screening of biodegradable materials suitable for in vivo applications such as controlled drug release.

Imidazole-based surface-active gelator: Thermo responsive gel-to-gel transition of 1-hexadecyl-3-methyl imidazolium salicylate for multidimensional applications

Surfactant based low molecular weight gelators with stimuli responsive properties are advantageous in designing new age smart materials for multipurpose applications. In our efforts towards developing the smart surface active gelators, herein we report synthesis of the 1-hexadecyl-3-methyl imidazolium salicylate (C16MeImSal) with better surface activity than its precursor surfactant and exhibited thermo-reversible gel-to-gel transition, from transparent fibrous, wormlike gel to opaque lamellar gel phase. The thermo-reversible gel-to-gel transition is due to hydrogen-bonding, hydrophobic- and van der Waals interactions. The gel phase behavior was observed visually, by vial inversion and dilution with water, by Uv–Vis (solution turbidity) and FT-IR spectroscopy (shift of νO-H, νC-H, νCO2- band frequencies). Small angle neutron scattering was used to investigate the shape and size of the aggregates responsible for the phase transition. The gelator was used to construct the hybrid pharmaceutical ionogel by successfully encapsulating the chemotherapeutic drug imatinibmesylate and diclofenac sodium drug within the ionogel matrix. Further, the ionogel was used to absorbs heavy-metal ions (25.67 % Cu2 + and 23.42 % Co2 + ) and ionic dyes (45.07% methyl orange and 32.53% crystal violet) from aqueous medium opening up new avenues in the field of low cost and highly efficientsmart gelators with multitasking abilities.

Structure of nanoparticle‐polyelectrolyte complexes: Effects of polyelectrolyte characteristics and charge ratio

AbstractWe present structural and turbidimetric characterizations of aqueous dispersions of oppositely charged nanoparticles and polyelectrolytes that undergo complexation and flocculation to form particle‐rich agglomerates over a wide range of polyelectrolyte and nanoparticle concentrations with varying polyelectrolyte sizes and persistence lengths. Compaction of nanoparticles in the polyelectrolyte–nanoparticle complexes, signified by decreasing internanoparticle spacing until they are brought in near‐contact, is observed upon increasing screening of interparticle repulsion arising from adsorption of polyelectrolytes on the nanoparticle surfaces. We identify the ratio of charge borne by the polyelectrolytes and the nanoparticles as a key parameter dictating the compaction of nanoparticles into complexes as well as densification of complexes into agglomerates. Moreover, the emergence of turbidity in solution is shown to correlate with the initiation of nanoparticle compaction by polyelectrolytes but failing to describe further structural evolution of the complexes, emphasizing the need for alternate characterization techniques.

Research on Correction Method of Water Quality Ultraviolet-Visible Spectrum Data Based on Compressed Sensing

The turbidity interference caused by suspended particles in water seriously affects the accuracy of ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy in detecting water quality chemical oxygen demand. Based on this, the application of ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy to detect water quality chemical oxygen demand usually requires physical and mathematical methods to correct the spectral baseline interference caused by turbidity. Because of the slow response speed and unstable compensation effect of traditional correction methods, this paper proposes to use a compressed sensing algorithm to perform baseline correction and achieve good results. In the experiment, we selected formazin turbidity solution and sodium oxalate standard solution and carried out the research on the algorithm of turbidity correction for detecting chemical oxygen demand of water quality by ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy. The experiment obtains the absorption spectra of different concentrations of formazine turbidity solutions and the same concentration of sodium oxalate with different turbidity standard solutions at 210∼845 nm and analyzes the nonlinear effect of absorbance on turbidity. This article uses standard solution experiments to explore the compressed sensing theory for turbidity correction, and through the correction of the absorption spectrum of the actual water sample, it verifies the feasibility of the compression theory for turbidity correction. The method effectively corrects the baseline shift or drift of the water quality ultraviolet-visible absorption spectrum caused by suspended particles, while retaining the absorption characteristics of the ultraviolet spectrum, and it can effectively improve the accuracy and accuracy of the ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy water quality chemical oxygen demand detection.

Green Stereoregular Polymerization of Poly(methyl methacrylate)s Through Vesicular Catalysis

Green Stereoregular Polymerization of Poly(methyl methacrylate)s Through Vesicular Catalysis

Study on polysaccharide polyelectrolyte complex and fabrication of alginate/chitosan derivative composite fibers

Sodium alginate (SA) blending with quaternary ammonium chitosan (QAC) polysaccharide polyelectrolyte complex (PEC) system was chosen to research the binary blending of anionic and cationic polyelectrolytes in detail and to fabricate SA/QAC composite fibers. The potential charge and the rheology of the PEC solution were characterized through Zeta Laser Particle Size Analyzer and DV-C Rotary Rheometer, the structure and properties of the composite fiber were examined by FT-IR, XRD, SEM, EDS, and YG004 single fiber strength meter. The results showed that as the mass ratio of SA to QAC increased from 0/1 to 10/1, the state of the binary solution in water changed from transparent uniform solution to turbid solution with flocculent precipitate, then back to uniform solution, accompanied by the electrical potential change. Moreover, the electrical potential also depended on salt in solution. By using this uniform PEC solution with the mass ratio of SA to QAC 10/1 and concentration 5.5 wt% in water, SA/QAC composite fibers with excellent performances of breaking strength 2.37 cN·dtex−1 and breaking elongation 14.11%, good antibacterial and hydrophobic properties were fabricated via green wet-spinning process. The FT-IR and EDS determination indicated there formed egg-box between SA and Ca2+, cross-linked network between glutaraldehyde(GA) and SA, QAC, respectively. Depending on its mechanical, natural, and antibacterial properties, the SA/QAC composite fiber has advantages in wound dressing, medical gauze, medical absorbable suture, and tissue engineering.

Synthesis of PNIPAM/magnetite/multiamine-functionalized mesoporous silica composite and investigation of temperature of its aggregation and adsorption

A new adsorbent comprising of poly (N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM), magnetite, and multiamine-functionalized mesoporous silica (multiamine-PMMS) was synthesized in this study. The structure of the multiamine-PMMS sample was analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetry (TG), and nitrogen adsorption measurements. It was found that the multiamine-PMMS sample contained magnetite (approximately 8.4 wt%) and PNIPAM (approximately 5 wt%). The multiamine-PMMS sample tended to aggregate above the lower critical solution temperature (LCST) of approximately 32 °C for PNIPAM; this aggregation caused the recovery ratio using a magnet at 45 °C to increase by approximately 30 wt% compared to that at room temperature (below the LCST). Five minutes after the precipitation test, the turbidity of the supernatant solution reached a range of 220–230 nephelometric turbidity units (NTU) at room temperature; however, it steeply decreased to approximately 60 NTU at 45 °C. Saturated adsorption amounts of methyl orange (MO) for the multiamine-PMMS samples calculated by the Langmuir adsorption model were 0.33, 0.53, and 0.71 mmol/g. In addition, the MO adsorption rate was considerably high, and equilibrium was reached in 10 min for all multiamine-PMMS samples.

Utilization of watermelon peel as a pectin source and the effect of ultrasound treatment on pectin film properties

The objectives of this study were to prepare a biofilm from watermelon peel pectin and to improve the commercial value and performance of the pectin film using ultrasound treatment. The results showed that ultrasound treatment decreased the particle size and turbidity of the film-forming solutions and changed the rheological properties, including a decrease in the viscosity, storage modulus (G′), and loss modulus (G″), and an increase in the phase angle. The digital photos and micrographs of films showed that the watermelon peel pectin had good film-forming properties. A low ultrasonic treatment time (<10 min) dispersed the pectin molecules and increased the hydrogen bonding interactions, as shown by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). This caused the thickness, oxygen permeability (OP), water vapor permeability (WVP), transmittance, and tensile strength (TS) to decrease and the density and elongation at break (EAB) to increase; however, the physical, barrier, and mechanical properties declined when the ultrasonic treatment time was increased to 15 min due to small cavities in the film matrix formed by cavitation effects. These results suggest that the developed biodegradable films can be used as food-grade edible films and may potentially replace existing conventional synthetic plastic packages.

Taurine suppresses liquid-liquid phase separation of lysozyme protein.

Taurine is a compatible osmolyte that confers stability to proteins. Recent studies have revealed that liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) of proteins underlie the formation of membraneless organelles in cells. In the present study, we evaluated the role of taurine on LLPS of hen egg lysozyme. We demonstrated that taurine decreases the turbidity of the polyethylene glycol-induced crowding solution of lysozyme. We also demonstrated that taurine attenuates LLPS-dependent cloudiness of lysozyme solution with 0.5 or 1M NaCl at a critical temperature. Moreover, we observed that taurine inhibits LLPS formation of a heteroprotein mix solution of lysozyme and ovalbumin. These data indicate that taurine can modulate the formation of LLPS of proteins.