Tuna Products Research Articles

Unpacking the tuna traceability mosaic – EU SFPAs and the tuna value chain

Traceability has been gaining in importance recently and has seen its potential uses within fisheries expanding from primarily food safety to combat illegal fishing and promote sustainability. In the tuna value chain, key processing actors have introduced comprehensive systems allowing consumers to trace products right back to the vessel that caught the tuna and the catch date. Traceability is also an important component of EU SFPAs (Sustainable Fisheries Partnership Agreements). This paper explains the rationale for the EU entering into SFPAs and shows how the current portfolio of SFPAs exhibits an increasing dependence on access to tuna stocks. Utilizing a unique dataset, we present information on area, method of capture and landing site for EU SFPA vessels. We show that there are economic incentives for vessels to misreport, and clear traceability challenges as vessels fish several species and across several areas (both coastal and in areas beyond national jurisdiction - ABNJ). The tuna value chains in Cabo Verde and the Seychelles are then examined from a traceability perspective. As we report, while an EU catch certificate scheme (CCS) operates to cover all tuna products imported into the EU market, there are flaws in the current system which need remedying.

A challenge to estimate global canned tuna demand and its impact on future tuna resource management using the gamma model

The overall demand for canned tuna products has increased remarkably over the last four decades because it is a good nutritional source of protein with competitive prices and health benefits. This study focused on the top thirty countries that account for 99% of global consumption in recent years to estimate the global canned tuna demand by 2050, using a density function of gamma distribution (gamma model). We found five markets including the Asia, Central and South America, Africa, Oceania and Middle East were growing, although the other two markets including the EU and North America are maturing or matured. Additionally, we discovered a significant quadratic correlation between the average per capita GDP and canned tuna consumption per capita when looking at the world as a whole. We estimated the global canned tuna demand will continue to increase further over the next several decades, and will reach 2,466,000 t in 2050, about 34% increase compared to the current level. Yet global tropical tuna resources are improbable to accommodate the future canned tuna demand, as the canned tuna dominants (62%) in the global tropical tuna catch in recent years. In conclusion, challenges estimating the long-term canned tuna demand would contribute to the sustainable use of tuna resources, including the improvement of the current fishing management in the socioeconomic aspects of the harvest control rules for tuna Purse Seine fisheries which dominate raw material supplies for canned tuna production.

Multiplex PCR Assay for Simultaneous Identification of Five Types of Tuna (Katsuwonus pelamis, Thunnus alalonga, T. albacares, T. obesus and T. thynnus).

There is a need to identify the species of similar types of fish, especially those that are commercially sold. Particularly, the price of tuna varies depending on its type, which is difficult to determine as they are sold in cut or processed forms. This study developed a multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay to identify the five most common tuna species: bigeye, skipjack, Atlantic bluefin, albacore, and yellowfin tunas. Newly designed species-specific primer sets for these five tuna species were created. Subsequently, the amplicon sizes obtained were 270, 238, 200, 178, and 127 base pairs for bigeye, skipjack, Atlantic bluefin, albacore, and yellowfin tunas, respectively. Each primer’s specificity was further tested using 15 other fish species, and no cross-reactivity was observed. To identify multiple targets in a single reaction, multiplex PCR was optimized to increase its resolution and accuracy. The detection levels of the multiplex PCR assay were confirmed to be 1 pg for all the five tunas. Additionally, it was successfully applied to 32 types of commercial tuna products. Therefore, this multiplex PCR assay could be an efficient identification method for various tuna species.

Assessment of Competitiveness for Vietnam’s Frozen Yellowfin Tuna Export Industry

The competitiveness of the export industry is a matter of top concern by businesses, industries, governments of countries as well as researchers. Especially in the context that the growing economy expands international cooperation. As a result of this, the level of competition between economic sectors of countries around the world becomes more intense and fierce. Up to now, there are quite a lot of different views on competitiveness. And many different tools are proposed to assess the competitiveness of a country’s export industry. However, there is still no unified theoretical framework for a comprehensive approach to this issue. Vietnam is a country rich in aquatic resources. According to data published by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the World (FAO), in the period 2015 – 2018, Vietnam is one of the 10 countries with the largest saltwater extraction in the world and also one of the 10 countries that are largest seafood exporter in the world with 5% market share (in 2018). Regarding tuna products, this is also the main export product of Vietnam. Although there are many types of export tuna products, not all products are Vietnam’s strengths. Within the scope of this article, we evaluate the competitiveness for the export industry of Vietnam’s yellowfin tuna products through a number of quantitative indicators and on the basis of comparison with fishing countries in the East Sea, including China, Philippines, Thailand and Indonesia. The obtained results show that, for this product, Vietnam’s competitiveness is very weak in the international market. Therefore, this is not an item in which VN has a comparative advantage.

Pelatihan Diversifikasi Produk Ikan Tuna untuk meningkatkan Kreativitas Masyarakat di Desa Kolorai Kecamatan Morotai Selatan Kabupaten Pulau Morotai

The meat of tuna, cobs, cakalang are raw materials that can be processed into food products such as meatballs, nuggets, sausages, and other processed. Surimi is used as an intermediate material in the processing diversification of products from dark red fleshy fish commodities such as tuna, cobs, and cakalang. Community service activities were held in June 2021 at Kolorai Village Hall of South Morotai District of Morotai Island Regency. The implementation of devotional activities through 3 stages includes preparation, socialization, and training—community service activities in the form of training in processing diversification of tuna products. The training begins with socialization aimed at transferring knowledge to participants about principles, procedures, materials, equipment, and factors that affect the processing of fishery products. The core activities of this equipment are carried out in the form of direct training in the form of practice of making nugget products, dragon legs, and empek-empek. Together with the team, the speaker introduces and explains the ingredients used in the manufacture of the product. Then start making the product in order from processed fish into nuggets, dragon legs, and chips. This activity lasts for 1x24 hours and ends with the provision of parcels of processing materials for trainees.

Product Authentication Using Two Mitochondrial Markers Reveals Inconsistent Labeling and Substitution of Canned Tuna Products in the Taiwanese Market.

Fish of the tribe Thunnini represent a significant proportion of the stock caught by the fishing industry, with many of these fishes being collectively called tuna. However, only certain species can be used legally as an ingredient in canned tuna products, depending on regional food regulations. In Taiwan, only Thunnus species or Katsuwonus pelamis can be used as canned tuna. Here, we authenticated 90 canned tuna products, including 25 cat food samples, by sequencing two mitochondrial regions, 16S rRNA (16S) and the control region (CR). BLAST analysis revealed that Sarda orientalis, Euthynnus affinis, Auxis rochei, and Auxis thazard are all used as substitutes for legitimate tuna products. We found that 63.33% of investigated samples are true canned tuna, i.e., contain Thunnus species or skipjack tuna. We advocate that the Taiwanese government publishes an official standardized list of fishes, especially so that scientific, Chinese and vernacular names can be assigned unambiguously based on a “one species-one name policy”, thereby clarifying which species can be used in seafood products such as tuna. Furthermore, we feel that the large-scale and long-term monitoring of canned tuna products is warranted to fully assess the extent of tuna product adulteration in Taiwan.

Emulsification through oil addition on the properties of yellowfin tuna ( Thunnus albacares ) paste

In this study, the effects of different amounts of oil addition on the properties of tuna paste were investigated. The whiteness gradually improved with the oil addition. The water holding capacity increased from 0.28 without oil addition to a peak of 0.47 with 15% oil addition before decreasing to 0.21% at 35% oil addition. Changes in properties were measured by a rotational rheometer. Changes in protein secondary structure were evaluated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The particle size measurements showed that the maximum amount of protein available to bind oil in the emulsification system is ~ 20% and excessive oil will destabilize the system. The oil droplet distribution in the emulsified system was shown by the optical microscope. The differential scanning calorimetry revealed that the oil addition could improve the transfer temperature of actin when the addition amount less than 20%. Overall, plant oil is suggested to improve the rough taste of processed tuna products. Novelty impact statement This work investigates the effects of sunflower seed oil addition on the properties of tuna paste. We found that oil addition greatly changed the properties of tuna paste, such as whiteness, WHC, and rheology properties, thus affecting the taste of tuna paste. The present results showed that adding a suitable amount of oil can improve the property of tuna paste through lipid–protein interaction, thus not only potentially overcoming current limitation of tuna processing technology, but also encourages food processors to produce different forms of tuna products to satisfy consumers with different preferences.

NMR-based metabolic profiling and discrimination of wild tropical tunas by species, size category, geographic origin, and on-board storage condition

Tunas are among the most traded and valued fish species, and good traceability of tuna products in the world market is needed to protect both consumers and tuna stocks. To that purpose, high-resolution proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) spectroscopy combined with multivariate data analysis was used to investigate the molecular components of the aqueous extract of white and red muscles in three species of wild tropical tuna species, namely yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares), skipjack tuna (Katsuwonus pelamis) and bigeye tuna (T. obesus). Principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) applied to the processed 1H NMR spectra showed significant separation according to the species and size category (i.e., small tunas < 80 cm fork length vs large tunas > 80 cm fork length), the storage conditions on-board the purse-seine vessels (i.e., brine- vs deep-freezing), and the geographical origin (i.e., where the tuna was caught: Mozambique Channel vs western-central Indian Ocean). The major groups of metabolites responsible for differentiation in PLS-DA score plots were the dipeptides (anserine, carnosine) and organic acids (lactate, creatine/phosphocreatine) in the white muscle, and the free amino acids, essential nutrients (choline and its derivatives, phosphatidylethanolamine), dipeptides and organic acids in the red muscle. Our results showed that NMR-based metabolomics is a powerful tool to efficiently discriminate specific profiles among wild tuna species, raw muscle tissues, fish storage conditions and tuna geographical origin.

Demand Elasticities of Canned Tuna at Point of Sale of a Large Retail Chain in Southern Philippines: Implications for Sustainability Policy

New variants of canned skipjack tuna have been developed by large manufacturers of canned tuna in the Philippines. This study analyzes the expenditure and price elasticities of canned tuna and determines the implications for sustainable fishery. An AIDS (almost ideal demand system) model incorporating an income group variable was used to estimate these elasticities. This study utilized a pooled time series data of 459 weekly point-of-sale observations from 2010–2012 of three store branches of a large supermarket chain in southern Philippines. The point-of-sale data suggest that canned tuna consumption is composed mostly of tuna in sauce with vegetables followed by tuna in oil and tuna in sauce without vegetables. For both high- and low-income groups, the expenditure elasticities have the expected positive signs – indicating that as the income of consumers’ increases, the quantity demanded for canned tuna in three product mediums also increases. For high-income consumers, consumption of tuna in sauce with and without vegetables is more responsive to income changes. The own-price elasticities of the three product mediums across high- and low-income store branches have negative signs – suggesting that as their own price increases, the quantity demanded for these products decreases. The cross-price elasticities suggest that tuna in sauce with vegetables is a substitute for tuna in oil and in sauce without vegetables for both income groups. Thus, promoting more use of vegetables through product development may lead to a lower volume of tuna meat used in canned tuna products, which contributes to addressing tuna resource sustainability

The supply chain risk assessment for tuna during the Covid-19 pandemic in Ambon by using the House of Risk Method

This study aims to mitigate risks in supply chain activities in tuna products during the Covid-19 pandemic. Method used in this research is House of Risk (HOR) approach by identifying each business process activity based on the Supply Chain Operation Reference (SCOR) model. House of Risk (HOR) offers a framework for controlling risk effectively in managing risk from risk agents. Aggregate Risk Potential (ARP) is used to determine the priority of risk sources that need to be done in designing a mitigation strategy. The results of the study identified 32 risk events and 52 risk agents. House of Risk (HOR) phase 1 shows that 11 Risk Agents will be prioritized for handling based on the highest ARP value, which further proposes 16 possible mitigation strategies. Based on the value of Effectiveness to Difficulty (ETD) from the House of Risk (HOR) phase 2, 12 mitigation strategy measures were taken from 16 proposed strategies that would be used to prevent risk causes.

Comparison of operational costs and production of fresh tuna products; before and during the Covid-19 pandemic in Talaud Islands Regency, North Sulawesi Province

Covid-19 pandemic has implications for all aspects of fishery activities in Indonesia, one of them is negative impact on the supply chain of the fishery business. To find out more about this impact, the study was aimed to determine the condition, in general, of tuna capture fisheries in the Talaud Islands Regency before and during the Covid-19 Pandemic, and to find out the comparison of operational costs and production of fresh tuna at the level of fishermen and intermediary traders in the area in both periods. Data collection was carried out in April 2020 to March 2021. Three districts in the area were selected as research locations, namely Salibabu, Gemeh, and South Essang. Surveys using questionnaires were conducted on respondents at predetermined locations. Comparative analysis using t-test was applied in this study. The results showed that the pandemic has caused, among other things, a decline in fish prices, effect in community's economy, and a decrease of tuna production. Tuna production is particularly important because while it affected the production, the operational costs remained constant. This occurs at all levels, both at the level of fishermen and at the level of intermediary traders. It can be concluded that the Covid-19 pandemic has had an impact on fresh tuna fishing activities in the area where fresh tuna production has decreased and tuna buying traders are not operating. In particular, the operational costs of catching tuna at the fisherman's level are the same, both before and during the pandemic. Meanwhile, tuna production has decreased dramatically during the pandemic. This also happens at the level of intermediary traders.Indonesian title: Komparasi biaya operasional dan produksi produk tuna segar pada masa sebelum dan selama Pandemi Covid-19 di Kabupaten Kepulauan Talaud, Provinsi Sulawesi Utara

Identification of Selected Tuna Species in Commercial Products.

This study was conducted to develop systems for the identification of four tuna species (skipjack tuna Katsuwonus pelamis, yellowfin tuna Thunnus albacares, bullet tuna Auxis sp. and Atlantic bonito Sarda sp). At first, raw samples of these species and a mix intended as internal control were prepared for the authentication of fish muscle tissue of the genus Thunnus sp., Auxis sp. and Sarda sp. DNA from raw muscle tissue, the mix and samples was extracted with the DNeasy mericon Food Kit (Qiagen GmbH, Hilden, Germany). The concentration and purity of DNA in raw samples were evaluated using a spectrophotometer. Primers and probe sequences were specifically designed to identify the selected species. In addition, primers and a probe for the endogenous 12S rRNA gene were designed to determine the presence of amplifiable fish (especially tuna) DNA in samples. Furthermore, the species specificity of the designed primers and probes was verified in DNA samples of various tuna and bonito species. Limit of detection for the selected species was calculated as well as the coefficient of determination R2 and efficiency of real-time PCR testing was determined. To evaluate the developed real-time PCR methods, 70 commercial tuna products were analysed. The results show that mislabelling of fish products can still be encountered and, moreover, the presence of an additional species can be identified.

How brand attitude, brand quality, and brand value affect Thai canned tuna consumer brand loyalty

As one of the world's most valuable fish, Tuna can either be found in inexpensive tins on grocery store shelves or on high-end auction blocks destined for Japanese sashimi and sushi restaurants. Moreover, Thailand is reported to be the world's largest exporter of prepared or preserved tuna, which in 2019 contributed an estimated $2.5 billion to Thailand's exports. However, brand research is very limited for canned tuna, especially when it comes to product packaging cues, and how packaging affects a consumer's decision-making process. Therefore, this study set out to investigate which factors play the greatest role in a Thai consumer's brand loyalty (BL) for tuna fish canned products. Research teams using systematic random sampling were dispatched to five supermarkets within the Bangkok metropolitan area and collected 400 questionnaires answering items related to brand attitudes (BA), brand quality (BQ), and brand value (BV) as they related to canned tuna brand loyalty (BL). Thereafter, data analysis of the four constructs and 13 observed variables was conducted with use of LISREL 9.1, which included a confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), a goodness-of-fit (GOF) analysis along with the study's structural equation modeling (SEM). Results determined that there was a positive effect (73% R2) between all the causal factors on Thai canned tuna BL. Furthermore, the factors affecting BL ranked from the greatest to the lowest were BA, BQ, and BV with total effect (TE) values of 0.85, 0.33, and 0.19, respectively. Key takeaways from the study's research seem to indicate that canned tuna is viewed by most consumers as a ‘commodity’, with product availability and convenience being of the utmost importance in product brand selection. Global fishing stocks sustainability, labor costs/practices, and dolphin free catches within the tuna industry were also determined to be important aspects within the international consumer community. Also, due to the demand for high-quality and safe tuna products, adding value has become increasingly important in satisfying consumer demands and represents an opportunity for marketplace expansion.

Research Article: A value chain analysis on tuna and tuna-like species in Iran

The present study is an attempt to analyze the value chain of tuna and tuna-like species. The study is intended to show the main loops of tuna and tuna-like species industry along with their relations. Also, the present study indicates the current map of value chain along with its problem tree for tuna and tuna-like species in Iran. According to test hypothesis, the status of tuna and tuna-like species value chain is not ideal in Iran. Weak market for various tuna products (lack of variety in the production of canned goods and the non-canned products), low rate of export to Iraq, Afghanistan and Central Asia (high cost, lack of competitiveness and non-flexibility of the rules and regulations for producing products with the preference of exporting countries) and the weakness in the export of the fresh tuna to Japan and the European Union for added value products (non-compliance with the target countries criteria and the weakness of the transport infrastructure, especially in the air transit) were identified as the main problems. Also, in the present study, the missing and weak factors which reduced the efficiency of the value chain were identified in forms of the problem trees and ranked by Friedman test. The results of this study showed that the value chain of tuna and tuna-like species suffer from the lack of fair distribution of profit between the value chain loops, no diversification in the production of value added products, neglecting the quality in the value chain and poor access to the export market of value added products.

Physico-chemical, microbiological and organoleptic assessment for the stored frozen products of tuna

The current study aimed to evaluate the physico-chemical, microbiological and organoleptic characteristics of proposed tuna (Thunnus thynnus) products during the storage under freezing conditions. Tuna products of burger, nuggets and fingers were prepared and stored at -18°C for six months. The above-mentioned characteristics were measured every two weeks as a time interval during the storage period. The moisture content significantly decreased over the storage time (3.11±0.83 g every two weeks). As a result, at the end of storage time (6 weeks), the loosing ratios in moisture content for burger, nuggets and fingers were 15.87, 16.03 and 15.84 (%), respectively. Heavy metals content in tuna was arranged in a descending order as iron> copper> lead> cadmium> mercury, with values being 27.7, 6.30, 2.035, 1.214, and 0.547 mg/kg fresh weight, respectively. There were no significant differences observed among the levels of the toxic metals (Hg, Pb and Cd) in raw tuna meat and its products. The results of microbiological analysis revealed that the total bacterial count and numbers of Salmonella sp. and E. coli were decreased over time under freezing condition. Except for firmness and gumminess, the texture characteristics of tuna products showed no significant changes during the storage period. The results concluded the stability and safety of tuna burger, nuggets and fingers under freezing conditions besides the high acceptability for these products between the consumers.

Nutritional Adequacy Rate (RDA) and Nutritional Value Information (ING) of Tuna Kering Kayu Fish Canned with Tuna Fish Bone Flour Substitution

The nutritional adequacy figure, which is then informed in the ING, is a value that shows the average need for certain nutrients that must be met every day for almost all people with certain characteristics including age, gender, level of physical activity, and physiological conditions, to live. healthy. Information on nutritional value aims to inform the nutritional content contained in food or beverages as a guide for consumers to make choices before deciding to buy packaged food or beverage, so this research aims to test the Nutritional Adequacy Rate (RDA) of wood dried tuna which is then informed. in the form of Nutritional Value Information (ING) on the packaging label for wood dried tuna products. The laboratory test results showed that the diversified product of wood dried tuna with fish bone meal substitution after being processed with modern packaging through the canning process has a nutritional adequacy rate (RDA) per 50 g is total energy 80 kcal, 2g total fat, 1g saturated fat, cholesterol 13mg, 12g protein, 3g total carbohydrates, 1g dietary fiber, 1g sugar, 150mg sodium, 180mg potassium, 52.44 mg calcium, 1g iron.

Vitamin D Intake in a Population-Based Sample of Young Polish Women, Its Major Sources and the Possibility of Meeting the Recommendations.

The recommendations of vitamin D intake are commonly not met, which results from the fact that fish, being its major sources, are commonly rarely consumed. Consequently, a reliable estimation of its habitual intake is also difficult, as its daily intake is highly variable. The aim of the study was to analyze vitamin D intake from food, its major sources and the possibility to meet its recommendations in a population-based sample of young Polish women. The study was conducted in a sample of Polish women aged 15–30 years, recruited in cooperation with local students’ and youth organizations from all regions of Poland (convenience sampling with the snowball effect), while the stratified sampling procedure was applied with a random quota sampling for voivodeships (an administrative subdivision), to obtain an adequate distribution regarding the general population of young Polish women (n = 1,032). The vitamin D intake was assessed while using the validated Vitamin D Estimation Only—Food Frequency Questionnaire (VIDEO-FFQ) and was compared with the recommended 10 µg. The median vitamin D intake in the study group was 3.09 µg (0.00–24.52 µg) and in 95% of participants was lower than recommended, while the highest vitamin D intake was observed for the following sources: eggs (0.50 µg), meat and meat products (0.49 µg), herring, sardine and tuna products (0.41 µg) and dairy products (0.40 µg). The correlation between total vitamin D intake and its intake from its sources was strongest for eggs (p < 0.0001; R = 0.5989) and for herring, sardine and tuna products (p < 0.0001; R = 0.5314), while the correlation between total vitamin D intake and the number of servings was strongest for herring, sardine and tuna products (p < 0.0001; R = 0.5314). At the same time, while compared with other fish species, consuming herring was the strongest predictor of meeting the recommended vitamin D level of 10 µg (p = 0.0292; odds ratio (OR) = 1.94; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.07–3.52), but also of 5 µg (p < 0.0001; OR = 2.54; 95% CI 1.85–3.47). Therefore, taking into account the relatively low prices of herring, its high vitamin D content, as well as its influence on total vitamin D intake, it could be beneficial to recommend young women to increase herring intake in order to increase dietary vitamin D intake and to meet its recommendations.

Análisis de la industria atunera: Clúster, cadena de valor productiva y productividad

La actividad atunera se consolida como una importante actividad del sector pesquero industrial ecuatoriano, por la generación de divisas y fuentes de empleo. El presente artículo busca analizar la industria atunera ecuatoriana respecto al clúster, cadena de valor productiva y productividad. La metodología utilizada es descriptiva con soporte en la técnica de investigación documental; la muestra de estudio se limita a las provincias de Guayas, Manabí y Santa Elena por concentrar el 92% de la industria atunera en el Ecuador. Las dimensiones del clúster se sustentan en Navarro (2003), la cadena de valor productiva en FAO (2013) y Torres (2016); los indicadores de productividad laboral y capital en Cobb-Douglas (1928). Los hallazgos evidencian que el clúster de la industria atunera tiene una integración de tipo vertical, ofertando productos primarios y elaborados de atún; la provincia de Guayas tiene fortaleza en su clúster por su nivel de productividad laboral y capital respecto a Manabí y Santa Elena; sin embargo, el deterioro de los niveles de productividad de la industria atunera a causa de los shocks externos y los efectos de la economía informal, reflejan una disminución de las exportaciones del año 2019 llegando a 31% por materia prima y 4% por productos elaborados. Las empresas localizadas en la provincia de Guayas y Santa Elena deben dar paso a la innovación para alcanzar mejores niveles de productividad, mientras que la provincia de Manabí debe realizar adecuaciones en temas portuarios; todos los cambios deben plantearse desde el enfoque de una industria sostenible.

Growth and Survival of Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) Isolated from Tuna Loins Produced in Côte D’ivoire

Aims: The aim of this study was to study the growth of pathogenic strains of Escherichia coli (ETEC) in Tuna loins.&#x0D; Study Design: Bacteriological study.&#x0D; Place and Duration of Study: Laboratory of Microbiology of the Central Laboratory of Food hygiene and Agro-business (LCHAI), Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire between September 2014 and December 2014.&#x0D; Methodology: Three strains of E. coli (enterotoxigenic strain of E. coli (ETEC), possessing both "elt" and "est" virulence genes resistant to amoxicillin from Tuna loins; E. coli reference strain (ATCC 25992); strain of E. coli (KO 13) from water with the virulence gene "elt") were inoculated in brain heart infusion broth (BHI) and in tuna loins for 120 hours. pH and bacterial loads of E. coli were measured to 0; 3; 6; 12; 24; 48; 72; 96 and 120 hours respectively.&#x0D; Results: The results showed that the three strains of E. coli used in this work survived in liquid medium (BHI) and in Tuna loins even after 5 days (120 hours). The growth curves of these three strains evolved in the same way in liquid medium and in Tuna loins. However, the growth rate of strains of E. coli inoculated in liquid media (BHI) was higher than that of strains inoculated in Tuna loins.&#x0D; Conclusion: Pathogenic strains of E. coli isolated from Tuna loins are a hazard to be considered in the microbiological risk assessment of the consumption of these Tuna products.

United States – Measures Concerning the Importation, Marketing and Sale of Tuna and Tuna Products (US–Tuna II (Mexico) (Recourse to Article 21.5 of the DSU by the United States / Second Recourse to Article 21.5 of the DSU by Mexico), DS381

These compliance proceedings concern a second revised measure adopted by the United States regarding the labelling of dolphin-safe tuna products (the 2016 Tuna Measure). The 2016 Tuna Measure places three types of conditions on the use of the dolphin-safe label: (i) conditions relating to the automatic disqualification of certain tuna products (eligibility criteria); (ii) conditions relating to certifications (certification requirements); and (iii) conditions relating to record keeping and segregation of dolphin-safe and non-dolphin-safe tuna (tracking and verification requirements). Regarding the eligibility criteria, tuna harvested using large-scale driftnets on the high seas and tuna products containing tuna harvested by setting on dolphins anywhere in the world are automatically disqualified for the dolphin-safe label. Regarding the certification and tracking/verification requirements, the 2016 Tuna Measure makes a distinction between the Eastern Tropical Pacific Ocean (ETP) large purse seine fishery, on the one hand, and all other fisheries, on the other hand.